2585:
Japanese-Korean type of grammar (see also Vovin 2015a). Given also that there is neither a strong proof of common Proto-Altaic lexical items nor solid regular sound correspondences (Janhunen 1999: 10, 2010: 296, cf. Robbeets 2005) but, rather, only lexical and structural borrowings between languages of the Altaic typology, our results indirectly speak in favour of a "Paleo-Asiatic" origin of the
Japonic and Koreanic languages (see also Janhunen 2010, Vovin 2015a). However, through later intense language contacts, Japanese and Koreanic converged by the phenomena of Altaicization and de-Altaicization during the first millennium BC and AD, respectively (see also Janhunen 2010: 290, Vovin 2010: 239â240).
1624:
835:
similarity between
Koreanic and Japonic. They state that both are "still so different from the Core Altaic languages that we can even speak of an independent Japanese-Korean type of grammar. Given also that there is neither a strong proof of common Proto-Altaic lexical items nor solid regular sound correspondences but, rather, only lexical and structural borrowings between languages of the Altaic typology, our results indirectly speak in favour of a âPaleo-Asiaticâ origin of the Japonic and Koreanic languages."
50:
1529:
616:
7472:
7502:
7464:
88:
955:
1204:
always include Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Japonic, and
Koreanic. Robbeets and Johanson gave as their reasoning for the new term: 1) to avoid confusion between the different uses of Altaic as to which group of languages is included, 2) to reduce the counterproductive polarization between "Pro-Altaists" and "Anti-Altaists"; 3) to broaden the applicability of the term because the suffix
267:
1478:â indicated support for the Altaic macrofamily. While acknowledging that considering prehistoric contacts as an alternative explanation for the results is plausible, they deem such a scenario less likely for Turkic and Japonic languages. This assessment is based on the substantial geographical distances involved, which can only be explained if a mutual relationship is assumed.
1652:
904:, who published a comparative lexical analysis of the Altaic languages in 1991. He concluded that the analysis supported the Altaic grouping, although it was "older than most other language families in Eurasia, such as Indo-European or Finno-Ugric, and this is the reason why the modern Altaic languages preserve few common elements".
784:
possibilities: (1) Korean did not belong with the other three genealogically, but had been influenced by an Altaic substratum; (2) Korean was related to the other three at the same level they were related to each other; (3) Korean had split off from the other three before they underwent a series of characteristic changes.
1960:. Cambridge University Press. Pages 211â216: "his selection of features does not provide good evidence for common descent" "we can observe convergence rather than divergence between Turkic and Mongolic languagesâa pattern than is easily explainable by borrowing and diffusion rather than common descent"
1203:
In
Robbeets and Johanson (2010), there was a proposal to replace the name "Altaic" with the name "Transeurasian". While "Altaic" has sometimes included Japonic, Koreanic, and other languages or families, but only on the consideration of particular authors, "Transeurasian" was specifically intended to
1667:
remarked that a relationship between Altaic and
Japanese, if it ever existed, must be more remote than the relationship of any two of the Indo-European languages. Ramsey stated that "the genetic relationship between Korean and Japanese, if it in fact exists, is probably more complex and distant than
1647:
haplogroup accounts for 11% of Korean paternal lineages, and the frequency of the lineage is even more reduced in Japan. Yet this molecular marker may still be a tracer for the introduction of Altaic language to the archipelago, where the paternal lineage has persisted, albeit in a frequency of just
1514:
According to C. Schönig (2003), after accounting for areal effects, the shared lexicon that could have a common genetic origin was reduced to a small number of monosyllabic lexical roots, including the personal pronouns and a few other deictic and auxiliary items, whose sharing could be explained in
1586:
languages and families tend to diverge over time: the earlier forms are more similar than modern forms. However, she claims that an analysis of the earliest written records of
Mongolic and Turkic languages shows the opposite, suggesting that they do not share a common traceable ancestor, but rather
1510:
Those critics also argued that the words and features shared by Turkic, Mongolic, and
Tungusic languages were for the most part borrowings and that the rest could be attributed to chance resemblances. They noted that there was little vocabulary shared by Turkic and Tungusic languages, though more
779:
advocated the inclusion of Korean. Decades later, in his 1952 book, Ramstedt rejected the UralâAltaic hypothesis but again included Korean in Altaic, an inclusion followed by most leading
Altaicists (supporters of the theory) to date. His book contained the first comprehensive attempt to identify
444:
The continued use of the term "Altaic" to refer to the various iterations of an Altaic theory, for the "Altaic sprachbund", and infrequently as a general term for the region has resulted in confusion around the status of the Altaic hypothesis. As a result, many
Altaicists have adopted instead the