521:
462:
257:
2277:
2303:
1861:. Some protozoa form close associations with symbiotic photosynthetic algae (zoochlorellae), which live and grow within the membranes of the larger cell and provide nutrients to the host. The algae are not digested, but reproduce and are distributed between division products. The organism may benefit at times by deriving some of its nutrients from the algal endosymbionts or by surviving anoxic conditions because of the oxygen produced by algal photosynthesis. Some protozoans practice
2328:
3100:"VII. B. Morphologischer Character des Protistenreiches. Ba. Character der protistischen Individualitäten. Der wesentliche tectologische Character der Protisten liegt in der sehr unvollkommenen Ausbildung und Differenzirung der Individualität überhaupt, insbesondere aber derjenigen zweiter Ordnung, der Organe. Sehr viele Protisten erheben sich niemals über den morphologischen Werth von Individuen erster Ordnung oder Plastiden."
1832:
38:
1531:
555:
By 1954, Protozoa were classified as "unicellular animals", as distinct from the "Protophyta", single-celled photosynthetic algae, which were considered primitive plants. In the system of classification published in 1964 by B.M. Honigsberg and colleagues, the phylum
Protozoa was divided according to
535:
microorganisms such as amoebae and ciliates, and remained so for more than a century. In the course of the 20th century, the old "two kingdom" system began to weaken, with the growing awareness that fungi did not belong among the plants, and that most of the unicellular protozoa were no more closely
472:
As a phylum under
Animalia, the Protozoa were firmly rooted in a simplistic "two-kingdom" concept of life, according to which all living beings were classified as either animals or plants. As long as this scheme remained dominant, the protozoa were understood to be animals and studied in departments
1766:
Free-living protozoa are common and often abundant in fresh, brackish and salt water, as well as other moist environments, such as soils and mosses. Some species thrive in extreme environments such as hot springs and hypersaline lakes and lagoons. All protozoa require a moist habitat; however, some
638:
The continued use by some of the 'Protozoa' in its old sense highlights the uncertainty as to what is meant by the word 'Protozoa', the need for disambiguating statements such as "in the sense intended by Goldfuß", and the problems that arise when new meanings are given to familiar taxonomic terms.
512:
proposed a third kingdom of life, which he named
Protista. At first, Haeckel included a few multicellular organisms in this kingdom, but in later work, he restricted the Protista to single-celled organisms, or simple colonies whose individual cells are not differentiated into different kinds of
664:
Protistans are distributed across all major groups of eukaryotes, including those that contain multicellular algae, green plants, animals, and fungi. If photosynthetic and fungal protistans are distinguished from protozoa, they appear as shown in the phylogenetic tree of eukaryotic groups. The
504:
argued against the use of "protozoa", on the grounds that "naturalists are divided in opinion—and probably some will ever continue so—whether many of these organisms or living beings, are animals or plants." As an alternative, he proposed a new kingdom called
Primigenum, consisting of both the
1957:, the outer membrane of the cell is supported by a cytoskeletal infrastructure, which may be referred to as a "pellicle". The pellicle gives shape to the cell, especially during locomotion. Pellicles of protozoan organisms vary from flexible and elastic to fairly rigid. In
3106:
character of protists lies in the very incomplete formation and differentiation of individuality generally, however particularly of those of the second order, the organs. Very many protists never rise above the morphological level of individuals of the first order or
2276:
1941:). Most sessile protozoa are able to move around at some stage in the life cycle, such as after cell division. The term 'theront' has been used for actively motile phases, as opposed to 'trophont' or 'trophozoite' that refers to feeding stages.
2021:. The layer is often assumed to have a protective role. In some, such as the actinophryid heliozoa, the scales only form when the organism encysts. The bodies of some protozoa are supported internally by rigid, often inorganic, elements (as in
4667:
567:
and collaborators since 1981, the taxon
Protozoa was applied to certain groups of eukaryotes, and ranked as a kingdom. A scheme presented by Ruggiero et al. in 2015, placed eight not closely related phyla within Kingdom Protozoa:
209:(containing all of the known descendants of that common ancestor). The taxon 'Protozoa' fails to meet these standards, so grouping protozoa with animals, and treating them as closely related, became no longer justifiable.
505:
protozoa and unicellular algae, which he combined under the name "Protoctista". In Hoggs's conception, the animal and plant kingdoms were likened to two great "pyramids" blending at their bases in the
Kingdom Primigenum.
2889:"Erste Hauptgruppe. Protozoa. Thiere, in welchen die verschiedenen Systeme der Organe nicht scharf ausgeschieden sind, und deren unregelmässige Form und einfache Organisation sich auf eine Zelle reduziren lassen."
639:
Some authors classify
Protozoa as a subgroup of mostly motile Protists. Others class any unicellular eukaryotic microorganism as Protists, and make no reference to 'Protozoa'. In 2005, members of the Society of
2077:, the asexual line undergoes clonal aging, loses vitality and expires after about 200 fissions if the cells fail to undergo autogamy or conjugation. The functional basis for clonal aging was clarified by
650:
In the system of eukaryote classification published by the
International Society of Protistologists in 2012, members of the old phylum Protozoa have been distributed among a variety of supergroups.
3269:
Honigberg, B. M.; W. Balamuth; E.C. Bovee; J.O. Corliss; M. Gojdics; R.P. Hall; R.R. Kudo; N.D. Levine; A.R. Lobblich; J. Weiser (February 1964). "A Revised
Classification of the Phylum Protozoa".
476:
Criticism of this system began in the latter half of the 19th century, with the realization that many organisms met the criteria for inclusion among both plants and animals. For example, the algae
2113:
Free-living protozoa are found in almost all ecosystems that contain free water, permanently or temporarily. They have a critical role in the mobilization of nutrients in ecosystems. Within the
2891:(First principal group. Protozoa. Animals, in which the different systems of organs are not sharply separated, and whose irregular form and simple organization can be reduced to one cell.)
3117:
Whittaker, R.H. (10 January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms".
2557:
1937:). Many protozoa, such as the agents of amoebic meningitis, use both pseudopodia and flagella. Some protozoa attach to the substrate or form cysts, so they do not move around (
4800:
Lee, W.J. & Patterson, D.J. 1998. "Diversity and geographic distribution of free-living heterotrophic flagellates= – analysis by PRIMER. Protist, 149: 229–43
1810:
Parasitic protozoa use a wide variety of feeding strategies, and some may change methods of feeding in different phases of their life cycle. For instance, the malaria parasite
563:, a natural group with a common ancestor, some authors have continued to use the name, while applying it to differing scopes of organisms. In a series of classifications by
3577:
Adl, Sina M.; Simpson, Alastair G.B.; Lane, Christopher E.; Lukeš, Julius; Bass, David; Bowser, Samuel S.; Brown, Matthew W.; Burki, Fabien; Dunthorn, Micah (2012-09-01).
2653:; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M. (29 April 2015).
3922:
Gooday, A.J.; Aranda da Silva, A.P.; Pawlowski, J. (1 December 2011). "Xenophyophores (Rhizaria, Foraminifera) from the Nazaré Canyon (Portuguese margin, NE Atlantic)".
520:
2882:
4412:"High-Level Congruence of Myrionecta rubra Prey and Dinophysis Species Plastid Identities as Revealed by Genetic Analyses of Isolates from Japanese Coastal Waters"
3538:
3499:
473:
of
Zoology, while photosynthetic microorganisms and microscopic fungi—the so-called Protophyta—were assigned to the Plants, and studied in departments of Botany.
2302:
1879:
from the cryptophyte algae on which it feeds, using them to nourish themselves by autotrophy. The symbionts may be passed along to dinoflagellates of the genus
6599:
5181:
4905:
4467:
548:, advocated the revival of Haeckel's Protista or Hogg's Protoctista as a kingdom-level eukaryotic group, alongside Plants, Animals and Fungi. A variety of
1499:. However, sexual reproduction is rare among free-living protozoa and it usually occurs when food is scarce or the environment changes drastically. Both
2327:
1998:) have an organic lorica or a lorica made from silicous sectretions. Loricas are also common among some green euglenids, various ciliates (such as the
2949:"The collapse of the two-kingdom system, the rise of protistology and the founding of the International Society for Evolutionary Protistology (ISEP)"
7863:
2081:
experiments of Aufderheide in 1986. These experiments demonstrated that the macronucleus, and not the cytoplasm, is responsible for clonal aging.
7889:
3173:(1974). "Five-Kingdom Classification and the Origin and Evolution of Cells". In Dobzhansky, Theodosius; Hecht, Max K.; Steere, William C. (eds.).
2788:]. Handbuch der naturgeschichte ... Von dr. G. H. Schubert.3. Th. (in German). Vol. 1. Nürnberg: Johann Leonhard Schrag. pp. xi–xiv.
2065:, and must have originated early in their evolution, as it has been found in many protozoan lineages that diverged early in eukaryotic evolution.
4787:
Lee, W.J. & Patterson, D.J. 1999. "Are communities of heterotrophic flagellates determined by their geography?" In Ponder, W. and Lunney, D.
4275:
Post, F.J.; Borowitzka, L.J.; Borowitzka, M.A.; Mackay, B.; Moulton, T. (1983-09-01). "The protozoa of a Western Australian hypersaline lagoon".
3677:"Untangling the early diversification of eukaryotes: a phylogenomic study of the evolutionary origins of Centrohelida, Haptophyta and Cryptista"
1869:
from prey organisms and maintaining them within their own cell bodies as they continue to produce nutrients through photosynthesis. The ciliate
2121:, but also they solubilize the nutrients within microbial biomass, allowing stimulation of microbial growth. As consumers, protozoa prey upon
4499:
3876:
3849:
3822:
3795:
3190:
2467:
176:
This classification remained widespread in the 19th and early 20th century, and even became elevated to a variety of higher ranks, including
3017:
Scamardella, J. M. (December 1999). "Not plants or animals: a brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista and Protoctista".
1953:
but are usually enveloped by elastic structures of membranes that permit movement of the cell. In some protozoa, such as the ciliates and
1994:
Some protozoa live within loricas – loose fitting but not fully intact enclosures. For example, many collar flagellates (
5309:
2580:
524:
4731:
2808:
4889:
4862:
4821:
4259:
3903:
3522:
3483:
2615:
2510:
2399:
2372:
2117:
they include the most important bacterivores. In part, they facilitate the transfer of bacterial and algal production to successive
468:'s illustration of the Four Kingdoms of Nature, showing "Primigenal" as a greenish haze at the base of the Animals and Plants, 1860
7994:
7961:
6592:
5343:
5174:
2388:
Bertrand, Jean-Claude; Caumette, Pierre; Lebaron, Philippe; Matheron, Robert; Normand, Philippe; Sime-Ngando, Télesphore (2015).
3839:
5338:
2238:. The ciliate subclass Astomatia is composed entirely of mouthless symbionts adapted for life in the guts of annelid worms.
2058:
411:
7894:
3102:(VII. B. Morphological character of the kingdom of protists. Ba. "Character of the protist Individualities. The essential
2500:
3812:
3785:
212:
The term continues to be used in a loose way to describe single-celled protists (that is, eukaryotes that are not animals,
5422:
5412:
5395:
4381:
256:
2084:
Additional experiments by Smith-Sonneborn, Holmes and Holmes, and Gilley and Blackburn showed that, during clonal aging,
7999:
3866:
2389:
541:
454:). The definition of Protozoa as a phylum or sub-kingdom composed of "unicellular animals" was adopted by the zoologist
361:
6585:
5167:
2167:
4810:
Yaeger, Robert G. (1996). "Ch. 77: Protozoa: Structure, Classification, Growth, and Development". In Baron, S (ed.).
2362:
2097:
2088:
increases dramatically. Thus, DNA damage in the macronucleus appears to be the principal cause of clonal aging in
4249:
2006:. The surfaces of a variety of protozoa are covered with a layer of scales and or spicules. Examples include the
7989:
4913:
4881:
An illustrated guide to the protozoa: organisms traditionally referred to as protozoa, or newly discovered groups
1737:
4765:
4748:
7294:
5132:
403:
319:
containing what he believed to be the simplest animals. Originally, the group included not only single-celled
2995:
1973:
strips arranged spirally along the length of the body. Familiar examples of protists with a pellicle are the
7534:
5427:
5302:
2779:
2193:
2078:
552:
were proposed, and the Kingdoms Protista and Protoctista became established in biology texts and curricula.
532:
461:
93:
7777:
7731:
7670:
7609:
7323:
4219:
3134:
2309:
423:
324:
2092:. In this single-celled protozoan, aging appears to proceed in a manner similar to that of multicellular
385:
7938:
7691:
7682:
5390:
2284:
1719:
1656:
1620:
1557:
564:
501:
465:
284:
265:
146:
43:
2558:"Not plants or animals: A brief history of the origin of Kingdoms Protozoa, Protista, and Protoctista"
2053:
or multiple fission. Many protozoa also exchange genetic material by sexual means (typically, through
7917:
7837:
7675:
6498:
4676:
4573:
4423:
3931:
3316:
3126:
2666:
2196:. Some of these protozoa have two-phase life cycles, alternating between proliferative stages (e.g.,
1485:
427:
181:
128:
63:
7855:
6503:
4957:
4319:
3139:
426:
tissues of plants and animals were constructed. Von Siebold redefined Protozoa to include only such
7619:
6205:
5989:
5216:
2419:
2337:
2247:
2161:
1938:
1836:
1689:
1496:
603:. This approach excludes several major groups traditionally placed among the protozoa, such as the
31:
6361:
2858:
2026:
1999:
373:
153:
within the Animalia, with the word 'protozoa' meaning "first animals", because they often possess
6700:
6215:
5407:
5385:
5373:
5348:
5295:
5269:
5035:
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4636:
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3206:
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3061:
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2744:
2712:
2650:
2481:
2114:
2018:
7966:
4025:
Mitchell, Gary C.; Baker, J.H.; Sleigh, M.A. (1 May 1988). "Feeding of a freshwater flagellate,
3725:
2234:
7943:
7925:
7824:
7665:
7624:
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4628:
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4007:
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3384:
3332:
3286:
3226:
3186:
3152:
3069:
3026:
2970:
2918:
2901:
Dobell, C. (April 1951). "In memoriam Otto Bütschli (1848–1920) 'architect of protozoology'".
2814:
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2621:
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1871:
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related to the animals than they were to the plants. By mid-century, some biologists, such as
185:
83:
73:
7930:
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2038:
7953:
7639:
7483:
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7341:
7306:
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2728:
2684:
2674:
2455:
1995:
1674:
1222:
537:
514:
455:
177:
98:
2903:
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399:
316:
150:
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Holmes, George E.; Holmes, Norreen R. (July 1986). "Accumulation of DNA damages in aging
4081:
2152:
Most species of free-living protozoa live in similar habitats in all parts of the world.
1949:
Unlike plants, fungi and most types of algae, most protozoa do not have a rigid external
4680:
4577:
4427:
3982:
Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Weber, Felix; Jürgens, Klaus; Wylezich, Claudia (August 2015). "
3935:
3320:
3130:
2670:
1831:
7850:
7815:
7599:
7440:
7350:
7336:
7137:
6993:
6941:
6798:
6717:
6577:
6490:
6480:
6444:
6419:
6108:
5899:
5800:
5722:
5531:
5363:
4444:
4411:
4138:
4042:
3701:
3676:
3652:
3627:
3603:
3578:
3462:
3431:
3406:
3282:
3222:
2689:
2654:
2293:
2201:
2177:
2050:
1768:
1726:
1704:
1645:
1608:
1524:
1489:
1315:
1066:
1030:
704:
644:
640:
608:
493:
226:
78:
5159:
4655:
3379:
3354:
2266:, where they enable their insect host to digest wood by helping to break down complex
7983:
7696:
7529:
7501:
7405:
7378:
7375:
7309:
6803:
6777:
6727:
6526:
6325:
6317:
6147:
6068:
6008:
5919:
5893:
5622:
5228:
4699:
4528:
3767:
3594:
3328:
3170:
2189:
2010:
1910:
1371:
1164:
832:
624:
596:
545:
509:
356:
320:
139:
4774:
4640:
4544:
4343:
4304:
3081:
2930:
2764:
2485:
7716:
7686:
7546:
7197:
7049:
7044:
6946:
6882:
6746:
6612:
6608:
6559:
6386:
6366:
6306:
6210:
6183:
6130:
6088:
6055:
5830:
5608:
5547:
5274:
5252:
5211:
5194:
3370:
3253:
3238:
2314:
2252:
2213:
2003:
1862:
1841:
1792:
1784:
1743:
1601:
1481:
674:
612:
531:
Despite these proposals, Protozoa emerged as the preferred taxonomic placement for
142:
or organic debris. Historically, protozoans were regarded as "one-celled animals".
124:
2527:
37:
4879:
4335:
3893:
3148:
2996:"On the distinctions of a plant and an animal, and on a fourth kingdom of nature"
2679:
7876:
7809:
7746:
7721:
7709:
7524:
7478:
7279:
7246:
7226:
7147:
7060:
6931:
6899:
6837:
6827:
6762:
6737:
6685:
6668:
6450:
6376:
6228:
6192:
6172:
6120:
6094:
5984:
5932:
5905:
5887:
5860:
5627:
5496:
5485:
5131:, 2nd ed. 10 vols (1–3 coedited by Baker, J.R.). Academic Press: San Diego, CA,
4854:
3643:
3182:
2258:
2222:
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2122:
1962:
1934:
1866:
1821:
1817:
1796:
1780:
1582:
1570:
1516:
1507:
occur in Protozoa, anisogamy being the more common form of sexual reproduction.
1145:
729:
616:
489:
407:
244:
221:
7829:
4668:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4389:
4109:
4003:
3943:
3742:
205:(derived from a common ancestor that would also be regarded as protozoan), and
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7755:
7736:
7726:
7704:
7360:
7284:
7104:
7075:
7003:
6982:
6868:
6853:
6741:
6695:
6637:
6531:
6355:
6346:
6331:
6199:
6136:
5995:
5956:
5951:
5837:
5754:
5649:
5561:
4811:
3103:
2459:
2289:
2185:
2134:
2085:
2034:
2030:
2022:
1979:
1974:
1965:, the pellicle includes a layer of closely packed vesicles called alveoli. In
1954:
1914:
1881:
1812:
1788:
1520:
1086:
984:
857:
666:
592:
577:
569:
447:
348:
232:
135:
58:
7800:
4996:. Wm. C. Brown Publishers, Div. of McGraw Hill: Dubuque, Iowa, 1979; 2nd ed.
4296:
3751:
2818:
2740:
2605:
2477:
1783:, deriving nutrients from other organisms, either by ingesting them whole by
7741:
7614:
7604:
7468:
7450:
7425:
7394:
7355:
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7187:
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6751:
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6430:
6371:
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5979:
5961:
5848:
5784:
5659:
5536:
5479:
5466:
5318:
5262:
5190:
4816:(4th ed.). Galveston: University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
3407:"Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the Eozoan Root of the Eukaryotic Tree"
2991:
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2228:
2093:
2062:
1950:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1825:
1804:
1527:, single-celled foraminifera whose shells can reach 20 cm in diameter.
1504:
1353:
1300:
1050:
807:
782:
684:
659:
632:
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620:
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3030:
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2922:
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2698:
2625:
2576:
4708:
4632:
4536:
3990:
sp. nov., a rare species isolated from coastal waters of the Baltic Sea".
3388:
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3230:
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2948:
1530:
17:
7902:
7794:
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6300:
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5741:
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5203:
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4435:
4410:
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2217:
2173:
2130:
2014:
1984:
1966:
1918:
1589:
1566:
1328:
1272:
769:
600:
588:
497:
158:
2246:
Association between protozoan symbionts and their host organisms can be
1515:
Protozoans, as traditionally defined, range in size from as little as 1
527:'s The foraminifera: an introduction to the study of the protozoa (1902)
7570:
7551:
7070:
7024:
6663:
6616:
6553:
6288:
6125:
5971:
5878:
5867:
5731:
5637:
5593:
5501:
5245:
5115:
Ecology of protozoan: The biology of free-living phagotrophic protists.
4749:"The ubiquity of small species: Patterns of local and global diversity"
4624:
4288:
4191:
4163:
3065:
2748:
2732:
2341:
2263:
2181:
2054:
1970:
1958:
1922:
1902:
1876:
1803:
do), taking in food through a specialized mouth-like aperture called a
1626:
1563:
1500:
1247:
1110:
1002:
963:
880:
670:
604:
478:
443:
415:
344:
328:
238:
190:
53:
48:
4368:
Ecology of protozoan: The biology of free-living phagotrophic protists
2220:
animals, such as cattle and sheep. These include flagellates, such as
2137:, and micro-carrion. In the context of older ecological models of the
309:
7881:
7473:
7331:
7034:
6910:
6690:
6642:
5943:
5673:
5575:
5517:
2007:
1930:
1800:
1767:
can survive for long periods of time in dry environments, by forming
1663:
451:
435:
431:
419:
390:
378:
366:
336:
217:
154:
68:
7907:
7771:
4515:. II. Evidence of functional changes in the macronucleus with age".
3628:"The eukaryotic tree of life from a global phylogenomic perspective"
2716:
30:
This article is about the organisms. For associated infections, see
4878:
Lee, John J.; Leedale, Gordon F.; Bradbury, Phyllis Clarke (2000).
4558:
Smith-Sonneborn, J. (1979). "DNA repair and longevity assurance in
3057:
2914:
2833:
1933:(which move by the use of temporary extensions of cytoplasm called
434:(animals). At the same time, he raised the group to the level of a
7445:
7013:
6675:
6513:
6153:
5233:
2318:
2267:
1988:
1926:
1830:
1529:
754:
560:
519:
460:
458:—celebrated at his centenary as the "architect of protozoology".
332:
299:
255:
213:
170:
36:
7868:
4789:
The other 99%. The conservation and biodiversity of Invertebrates
2953:
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology
5770:
1906:
1287:
188:, and then sometimes included within the similarly paraphyletic
7775:
6581:
5291:
5163:
1901:
Organisms traditionally classified as protozoa are abundant in
1840:, is one example of a variety of freshwater ciliates that host
1484:
in Protozoa can be sexual or asexual. Most Protozoa reproduce
7842:
4941:
Dogiel, V. A., revised by J.I. Poljanskij and E. M. Chejsin.
1824:
stage of life (ring phase), but develops a dedicated feeding
1771:
that enable them to remain dormant until conditions improve.
4845:
Williams, A.G.; Coleman, G.S. (1997). "The rumen protozoa".
2607:
Protozoa: Structure, Classification, Growth, and Development
4973:
Comparative protozoology: ecology, physiology, life history
4791:. Trans. R. Soc. New South Wales, Mosman, Sydney, pp 232–35
4766:
10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0777:TUOSSP]2.0.CO;2
4320:"Resting cysts: A survival strategy in Protozoa Ciliophora"
3098:(VII. Character of the kingdom of Protists.) From p. 216:
2532:. MBLWHOI Library. Springfield, IL; C.C. Thomas. p. 5.
496:, like plants, but can also feed on organic matter and are
422:
consisted of single cells, similar to those from which the
5003:. Lawrence, KS: Society of Protozoologists, 2000; 2nd ed.
3924:
Deep-Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography
3457:, Chapter 3 – Phylum Protozoa. Academic Press, pp 68–102.
1828:(cytostome) as it matures within a host's red blood cell.
1787:
or taking up dissolved organic matter or micro-particles (
559:
Despite awareness that the traditional Protozoa was not a
201:
By the 1970s, it became usual to require that all taxa be
4968:, 2nd rev. ed., Dover Publications Inc.: New York, 1968.
3844:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 86–88.
2871:(Invertebrate animals). Berlin: Veit & Co. p. 3.
643:
voted to change its name to the International Society of
4251:
Seen and Unseen: Discovering the Microbes of Yellowstone
3476:
Invertebrate zoology: a functional evolutionary approach
5068:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
3209:(August 1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life".
2655:"A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms"
1523:, or more. Among the largest are the deep-sea–dwelling
556:
the means of locomotion, such as by cilia or flagella.
5075:. Vols. 1, 2, and 3. Academic Press: New York; 2nd ed.
2057:), but this is generally decoupled from reproduction.
1893:, these plastids can continue to function for months.
1889:
but keep the enslaved plastids for themselves. Within
1495:
Many parasitic Protozoa reproduce both asexually and
4492:
Evolutionary Origin and Adaptive Function of Meiosis
3094:(Haeckel, 1866), vol. 1, pp. 215 ff. From p. 215:
2717:"Protozoa, Protista, Protoctista: What's in a Name?"
1917:(which move with the help of undulating and beating
635:, because it excluded some descendants of Protozoa.
7784:
7656:
7590:
7515:
7492:
7459:
7392:
7266:
7259:
7234:
7225:
7195:
7186:
7161:
7135:
7126:
7102:
7093:
7058:
7022:
6991:
6968:
6959:
6929:
6908:
6890:
6881:
6851:
6825:
6816:
6786:
6760:
6725:
6716:
6709:
6623:
6512:
6489:
6466:
6416:
6385:
6345:
6316:
6287:
6275:
6182:
6146:
6107:
6078:
6054:
6041:
5970:
5942:
5918:
5877:
5847:
5810:
5797:
5767:
5740:
5720:
5658:
5636:
5590:
5560:
5545:
5514:
5465:
5450:
5201:
5015:
A Guide to the Protozoa of Marine Aquaculture Ponds
2610:. University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
1857:, combining a heterotrophic diet with some form of
4656:"Lack of telomere shortening during senescence in
4362:
4360:
287:(=Goldfuß), as the Greek equivalent of the German
5031:, vol. 1, Protozoa. New York: Wiley-Liss, 512 pp.
1925:(which move by using hair-like structures called
3895:Dictionary of microbiology and molecular biology
3724:Burki F, Roger AJ, Brown MW, Simpson AG (2020).
3517:(15th, Global ed.). New York. p. 594.
3258:. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas. p. 5.
2645:
2643:
2641:
2452:Brock/Springer Series in Contemporary Bioscience
438:containing two broad classes of microorganisms:
224:. Traditional textbook examples of protozoa are
5008:Free-Living Freshwater Protozoa. A Colour Guide
4654:Gilley, David; Blackburn, Elizabeth H. (1994).
2604:Yaeger, Robert G. (1996). Baron, Samuel (ed.).
2436:(First class. Primordial animals. Protozoa.)
149:, in 1818, the taxon Protozoa was erected as a
4961:. Springfield, IL: C.C. Thomas, 1954; 4th ed.
4726:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 153–56.
4511:Aufderheide, Karl J. (1986). "Clonal aging in
3307:(1981). "Eukaryote Kingdoms: Seven or Nine?".
2942:
2940:
2422:[On the Classification of Zoophytes].
2270:into smaller, more easily digested molecules.
6593:
5303:
5175:
5103:CAB International: Wallingford, U.K. 2009 pp.
5052:Nutrition and feeding strategies in Protozoa.
3917:
3915:
2204:, enabling them to survive harsh conditions.
1987:bacteria that adhere to the surface by their
1795:may involve engulfing organic particles with
414:proposed that the bodies of protozoa such as
8:
5148:. Lawrence, KS: Society of Protozoologists,
5066:A Functional Biology of Free-Living Protozoa
5061:. Taylor & Francis, London, Washington.
4999:Lee, J.J., Leedale, G.F. & Bradbury, P.
3841:A Functional Biology of Free-Living Protozoa
3779:
3777:
3252:Kudo, Richard R. (Richard Roksabro) (1954).
2986:
2984:
2857:Siebold (vol. 1); Stannius (vol. 2) (1848).
2526:Kudo, Richard R. (Richard Roksabro) (1954).
2424:Isis, Oder, Encyclopädische Zeitung von Oken
669:are hard to place, being sister possibly to
307:
297:
295:, meaning "primitive, or original animals" (
289:
138:, that feed on organic matter such as other
5027:Harrison, F.W., Corliss, J.O. (ed.). 1991.
4884:. Society of Protozoologists. p. 634.
2881:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
619:, which were moved to other groups such as
7772:
7263:
7231:
7192:
7132:
7099:
6965:
6887:
6822:
6722:
6713:
6600:
6586:
6578:
6463:
6293:
6284:
6272:
6179:
6143:
6113:
6060:
6051:
6038:
5924:
5853:
5807:
5794:
5777:
5764:
5737:
5717:
5713:
5642:
5600:
5557:
5553:
5524:
5462:
5458:
5447:
5443:
5310:
5296:
5288:
5182:
5168:
5160:
5080:Biologically active substances of protozoa
5071:Levandowski, M., S.H. Hutner (eds). 1979.
5037:Electron-Microscopic Structure of Protozoa
4992:Jahn, T.L.- Bovee, E.C. & Jahn, F.F.
4945:, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 1965.
3892:Singleton, Paul; Sainsbury, Diana (2001).
3632:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
3579:"The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes"
3537:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3498:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1807:, or using stiffened ingestion organelles
315:'animal'). Goldfuss created Protozoa as a
4764:
4698:
4688:
4443:
3741:
3700:
3651:
3602:
3430:
3378:
3138:
2964:
2688:
2678:
2413:
2411:
2364:The Cell: Evolution of the First Organism
4849:. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 73–139.
3455:Invertebrate Embryology and Reproduction
2947:Taylor, F.J.R. 'Max' (11 January 2003).
2420:"Ueber die Classification der Zoophyten"
1541:
5073:Biochemistry and physiology of protozoa
3814:Microbiology for Surgical Technologists
3096:"VII. Character des Protistenreiches."
2353:
2272:
2049:Protozoa mostly reproduce asexually by
1983:. In some protozoa, the pellicle hosts
1945:Walls, pellicles, scales, and skeletons
6568:denotes groups with over 1,000 species
4416:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
3868:Microbial Pathogens and Human Diseases
3530:
3491:
2874:
2073:In the well-studied protozoan species
5144:Lee, J.J., & Soldo, A.T. (1992).
5110:Chapman & Hall: New York. 213 pp.
4490:Bernstein, H.; Bernstein, C. (2013).
2544:The Classification of Lower Organisms
2434:"Erste Klasse. Urthiere. Protozoa."
398:In 1848, with better microscopes and
108:
7:
7918:8dca8b6a-da01-4124-888c-5aca5f3e328c
5029:Microscopic Anatomy of Invertebrates
5001:An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa
4517:Mechanisms of Ageing and Development
3790:. Garland Science. pp. 472–74.
2860:Lehrbuch der vergleichenden Anatomie
2801:Abrégé du dictionnaire grec français
2367:. Infobase Publishing. p. 130.
2145:, protozoa may be a food source for
2033: – collectively the '
5057:Coombs, G.H. & North, M. 1991.
5010:. Manson Publishing: London, 1996.
4722:Bernstein, H; Bernstein, C (1991).
4062:Microbiology and Immunology On-Line
3963:Microbiology and Immunology On-Line
3478:(7th ed.). Delhi. p. 12.
3355:"Kingdom Protozoa and Its 18 Phyla"
3000:Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal
2180:, causing serious diseases such as
1346:
1321:
1293:
1265:
1240:
1215:
1138:
1079:
1072:
1043:
1036:
976:
969:
850:
825:
800:
775:
747:
722:
697:
690:
680:
631:. The Protozoa in this scheme were
5054:Croom Helm Publ.: London, 280 pp.
4747:Fenchel, T.; Finlay, B.J. (2004).
4043:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1988.tb04327.x
3583:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
3463:10.1016/B978-0-12-814114-4.00003-5
3283:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1964.tb01715.x
3271:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
3223:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x
27:Single-celled eukaryotic organisms
25:
4975:. Berlin : Springer-Verlag, 1988.
4952:. Thieme Verlag; New York, 1996.
4906:"Termite gut microbes | NOLL LAB"
4228:University of Tasmania, Australia
3817:. Cengage Learning. p. 135.
3730:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2721:Journal of the History of Biology
2505:. Benjamin Cummings. p. 43.
2226:, and ciliated protozoa, such as
1844:chlorophyte algae from the genus
5117:Springer-Verlag: Berlin. 197 pp.
3992:European Journal of Protistology
3681:Proceedings: Biological Sciences
3595:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x
2867:] (in German). Vol. 1:
2834:"Greek-french dictionary online"
2786:Handbook of Zoology. First Part.
2326:
2301:
2275:
5127:Kreier, J.P. (ed.). 1991–1995.
5013:Patterson, D.J., M.A. Burford.
3515:Brock Biology of Microorganisms
2865:Textbook of Comparative Anatomy
2546:. Palo Alto, CA: Pacific Books.
2502:Brock Biology of Microorganisms
2250:. Flagellated protozoa such as
430:forms, to the exclusion of all
7347:Membranous/thalloid/foliaceous
6047:
6043:
5803:
5799:
5099:Darbyshire, J.F. (ed.). 1994.
4613:Molecular and General Genetics
4318:Verni, F.; Rosati, G. (2011).
3371:10.1128/mmbr.57.4.953-994.1993
2778:Goldfuß, Georg August (1820).
2212:A wide range of protozoa live
2002:, various testate amoebae and
1969:, the pellicle is formed from
169:, as found in plants and many
1:
7317:Tetrasporal/capsal/palmelloid
5096:Oxford Univ. Press: New York.
4847:The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem
1592:cercomonad amoebo-flagellate
5092:Capriulo, G.M. (ed.). 1990.
5078:Sukhareva-Buell, N.N. 2003.
4966:Introduction to Protozoology
4529:10.1016/0047-6374(86)90044-8
4382:"Biochemistry of Plasmodium"
4370:. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
4336:10.1080/11250003.2011.560579
3811:Rodriguez, Margaret (2015).
3787:Emerging Protozoan Pathogens
3726:"The New Tree of Eukaryotes"
3513:Madigan, Michael T. (2019).
3329:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2
3177:. Springer. pp. 45–78.
3149:10.1126/science.163.3863.150
2680:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248
2499:Madigan, Michael T. (2012).
1010:FLAGELLATE/AMOEBOID PROTOZOA
5108:Protozoan plankton ecology.
5094:Ecology of Marine Protozoa.
5045:Physiology and biochemistry
4982:. E. Arnold: London, 1981.
4948:Hausmann, K., N. Hulsmann.
4855:10.1007/978-94-009-1453-7_3
4468:"Sex and Death in Protozoa"
4058:"Blood and tissue Protozoa"
4031:The Journal of Protozoology
3959:"Blood and Tissue Protozoa"
3784:Khan, Naveed Ahmed (2008).
3644:10.1101/cshperspect.a016147
3474:Ruppert, Edward E. (2004).
3183:10.1007/978-1-4615-6944-2_2
2556:Scamardella, J. M. (1999).
2168:List of parasites of humans
1629:parasite, gametocyte phase
8016:
5040:. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
4724:Aging, Sex, and DNA Repair
4472:Cambridge University Press
4324:Italian Journal of Zoology
4248:Sheehan, Kathy B. (2005).
4004:10.1016/j.ejop.2015.05.002
3944:10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.04.005
3871:. CRC Press. p. 194.
3743:10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.008
3675:Burki, F. (January 2016).
3019:International Microbiology
2565:International Microbiology
2165:
2159:
2098:DNA damage theory of aging
1853:Protozoa may also live as
885:inc. multicellular animals
758:PROTOZOA, often FLAGELLATE
657:
450:(flagellated protists and
384:
372:
360:
157:-like behaviours, such as
29:
6544:
6296:
6271:
6116:
6063:
6037:
5927:
5856:
5793:
5780:
5763:
5716:
5712:
5645:
5603:
5556:
5527:
5461:
5446:
5442:
5326:
5146:Protocols in protozoology
5106:Laybourn-Parry, J. 1992.
5017:. CSIRO Publishing, 2001.
4910:www.kennethnoll.uconn.edu
4139:"Diagnostic parasitology"
3838:Laybourn-Parry J (2013).
3736:(1). Elsevier BV: 43–55.
3553:"New President's Address"
2460:10.1007/978-3-662-06817-5
1738:Syringammina fragilissima
1644:parasitic kinetoplastid,
1538:can attain 3 mm in length
1369:
1351:
1344:
1326:
1319:
1298:
1291:
1270:
1263:
1245:
1238:
1220:
1213:
1169:inc. multicellular plants
1162:
1143:
1136:
1108:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1000:
981:
974:
967:
878:
855:
848:
830:
823:
805:
798:
780:
773:
752:
745:
727:
720:
702:
695:
688:
654:Phylogenetic distribution
627:, under the polyphyletic
500:, like animals. In 1860,
252:History of classification
145:When first introduced by
41:Clockwise from top left:
6638:Mastigophora/Flagellates
5773:
5769:
5064:Laybourn-Parry J. 1984.
5059:Biochemical protozoology
4994:How to Know the Protozoa
4029:, on diverse bacteria".
2799:Bailly, Anatole (1981).
1332:PROTOZOA, often AMOEBOID
862:inc. multicellular fungi
371:), meaning "first", and
134:, either free-living or
7995:Obsolete eukaryote taxa
7676:Baas-Becking hypothesis
4980:The Biology of Protozoa
3359:Microbiological Reviews
3046:The American Naturalist
2394:. Springer. p. 9.
1909:, occupying a range of
1710:free-living amoebozoan
1091:multicellular red algae
1008:(some photosynthetic),
94:Desmarella moniliformis
7671:Microbial biogeography
4690:10.1073/pnas.91.5.1955
4609:Paramecium tetraurelia
4586:10.1126/science.424739
4560:Paramecium tetraurelia
4513:Paramecium tetraurelia
4143:University of Delaware
3693:10.1098/rspb.2015.2802
3626:Burki, F. (May 2014).
3423:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948
3403:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas
3351:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas
3305:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas
3207:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas
2361:Panno, Joseph (2014).
2334:Trichonympha campanula
2310:Isotricha intestinalis
2075:Paramecium tetraurelia
1850:
1539:
528:
469:
323:but also some "lower"
308:
298:
290:
280:was coined in 1818 by
269:
260:Class Protozoa, order
119:; alternative plural:
101:
67:, a testate (shelled)
7939:Paleobiology Database
6691:Fungus-like organisms
5082:. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
4222:Noctiluca scintillans
4112:Entamoeba histolytica
2966:10.1099/ijs.0.02587-0
2781:Handbuch der Zoologie
2542:Copeland, HF (1956).
2448:"Ecology of Protozoa"
2446:Fenchel, Tom (1987).
2285:Entamoeba histolytica
2166:Further information:
1913:. The group includes
1834:
1720:Noctiluca scintillans
1657:Entamoeba histolytica
1621:Plasmodium falciparum
1558:Plasmodium falciparum
1533:
658:Further information:
565:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
550:multi-kingdom systems
523:
464:
395:), meaning "animal".
285:Georg August Goldfuss
266:Georg August Goldfuss
259:
44:Blepharisma japonicum
40:
7406:Simple cell membrane
7342:Pseudoparenchymatous
7330:Filamentous/trichal/
7314:Colonial flagellated
7247:Collar of microvilli
5034:Pitelka, D.R. 1963.
4943:General Protozoology
4813:Medical Microbiology
4436:10.1128/AEM.02566-09
4172:Encyclopedia of Life
3865:Khan, N. A. (2008).
3175:Evolutionary Biology
2651:Ruggiero, Michael A.
2288:, a disease-causing
2262:inhabit the guts of
2061:is widespread among
1875:retains functioning
1820:during its immature
1695:free-living ciliate
1551:Size in micrometres
1536:Spirostomum ambiguum
615:, and the parasitic
272:The word "protozoa"
264:, family Monades by
64:Centropyxis aculeata
8000:Paraphyletic groups
7620:Contractile vacuole
7571:Meiosis in protists
7552:Mitosis in protists
7530:Multinucleate cells
6752:Flagellar apparatus
6701:Ambiregnal protists
6643:Sarcodina/Amoeboids
6445:Gunflint microbiota
6206:Klebsormidiophyceae
5990:Hyphochytriomycetes
4971:Roger Anderson, O.
4681:1994PNAS...91.1955G
4578:1979Sci...203.1115S
4494:. Meiosis. InTech.
4428:2010ApEnM..76.2791N
4166:Paramecium caudatum
3936:2011DSRII..58.2401G
3453:El-Bawab, F. 2020.
3321:1981BiSys..14..461C
3131:1969Sci...163..150W
2803:. Paris: Hachette.
2713:Rothschild, Lynn J.
2671:2015PLoSO..1019248R
2248:mutually beneficial
2162:Protozoan infection
2013:, many centrohelid
1991:(attachment pili).
1837:Paramecium bursaria
1690:Paramecium caudatum
1375:FLAGELLATE PROTISTS
1304:FLAGELLATE PROTOZOA
1251:FLAGELLATE PROTOZOA
1226:FLAGELLATE PROTOZOA
988:FLAGELLATE PROTOZOA
836:FLAGELLATE PROTOZOA
733:FLAGELLATE PROTOZOA
708:FLAGELLATE PROTOZOA
542:Robert H. Whittaker
355:is formed from the
32:Protozoan infection
7451:Periplast/pellicle
7174:Periplast/pellicle
7114:Cruciform division
6216:Coleochaetophyceae
5596:
5592:
5520:
5516:
5191:Infectious disease
5129:Parasitic Protozoa
5113:Fenchel, T. 1987.
4625:10.1007/bf00330196
4366:Fenchel, T. 1987.
4289:10.1007/BF00025180
4084:Trypanosoma brucei
3988:Massisteria voersi
3984:Massisteria marina
3930:(24–25): 2401–19.
3687:(1823): 20152802.
3211:Biological Reviews
2733:10.1007/BF00139515
2147:microinvertebrates
2115:microbial food web
1851:
1680:parasitic ciliate
1583:Massisteria voersi
1540:
1006:EUGLENOID PROTISTS
811:PARASITIC PROTOZOA
529:
470:
404:Matthias Schleiden
270:
102:
7977:
7976:
7926:Open Tree of Life
7778:Taxon identifiers
7769:
7768:
7666:Microbial ecology
7652:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7625:Eyespot apparatus
7255:
7254:
7237:Choanoflagellates
7221:
7220:
7182:
7181:
7122:
7121:
7089:
7088:
6955:
6954:
6877:
6876:
6812:
6811:
6575:
6574:
6540:
6539:
6476:Spironematellidae
6457:Meteora sporadica
6412:
6411:
6408:
6407:
6341:
6340:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6255:
6254:
6251:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6167:Prasinodermophyta
6103:
6102:
6033:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6017:
6016:
5914:
5913:
5750:Centroplasthelida
5708:
5707:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5696:
5695:
5692:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5586:
5585:
5510:
5509:
5285:
5284:
5050:Nisbet, B. 1984.
4572:(4385): 1115–17.
4500:978-953-51-1197-9
3878:978-1-4822-8059-3
3851:978-1-4684-7316-2
3824:978-1-133-70733-2
3797:978-0-203-89517-7
3353:(December 1993).
3192:978-1-4615-6946-6
2869:Wirbellose Thiere
2838:www.tabularium.be
2832:Bailly, Anatole.
2469:978-3-662-06819-9
2216:in the rumens of
2194:sleeping sickness
2127:filamentous algae
1996:Choanoflagellates
1905:environments and
1887:Mesodinium rubrum
1872:Mesodinium rubrum
1779:All protozoa are
1759:
1758:
1639:Trypanosoma cruzi
1468:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1395:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1377:(photosynthetic)
1202:
1201:
1193:
1192:
1184:
1183:
1125:
1124:
1020:
1019:
953:
952:
944:
943:
935:
934:
926:
925:
917:
916:
908:
907:
899:
898:
889:AMOEBOID PROTOZOA
786:AMOEBOID PROTOZOA
525:Frederick Chapman
412:C. T. von Siebold
327:animals, such as
84:Chaos carolinense
74:Peridinium willei
16:(Redirected from
8007:
7990:1670s in science
7970:
7969:
7957:
7956:
7947:
7946:
7934:
7933:
7921:
7920:
7911:
7910:
7898:
7897:
7885:
7884:
7872:
7871:
7859:
7858:
7846:
7845:
7833:
7832:
7820:
7819:
7818:
7805:
7804:
7803:
7773:
7640:Mastigont system
7593:
7518:
7495:
7484:Gliding motility
7462:
7399:
7344:/plektenchymatic
7300:Amoeboflagellate
7273:
7264:
7240:
7232:
7201:
7193:
7167:
7141:
7133:
7107:
7100:
7064:
7028:
6997:
6971:
6966:
6935:
6914:
6893:
6888:
6857:
6831:
6823:
6792:
6766:
6730:
6723:
6714:
6602:
6595:
6588:
6579:
6522:Collodictyonidae
6468:Hemimastigophora
6464:
6423:
6294:
6285:
6281:
6273:
6222:Zygnematophyceae
6180:
6160:
6144:
6114:
6061:
6052:
6048:
6039:
5925:
5854:
5808:
5804:
5795:
5778:
5774:
5765:
5738:
5725:
5718:
5714:
5668:Choanoflagellata
5643:
5601:
5597:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5525:
5521:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5448:
5444:
5355:
5335:
5312:
5305:
5298:
5289:
5202:Disciplines and
5184:
5177:
5170:
5161:
5006:Patterson, D.J.
4925:
4924:
4922:
4921:
4912:. Archived from
4902:
4896:
4895:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4792:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4768:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4702:
4692:
4664:
4651:
4645:
4644:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4555:
4549:
4548:
4508:
4502:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4447:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4388:. Archived from
4377:
4371:
4364:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4272:
4266:
4265:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4188:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4159:
4153:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4134:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4056:Ghaffar, Abdul.
4053:
4047:
4046:
4022:
4016:
4015:
3979:
3973:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3957:Ghaffar, Abdul.
3954:
3948:
3947:
3919:
3910:
3909:
3889:
3883:
3882:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3781:
3772:
3771:
3745:
3721:
3715:
3714:
3704:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3655:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3606:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3557:protozoa.uga.edu
3549:
3543:
3542:
3536:
3528:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3497:
3489:
3471:
3465:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3434:
3405:(23 June 2010).
3399:
3393:
3392:
3382:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3142:
3125:(3863): 150–60.
3114:
3108:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2872:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2692:
2682:
2647:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2585:
2579:. Archived from
2562:
2553:
2547:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2418:Goldfuß (1818).
2415:
2406:
2405:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2358:
2330:
2305:
2282:Trophozoites of
2279:
1977:and the ciliate
1885:, which prey on
1755:
1754:
1675:Balantidium coli
1542:
1376:
1358:
1347:
1333:
1322:
1305:
1294:
1277:
1266:
1252:
1241:
1227:
1223:Hemimastigophora
1216:
1174:
1150:
1139:
1115:
1096:
1080:
1073:
1055:
1044:
1037:
1011:
1007:
989:
977:
970:
890:
867:
851:
837:
826:
812:
801:
787:
776:
759:
748:
734:
723:
709:
698:
691:
681:
587:Cavalier-Smith,
538:Herbert Copeland
410:, the zoologist
394:
388:
382:
376:
370:
364:
349:polychaete worms
313:
303:
293:
110:
99:choanoflagellate
21:
8015:
8014:
8010:
8009:
8008:
8006:
8005:
8004:
7980:
7979:
7978:
7973:
7965:
7960:
7952:
7950:
7942:
7937:
7929:
7924:
7916:
7914:
7906:
7901:
7893:
7888:
7880:
7875:
7867:
7862:
7854:
7849:
7841:
7836:
7828:
7823:
7814:
7813:
7808:
7799:
7798:
7793:
7780:
7770:
7765:
7658:
7644:
7591:
7586:
7516:
7511:
7493:
7488:
7460:
7455:
7396:
7393:
7388:
7270:
7267:
7251:
7235:
7217:
7196:
7178:
7162:
7157:
7136:
7118:
7103:
7085:
7059:
7054:
7023:
7018:
6994:Dinoflagellates
6992:
6987:
6969:
6951:
6930:
6925:
6909:
6904:
6891:
6873:
6852:
6847:
6826:
6808:
6787:
6782:
6761:
6756:
6726:
6705:
6626:classifications
6625:
6619:
6606:
6576:
6571:
6536:
6508:
6499:Ancyromonadidae
6485:
6462:
6417:
6404:
6395:Malawimonadidae
6381:
6337:
6312:
6276:
6235:
6178:
6151:
6150:
6142:
6099:
6074:
6042:
6013:
5966:
5938:
5910:
5873:
5843:
5798:
5789:
5768:
5759:
5736:
5721:
5680:
5654:
5632:
5591:
5582:
5546:
5541:
5515:
5506:
5451:
5438:
5437:
5353:
5331:
5322:
5316:
5286:
5281:
5197:
5188:
5158:
4933:
4928:
4919:
4917:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4865:
4844:
4843:
4839:
4824:
4809:
4808:
4804:
4799:
4795:
4786:
4782:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4734:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4662:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4489:
4485:
4476:
4474:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4395:
4393:
4380:Wiser, Mark F.
4379:
4378:
4374:
4365:
4358:
4348:
4346:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4274:
4273:
4269:
4262:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4233:
4231:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4204:
4202:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4176:
4174:
4162:Taylor, Bruce.
4161:
4160:
4156:
4147:
4145:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4122:
4120:
4110:"Microscopy of
4108:
4107:
4103:
4094:
4092:
4090:parasite.org.au
4080:
4079:
4075:
4066:
4064:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4024:
4023:
4019:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3967:
3965:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3921:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3891:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3783:
3782:
3775:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3529:
3525:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3490:
3486:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3452:
3448:
3411:Biology Letters
3401:
3400:
3396:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3315:(3–4): 461–81.
3303:
3302:
3298:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3140:10.1.1.403.5430
3116:
3115:
3111:
3093:
3089:
3052:(800): 340–61.
3043:
3042:
3038:
3016:
3015:
3011:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2946:
2945:
2938:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2873:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2842:
2840:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2811:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2665:(4): e0119248.
2649:
2648:
2639:
2630:
2628:
2618:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2537:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2470:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2432:From p. 1008:
2417:
2416:
2409:
2402:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2331:
2322:
2317:ciliate in the
2306:
2297:
2294:red blood cells
2280:
2244:
2210:
2178:human parasites
2172:Many protozoan
2170:
2164:
2158:
2111:
2106:
2079:transplantation
2071:
2047:
1947:
1899:
1777:
1764:
1752:
1750:
1513:
1479:
1474:
1472:Characteristics
1469:
1460:
1450:
1441:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1374:
1356:
1331:
1303:
1275:
1250:
1225:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1172:
1148:
1126:
1113:
1094:
1053:
1021:
1009:
1005:
987:
954:
945:
936:
927:
918:
909:
900:
888:
866:FUNGAL PROTISTS
865:
835:
810:
785:
757:
732:
707:
662:
656:
645:Protistologists
641:Protozoologists
609:dinoflagellates
400:Theodor Schwann
254:
220:) that feed by
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8013:
8011:
8003:
8002:
7997:
7992:
7982:
7981:
7975:
7974:
7972:
7971:
7958:
7948:
7935:
7922:
7912:
7899:
7886:
7873:
7860:
7847:
7834:
7821:
7806:
7790:
7788:
7782:
7781:
7776:
7767:
7766:
7764:
7763:
7758:
7753:
7752:
7751:
7750:
7749:
7744:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7714:
7713:
7712:
7701:
7700:
7699:
7694:
7680:
7679:
7678:
7673:
7662:
7660:
7654:
7653:
7650:
7649:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7596:
7594:
7588:
7587:
7585:
7584:
7583:
7582:
7579:
7576:
7568:
7567:
7566:
7563:
7560:
7557:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7538:
7537:
7527:
7521:
7519:
7513:
7512:
7510:
7509:
7504:
7498:
7496:
7490:
7489:
7487:
7486:
7481:
7476:
7471:
7465:
7463:
7457:
7456:
7454:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7402:
7400:
7390:
7389:
7387:
7386:
7373:
7372:
7371:
7370:
7369:
7368:Siphonocladous
7366:
7358:
7351:Multinucleated
7348:
7345:
7339:
7337:Parenchymatous
7334:
7328:
7327:
7326:
7321:
7318:
7315:
7304:
7303:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7276:
7274:
7261:
7257:
7256:
7253:
7252:
7250:
7249:
7243:
7241:
7229:
7223:
7222:
7219:
7218:
7216:
7215:
7210:
7204:
7202:
7190:
7184:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7176:
7170:
7168:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7155:
7150:
7144:
7142:
7138:Kinetoplastids
7130:
7124:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7116:
7110:
7108:
7097:
7091:
7090:
7087:
7086:
7084:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7067:
7065:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7031:
7029:
7020:
7019:
7017:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7000:
6998:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6985:
6980:
6974:
6972:
6963:
6957:
6956:
6953:
6952:
6950:
6949:
6944:
6938:
6936:
6927:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6917:
6915:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6896:
6894:
6885:
6879:
6878:
6875:
6874:
6872:
6871:
6866:
6860:
6858:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6845:
6840:
6834:
6832:
6820:
6814:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6806:
6804:Phycobilisomes
6801:
6799:Pit connection
6795:
6793:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6780:
6778:Phycobilisomes
6775:
6769:
6767:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6733:
6731:
6728:Chloroplastida
6720:
6718:Archaeplastida
6711:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6672:
6671:
6666:
6657:
6656:
6655:
6650:
6640:
6629:
6627:
6621:
6620:
6607:
6605:
6604:
6597:
6590:
6582:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6563:
6556:
6552:excluded from
6545:
6542:
6541:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6518:
6516:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6506:
6504:Planomonadidae
6501:
6495:
6493:
6491:Ancyromonadida
6487:
6486:
6484:
6483:
6481:Paramastigidae
6478:
6472:
6470:
6461:
6460:
6453:
6447:
6441:
6433:
6426:
6424:
6420:Incertae sedis
6414:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6402:
6397:
6391:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6351:
6349:
6343:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6336:
6335:
6328:
6322:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6310:
6303:
6297:
6291:
6282:
6269:
6268:
6265:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6245:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6225:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6196:
6188:
6186:
6177:
6176:
6169:
6163:
6161:
6141:
6140:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6117:
6111:
6109:Archaeplastida
6105:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6092:
6084:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6064:
6058:
6049:
6035:
6034:
6031:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6023:
6022:
6019:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5976:
5974:
5968:
5967:
5965:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5948:
5946:
5940:
5939:
5937:
5936:
5928:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5903:
5900:Dinoflagellata
5896:
5894:Chrompodellida
5891:
5883:
5881:
5875:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5864:
5857:
5851:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5822:
5816:
5814:
5805:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5787:
5781:
5775:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5735:
5734:
5728:
5726:
5723:Diaphoretickes
5710:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5681:
5679:
5678:
5670:
5664:
5662:
5656:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5646:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5612:
5604:
5598:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5572:
5566:
5564:
5551:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5528:
5522:
5512:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5482:
5477:
5471:
5469:
5456:
5440:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5431:
5428:Mesomycetozoea
5425:
5420:
5410:
5400:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5377:
5376:
5364:Diaphoretickes
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5328:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:classification
5317:
5315:
5314:
5307:
5300:
5292:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5208:
5206:
5199:
5198:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5164:
5157:
5156:External links
5154:
5153:
5152:
5141:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5111:
5104:
5101:Soil Protozoa.
5097:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5076:
5069:
5062:
5055:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5032:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4989:
4988:
4987:Identification
4984:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4964:Manwell, R.D.
4962:
4953:
4946:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4897:
4890:
4870:
4863:
4837:
4822:
4802:
4793:
4780:
4739:
4733:978-0120928606
4732:
4714:
4675:(5): 1955–58.
4646:
4599:
4550:
4503:
4483:
4459:
4422:(9): 2791–98.
4402:
4386:The Wiser Page
4372:
4356:
4310:
4267:
4260:
4240:
4211:
4200:www.arcella.nl
4194:Amoeba proteus
4183:
4154:
4129:
4101:
4073:
4048:
4017:
3998:(4): 299–310.
3986:has a sister:
3974:
3949:
3911:
3904:
3884:
3877:
3857:
3850:
3830:
3823:
3803:
3796:
3773:
3716:
3667:
3638:(5): a016147.
3618:
3589:(5): 429–514.
3569:
3544:
3523:
3505:
3484:
3466:
3446:
3394:
3342:
3296:
3261:
3244:
3198:
3191:
3171:Margulis, Lynn
3162:
3109:
3087:
3058:10.1086/281531
3036:
3009:
3002:. 2nd series.
2980:
2959:(6): 1707–14.
2936:
2915:10.1086/349230
2909:(127): 20–22.
2893:
2849:
2824:
2810:978-2010035289
2809:
2791:
2770:
2727:(2): 277–305.
2704:
2637:
2616:
2596:
2548:
2535:
2518:
2511:
2491:
2468:
2438:
2407:
2400:
2380:
2373:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2332:
2325:
2323:
2307:
2300:
2298:
2296:(dark circles)
2292:with engulfed
2281:
2274:
2243:
2240:
2209:
2206:
2200:) and resting
2160:Main article:
2157:
2154:
2119:trophic levels
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2090:P. tetraurelia
2070:
2067:
2051:binary fission
2046:
2043:
1946:
1943:
1911:trophic levels
1898:
1895:
1776:
1773:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1747:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1727:dinoflagellate
1723:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:Amoeba proteus
1700:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1646:Chagas disease
1642:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1605:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1586:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1561:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1525:xenophyophores
1512:
1509:
1490:binary fission
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1219:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1175:(green algae)
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1067:Archaeplastida
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1031:Diaphoretickes
1027:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1013:
999:
996:
995:
992:
991:
980:
975:
973:
968:
966:
960:
959:
956:
955:
951:
950:
947:
946:
942:
941:
938:
937:
933:
932:
929:
928:
924:
923:
920:
919:
915:
914:
911:
910:
906:
905:
902:
901:
897:
896:
893:
892:
877:
874:
873:
870:
869:
854:
849:
847:
844:
843:
840:
839:
829:
824:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
804:
799:
797:
794:
793:
790:
789:
779:
774:
772:
766:
765:
762:
761:
751:
746:
744:
741:
740:
737:
736:
726:
721:
719:
716:
715:
712:
711:
705:Ancyromonadida
701:
696:
694:
689:
687:
679:
673:, possibly to
655:
652:
494:photosynthesis
321:microorganisms
253:
250:
147:Georg Goldfuss
140:microorganisms
79:dinoflagellate
57:, a parasitic
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8012:
8001:
7998:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7987:
7985:
7968:
7963:
7959:
7955:
7949:
7945:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7913:
7909:
7904:
7900:
7896:
7891:
7887:
7883:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7865:
7861:
7857:
7852:
7848:
7844:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7826:
7822:
7817:
7811:
7807:
7802:
7796:
7792:
7791:
7789:
7787:
7783:
7779:
7774:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7739:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7719:
7718:
7715:
7711:
7708:
7707:
7706:
7702:
7698:
7697:Fertilization
7695:
7693:
7690:
7689:
7688:
7684:
7681:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7668:
7667:
7664:
7663:
7661:
7655:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7597:
7595:
7589:
7580:
7577:
7574:
7573:
7572:
7569:
7565:Pleuromitosis
7564:
7561:
7558:
7555:
7554:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7536:
7533:
7532:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7520:
7514:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7502:Hydrogenosome
7500:
7499:
7497:
7491:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7466:
7464:
7458:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7391:
7384:
7380:
7377:
7376:Multicellular
7374:
7367:
7364:
7363:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7353:
7352:
7349:
7346:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7322:
7319:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7311:
7308:
7305:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7282:
7281:
7278:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7265:
7262:
7258:
7248:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7238:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7224:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7199:
7198:Dictyostelids
7194:
7191:
7189:
7185:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7165:
7160:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7139:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7125:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7092:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7062:
7061:Apicomplexans
7057:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7026:
7021:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7001:
6999:
6995:
6990:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6973:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6958:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6933:
6928:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6907:
6901:
6898:
6897:
6895:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6883:Stramenopiles
6880:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6850:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6829:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6815:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6796:
6794:
6790:
6785:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6764:
6759:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6715:
6712:
6708:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6661:
6658:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6603:
6598:
6596:
6591:
6589:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6567:
6564:
6561:
6557:
6555:
6551:
6548:¹traditional
6547:
6546:
6543:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6527:Mantamonadida
6525:
6523:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6515:
6511:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6496:
6494:
6492:
6488:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6471:
6469:
6465:
6459:
6458:
6454:
6452:
6448:
6446:
6442:
6440:
6439:
6434:
6432:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6421:
6415:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6388:
6384:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6348:
6344:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6327:
6326:Heterolobosea
6324:
6323:
6321:
6319:
6318:Discicristata
6315:
6309:
6308:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6286:
6283:
6279:
6274:
6270:
6231:
6230:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6197:
6195:
6194:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6185:
6181:
6175:
6174:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6158:
6157:
6149:
6148:Viridiplantae
6145:
6139:
6138:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6106:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6086:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6077:
6071:
6070:
6069:Microheliella
6066:
6065:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6053:
6050:
6046:
6040:
6036:
6010:
6009:Actinophryida
6007:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5973:
5969:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5930:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5920:Stramenopiles
5917:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5901:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5839:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5806:
5802:
5796:
5792:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5766:
5762:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5663:
5661:
5657:
5651:
5648:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5623:Ichthyosporea
5621:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5578:
5577:
5573:
5571:
5570:Rotosphaerida
5568:
5567:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5544:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5532:Apusomonadida
5530:
5529:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5513:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5401:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5391:Stramenopiles
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5354:(major groups
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5320:
5313:
5308:
5306:
5301:
5299:
5294:
5293:
5290:
5276:
5275:ectoparasites
5273:
5272:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5185:
5180:
5178:
5173:
5171:
5166:
5165:
5162:
5155:
5150:
5147:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5002:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4916:on 2018-03-21
4915:
4911:
4907:
4901:
4898:
4893:
4891:9781891276231
4887:
4883:
4882:
4874:
4871:
4866:
4864:9789401071499
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4841:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4823:9780963117212
4819:
4815:
4814:
4806:
4803:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4759:(8): 777–84.
4758:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4669:
4661:
4659:
4650:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4619:(1): 108–14.
4618:
4614:
4610:
4603:
4600:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4554:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4523:(3): 265–79.
4522:
4518:
4514:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4487:
4484:
4473:
4469:
4463:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4406:
4403:
4392:on 2017-07-04
4391:
4387:
4383:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4330:(2): 134–45.
4329:
4325:
4321:
4314:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4283:(1): 95–113.
4282:
4278:
4277:Hydrobiologia
4271:
4268:
4263:
4261:9780762730933
4257:
4253:
4252:
4244:
4241:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4215:
4212:
4201:
4197:
4196:| Microworld"
4195:
4187:
4184:
4173:
4169:
4167:
4158:
4155:
4144:
4140:
4137:Lehman, Don.
4133:
4130:
4119:
4115:
4113:
4105:
4102:
4091:
4087:
4085:
4077:
4074:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4037:(2): 219–22.
4036:
4032:
4028:
4021:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3978:
3975:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3905:9780471941507
3901:
3897:
3896:
3888:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3861:
3858:
3853:
3847:
3843:
3842:
3834:
3831:
3826:
3820:
3816:
3815:
3807:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3789:
3788:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3720:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3570:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3540:
3534:
3526:
3524:9781292235103
3520:
3516:
3509:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3487:
3485:9788131501047
3481:
3477:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3417:(3): 342–45.
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3365:(4): 953–94.
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3265:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3217:(3): 203–66.
3216:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3025:(4): 207–16.
3024:
3020:
3013:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2853:
2850:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2617:9780963117212
2613:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2597:
2586:on 2021-08-25
2582:
2578:
2574:
2571:(4): 207–21.
2570:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2522:
2519:
2514:
2512:9780321649638
2508:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2430:(6): 1008–19.
2429:
2426:(in German).
2425:
2421:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2401:9789401791182
2397:
2393:
2392:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2374:9780816067367
2370:
2366:
2365:
2357:
2354:
2348:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2190:toxoplasmosis
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:Cochliopodium
2009:
2005:
2001:
2000:folliculinids
1997:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:heterotrophic
1774:
1772:
1770:
1769:resting cysts
1761:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1609:kinetoplastid
1606:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1463:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1372:Stramenopiles
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1170:
1166:
1165:Viridiplantae
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1004:
998:
997:
994:
993:
990:
986:
979:
978:
972:
971:
965:
962:
961:
958:
957:
949:
948:
940:
939:
931:
930:
922:
921:
913:
912:
904:
903:
895:
894:
891:
886:
882:
876:
875:
872:
871:
868:
863:
859:
853:
852:
846:
845:
842:
841:
838:
834:
833:Apusomonadida
828:
827:
821:
820:
817:
816:
813:
809:
803:
802:
796:
795:
792:
791:
788:
784:
778:
777:
771:
768:
767:
764:
763:
760:
756:
750:
749:
743:
742:
739:
738:
735:
731:
725:
724:
718:
717:
714:
713:
710:
706:
700:
699:
693:
692:
686:
683:
682:
678:
676:
672:
668:
661:
653:
651:
648:
646:
642:
636:
634:
630:
626:
625:Stramenopiles
622:
618:
617:apicomplexans
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:Microsporidia
594:
590:
586:
583:
579:
575:
571:
566:
562:
557:
553:
551:
547:
546:Lynn Margulis
543:
539:
534:
533:heterotrophic
526:
522:
518:
516:
511:
510:Ernst Haeckel
506:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
486:
481:
480:
474:
467:
463:
459:
457:
456:Otto Bütschli
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
424:multicellular
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
393:
387:
383:), plural of
381:
375:
369:
363:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
325:multicellular
322:
318:
314:
312:
311:
304:
302:
301:
294:
292:
286:
283:
279:
275:
267:
263:
258:
251:
249:
247:
246:
241:
240:
235:
234:
229:
228:
223:
219:
215:
210:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
165:, and lack a
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
130:
129:single-celled
126:
122:
118:
114:
106:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
54:Giardia muris
50:
46:
45:
39:
33:
19:
7785:
7717:Heterotrophy
7687:Reproduction
7562:Orthomitosis
7547:Heterokaryon
7494:Mitochondria
7395:Cell surface
7271:organization
7227:Opisthokonta
7050:Micronucleus
7045:Macronucleus
6947:Pneumatocyst
6763:Glaucophytes
6747:Phragmoplast
6686:Thallophytes
6632:
6613:Protistology
6609:Microbiology
6565:
6560:paraphyletic
6455:
6436:
6418:
6387:Malawimonada
6367:Anaeromonada
6362:Anaeramoebae
6354:
6330:
6307:Tsukubamonas
6305:
6227:
6220:
6211:Charophyceae
6198:
6191:
6184:Streptophyta
6171:
6155:
6135:
6131:Rhodelphidia
6089:Palpitomonas
6087:
6067:
6056:Pancryptista
6001:
5994:
5931:
5898:
5886:
5866:
5836:
5831:Foraminifera
5829:
5672:
5615:
5609:Tunicaraptor
5607:
5574:
5548:Opisthokonta
5484:
5413:Opisthokonta
5257:
5253:Parasitology
5212:Bacteriology
5195:microbiology
5145:
5128:
5122:Parasitology
5114:
5107:
5100:
5093:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5036:
5028:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4958:Protozoology
4956:
4950:Protozoology
4949:
4942:
4931:Bibliography
4918:. Retrieved
4914:the original
4909:
4900:
4880:
4873:
4846:
4840:
4812:
4805:
4796:
4788:
4783:
4756:
4752:
4742:
4723:
4717:
4672:
4666:
4657:
4649:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4602:
4569:
4563:
4559:
4553:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4491:
4486:
4475:. Retrieved
4471:
4462:
4419:
4415:
4405:
4394:. Retrieved
4390:the original
4385:
4375:
4367:
4347:. Retrieved
4327:
4323:
4313:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4250:
4243:
4232:. Retrieved
4230:. 2011-11-30
4227:
4221:
4214:
4203:. Retrieved
4199:
4193:
4186:
4175:. Retrieved
4171:
4165:
4157:
4146:. Retrieved
4142:
4132:
4121:. Retrieved
4117:
4111:
4104:
4093:. Retrieved
4089:
4083:
4076:
4065:. Retrieved
4061:
4051:
4034:
4030:
4027:Bodo saltans
4026:
4020:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3977:
3966:. Retrieved
3962:
3952:
3927:
3923:
3894:
3887:
3867:
3860:
3840:
3833:
3813:
3806:
3786:
3733:
3729:
3719:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3635:
3631:
3621:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3560:. Retrieved
3556:
3547:
3514:
3508:
3475:
3469:
3454:
3449:
3414:
3410:
3397:
3362:
3358:
3345:
3312:
3308:
3299:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3255:Protozoology
3254:
3247:
3214:
3210:
3201:
3174:
3165:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3104:tectological
3099:
3095:
3090:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3003:
2999:
2956:
2952:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2888:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2852:
2841:. Retrieved
2837:
2827:
2800:
2794:
2785:
2780:
2773:
2724:
2720:
2707:
2662:
2658:
2629:. Retrieved
2606:
2599:
2588:. Retrieved
2581:the original
2568:
2564:
2551:
2543:
2538:
2529:Protozoology
2528:
2521:
2501:
2494:
2451:
2441:
2433:
2427:
2423:
2390:
2383:
2363:
2356:
2333:
2308:
2283:
2257:
2253:Trichonympha
2251:
2245:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2211:
2208:Commensalism
2198:trophozoites
2171:
2151:
2112:
2089:
2083:
2074:
2072:
2048:
2027:Pylocystinea
2019:synurophytes
2004:foraminifera
1993:
1978:
1955:euglenozoans
1948:
1900:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1870:
1867:chloroplasts
1863:kleptoplasty
1852:
1845:
1842:endosymbiont
1835:
1811:
1809:
1793:Phagocytosis
1785:phagocytosis
1778:
1765:
1744:foraminifera
1736:
1725:free-living
1718:
1703:
1688:
1673:
1655:
1637:
1619:
1607:free-living
1602:Bodo saltans
1600:
1588:free-living
1581:
1556:
1535:
1534:The ciliate
1514:
1494:
1482:Reproduction
1480:
1477:Reproduction
1370:
1352:
1327:
1299:
1271:
1246:
1221:
1168:
1163:
1144:
1109:
1097:(red algae)
1090:
1085:
1049:
1001:
982:
884:
879:
861:
856:
831:
806:
781:
753:
730:Malawimonada
728:
703:
675:Malawimonada
663:
649:
637:
633:paraphyletic
613:foraminifera
584:
558:
554:
530:
507:
490:chloroplasts
483:
477:
475:
471:
397:
391:
379:
367:
352:
306:
296:
288:
277:
273:
271:
243:
237:
231:
225:
222:heterotrophy
211:
207:holophyletic
203:monophyletic
200:
195:
189:
175:
144:
125:polyphyletic
120:
116:
112:
104:
103:
92:
82:
72:
62:
52:
42:
7877:iNaturalist
7810:Wikispecies
7747:Necrotrophy
7732:Saprotrophy
7722:Phagotrophy
7710:Phototrophy
7703:Nutrition:
7692:Life cycles
7683:Development
7657:Ecology and
7525:Nucleomorph
7479:Pseudopodia
7280:Unicellular
7164:Euglenoidea
7148:Kinetoplast
6932:Brown algae
6900:Mastigoneme
6838:Mastigoneme
6828:Cryptophyta
6738:green algae
6696:Slime molds
6451:Chitinozoan
6377:Parabasalia
6229:Embryophyta
6193:Chlorokybus
6173:Chlorophyta
6121:Glaucophyta
6095:Cryptophyta
5985:Pirsoniales
5952:Bicosoecida
5933:Platysulcus
5906:Perkinsozoa
5888:Apicomplexa
5861:Colponemida
5628:Pluriformea
5497:Archamoebea
5486:Eumycetozoa
4978:Sleigh, M.
4955:Kudo, R.R.
4349:8 September
3309:Bio Systems
3277:(1): 7–20.
3107:plastids.")
2887:From p. 3:
2340:partner of
2259:Pyrsonympha
2223:Trichomonas
2214:commensally
2123:unicellular
2109:Free-living
2059:Meiotic sex
2055:conjugation
1963:Apicomplexa
1935:pseudopodia
1915:flagellates
1865:, stealing
1822:trophozoite
1818:pinocytosis
1797:pseudopodia
1611:flagellate
1571:trophozoite
1521:millimetres
1519:to several
1146:Glaucophyta
448:flagellates
428:unicellular
408:cell theory
351:. The term
305:'proto-' +
245:Trypanosoma
191:Protoctista
7984:Categories
7761:Auxotrophy
7756:Mixotrophy
7737:Parasitism
7727:Osmotrophy
7705:Autotrophy
7659:physiology
7535:Plasmodium
7461:Locomotion
7397:structures
7361:Coenocytic
7105:Phytomyxea
7076:Apicoplast
7004:Dinokaryon
6983:Trichocyst
6854:Haptophyte
6742:Phycoplast
6710:Morphology
6681:Cryptogams
6532:Rigifilida
6431:Acritarchs
6356:Barthelona
6347:Metamonada
6332:Euglenozoa
6200:Mesostigma
6156:sensu lato
6137:Rhodophyta
5996:Ochrophyta
5957:Placidozoa
5868:Ciliophora
5838:Radiolaria
5755:Haptophyta
5650:Filasterea
5562:Holomycota
5270:Entomology
5022:Morphology
4920:2018-03-21
4753:BioScience
4658:Paramecium
4477:2015-06-09
4396:2018-03-22
4254:. Falcon.
4234:2018-03-23
4205:2016-08-21
4177:2018-03-23
4148:2018-03-23
4123:2016-08-21
4095:2018-03-23
4067:2018-03-23
3968:2018-03-23
2992:Hogg, John
2843:2018-10-05
2631:2020-07-07
2590:2020-07-08
2349:References
2235:Entodinium
2186:giardiasis
2156:Parasitism
2135:microfungi
2094:eukaryotes
2086:DNA damage
2063:eukaryotes
2045:Life cycle
2035:radiolaria
2031:Phaeodarea
2023:Acantharea
1980:Paramecium
1975:euglenoids
1891:Dinophysis
1882:Dinophysis
1859:autotrophy
1855:mixotrophs
1813:Plasmodium
1789:osmotrophy
1662:parasitic
1548:Cell type
1517:micrometre
1087:Rhodophyta
985:Metamonada
858:Holomycota
685:Eukaryotes
667:Metamonada
593:Percolozoa
578:Metamonada
570:Euglenozoa
274:(singular
233:Paramecium
182:subkingdom
132:eukaryotes
121:protozoans
89:amoebozoan
87:, a naked
59:flagellate
18:Protozoans
7742:Biotrophy
7615:Extrusome
7605:Cytostome
7469:Flagellum
7426:Cell wall
7385:/histonal
7365:Siphonous
7356:Syncytial
7324:Coenobial
7320:Sarcinoid
7269:Levels of
7208:Macrocyst
7188:Amoebozoa
7153:Glycosome
7081:Microneme
6961:Alveolata
6869:Haptonema
6864:Coccolith
6843:Periplast
6789:Red algae
6773:Cyanelles
6660:Infusoria
6372:Fornicata
6278:Excavates
6080:Cryptista
6003:Oomycetes
5980:Developea
5962:Sagenista
5849:Alveolata
5785:Telonemia
5660:Choanozoa
5537:Breviatea
5480:Tubulinea
5467:Amoebozoa
5408:Amoebozoa
5386:Alveolata
5374:Cryptista
5349:Eukaryota
5319:Eukaryote
5263:helminths
5204:pathogens
4297:0018-8158
3898:. Wiley.
3768:204545629
3752:0169-5347
3533:cite book
3494:cite book
3135:CiteSeerX
3006:: 216–25.
2877:cite book
2819:461974285
2741:0022-5010
2478:1432-0061
2338:mutualist
2315:commensal
2242:Mutualism
2229:Isotricha
2174:pathogens
2143:meiofauna
1985:epibiotic
1967:euglenids
1951:cell wall
1847:Chlorella
1826:organelle
1816:feeds by
1805:cytostome
1731:700–2000
1505:anisogamy
1486:asexually
1354:Alveolata
1301:Telonemia
1051:Cryptista
808:Breviatea
783:Amoebozoa
660:Eukaryote
629:Chromista
621:Alveolata
582:Choanozoa
574:Amoebozoa
508:In 1866,
502:John Hogg
485:Dinobryon
466:John Hogg
440:Infusoria
341:jellyfish
282:zoologist
276:protozoon
268:, c. 1844
262:Infusoria
167:cell wall
163:predation
136:parasitic
127:group of
117:protozoon
113:protozoan
7903:MycoBank
7851:Fungorum
7816:Protozoa
7795:Wikidata
7786:Protozoa
7635:Axostyle
7630:Pyrenoid
7610:Fimbriae
7542:Dikaryon
7507:Mitosome
7436:Skeleton
7421:Frustule
7411:Mucilage
7383:tissular
7307:Colonial
7290:Amoeboid
7285:Monadoid
7213:Sorocarp
7128:Excavate
7095:Rhizaria
7025:Ciliates
7009:Dinocyst
6970:General:
6921:Frustule
6892:General:
6818:Hacrobia
6669:Sporozoa
6664:Ciliates
6653:Heliozoa
6633:Protozoa
6617:Protists
6554:protists
6550:kingdoms
6438:Grypania
6400:Imasidae
6301:Jakobida
5825:Endomyxa
5820:Cercozoa
5812:Rhizaria
5742:Haptista
5674:Animalia
5617:Bicellum
5492:Variosea
5475:Discosea
5453:Amorphea
5403:Amorphea
5381:Rhizaria
5369:Hacrobia
5359:Excavata
5344:Bacteria
5258:protozoa
5241:Mycology
5224:Virology
5217:bacteria
4832:21413323
4775:85884588
4641:11992591
4545:28320562
4454:20305031
4344:84550678
4305:40995213
4012:26163290
3760:31606140
3711:26817772
3662:24789819
3613:23020233
3441:20031978
3291:14119564
3082:36637843
3074:20267535
3031:10943416
2994:(1860).
2975:14657097
2931:32569053
2923:14831973
2765:32462158
2757:11542176
2715:(1989).
2699:25923521
2659:PLOS ONE
2626:21413323
2577:10943416
2486:44988543
2342:termites
2321:of sheep
2290:parasite
2264:termites
2218:ruminant
2131:bacteria
2015:heliozoa
1989:fimbriae
1959:ciliates
1923:Ciliates
1919:flagella
1897:Motility
1877:plastids
1713:220–760
1698:120–330
1590:cercozoa
1567:parasite
1545:Species
1497:sexually
1488:through
1455:Bikonts
1357:PROTOZOA
1329:Rhizaria
1276:PROTOZOA
1273:Haptista
1173:PROTISTS
1151:(algae)
1149:PROTISTS
1116:(algae)
1114:PROTISTS
1095:PROTISTS
1056:(algae)
1054:PROTISTS
770:Amorphea
605:ciliates
601:Sulcozoa
589:Loukozoa
444:ciliates
442:(mostly
416:ciliates
353:Protozoa
329:rotifers
291:Urthiere
196:Protista
159:motility
123:) are a
105:Protozoa
7931:4796809
7801:Q101274
7578:Zygotic
7575:Gametic
7517:Nucleus
7295:Coccoid
7260:General
7071:Rhoptry
6978:Alveoli
6911:Diatoms
6648:Testate
6289:Discoba
6154:Plants
6126:Picozoa
5972:Gyrista
5879:Myzozoa
5732:Provora
5638:Filozoa
5594:Holozoa
5502:Cutosea
5418:Animals
5339:Archaea
5229:viruses
5139:Methods
5087:Ecology
4936:General
4709:8127914
4677:Bibcode
4633:3091993
4574:Bibcode
4565:Science
4537:3553762
4445:2863437
4424:Bibcode
4118:msu.edu
3932:Bibcode
3702:4795036
3653:3996474
3604:3483872
3432:2880060
3389:8302218
3337:7337818
3317:Bibcode
3239:6557779
3231:9809012
3157:5762760
3127:Bibcode
3119:Science
3066:2458229
2749:4331095
2690:4418965
2667:Bibcode
2182:malaria
2104:Ecology
2039:Ebriida
2037:', and
1971:protein
1939:sessile
1931:amoebae
1903:aqueous
1801:amoebae
1775:Feeding
1762:Habitat
1746:amoeba
1683:50–100
1664:amoeban
1627:malaria
1564:malaria
1501:isogamy
1248:Provora
1111:Picozoa
1003:Discoba
964:Diphoda
881:Holozoa
671:Discoba
515:tissues
479:Euglena
452:amoebae
432:metazoa
420:amoebae
345:bryozoa
337:sponges
239:Euglena
186:kingdom
49:ciliate
7954:486669
7951:uBio:
7915:NZOR:
7895:630577
7581:Sporic
7559:Closed
7474:Cilium
7431:Lorica
7332:hyphal
7040:Cirrus
7035:Cilium
6942:Lamina
6624:Former
6562:groups
5944:Bigyra
5518:Obazoa
5396:Plants
5333:Domain
5234:prions
4888:
4861:
4830:
4820:
4773:
4730:
4707:
4697:
4639:
4631:
4594:424739
4592:
4543:
4535:
4498:
4452:
4442:
4342:
4303:
4295:
4258:
4010:
3902:
3875:
3848:
3821:
3794:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3709:
3699:
3660:
3650:
3611:
3601:
3521:
3482:
3439:
3429:
3387:
3380:372943
3377:
3335:
3289:
3237:
3229:
3189:
3155:
3137:
3080:
3072:
3064:
3029:
2973:
2929:
2921:
2817:
2807:
2763:
2755:
2747:
2739:
2697:
2687:
2624:
2614:
2575:
2509:
2484:
2476:
2466:
2398:
2371:
2268:sugars
2192:, and
2139:micro-
2008:amoeba
1929:) and
1749:up to
1668:15–60
1650:14–24
1595:2.3–3
1573:phase
498:motile
446:) and
436:phylum
368:prôtos
362:πρῶτος
359:words
333:corals
227:Amoeba
214:plants
178:phylum
155:animal
69:amoeba
7962:WoRMS
7944:71297
7908:99001
7882:47686
7856:99001
7592:Other
7446:Theca
7416:Scale
7014:Theca
6676:Algae
6514:CRuMs
5576:Fungi
5423:Fungi
5246:fungi
4771:S2CID
4700:43283
4663:(PDF)
4637:S2CID
4541:S2CID
4340:S2CID
4301:S2CID
3764:S2CID
3562:1 May
3235:S2CID
3078:S2CID
3062:JSTOR
2927:S2CID
2863:[
2784:[
2761:S2CID
2745:JSTOR
2584:(PDF)
2561:(PDF)
2482:S2CID
2454:: 2.
2319:rumen
2202:cysts
2096:(see
2069:Aging
1927:cilia
1632:7–14
755:CRuMs
585:sensu
561:clade
488:have
392:zôion
357:Greek
317:class
310:Thier
218:fungi
216:, or
171:algae
151:class
7890:ITIS
7864:GBIF
7843:4651
7600:Cyst
7556:Open
7441:Test
7379:s.s.
7310:s.s.
6566:bold
5771:TSAR
5193:and
4886:ISBN
4859:ISBN
4828:PMID
4818:ISBN
4728:ISBN
4705:PMID
4629:PMID
4590:PMID
4533:PMID
4496:ISBN
4450:PMID
4351:2022
4293:ISSN
4256:ISBN
4008:PMID
3900:ISBN
3873:ISBN
3846:ISBN
3819:ISBN
3792:ISBN
3756:PMID
3748:ISSN
3707:PMID
3658:PMID
3609:PMID
3564:2015
3539:link
3519:ISBN
3500:link
3480:ISBN
3437:PMID
3385:PMID
3333:PMID
3287:PMID
3227:PMID
3187:ISBN
3153:PMID
3070:PMID
3027:PMID
2971:PMID
2919:PMID
2883:link
2815:OCLC
2805:ISBN
2753:PMID
2737:ISSN
2695:PMID
2622:PMID
2612:ISBN
2573:PMID
2507:ISBN
2474:ISSN
2464:ISBN
2396:ISBN
2369:ISBN
2336:, a
2313:, a
2256:and
2232:and
2176:are
2141:and
1961:and
1907:soil
1799:(as
1614:5–8
1576:1–2
1511:Size
1503:and
1288:TSAR
623:and
599:and
544:and
492:for
482:and
418:and
402:and
386:ζῷον
380:zôia
347:and
242:and
161:and
97:, a
77:, a
47:, a
7838:EoL
7825:CoL
6740:":
6045:CAM
5801:SAR
4851:doi
4761:doi
4695:PMC
4685:doi
4621:doi
4617:204
4611:".
4582:doi
4570:203
4562:".
4525:doi
4440:PMC
4432:doi
4332:doi
4285:doi
4281:105
4039:doi
4000:doi
3940:doi
3738:doi
3697:PMC
3689:doi
3685:283
3648:PMC
3640:doi
3599:PMC
3591:doi
3459:doi
3427:PMC
3419:doi
3375:PMC
3367:doi
3325:doi
3279:doi
3219:doi
3179:doi
3145:doi
3123:163
3054:doi
2961:doi
2911:doi
2729:doi
2685:PMC
2675:doi
2456:doi
2125:or
2100:).
2041:).
1921:).
1791:).
1753:000
1751:200
1316:SAR
406:'s
374:ζῷα
300:ur-
194:or
115:or
109:sg.
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7941::
7928::
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7892::
7879::
7866::
7853::
7840::
7827::
7812::
7797::
6615::
6611::
4908:.
4857:.
4826:.
4769:.
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4751:.
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4693:.
4683:.
4673:91
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4665:.
4635:.
4627:.
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4588:.
4580:.
4568:.
4539:.
4531:.
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4519:.
4470:.
4448:.
4438:.
4430:.
4420:76
4418:.
4414:.
4384:.
4359:^
4338:.
4328:78
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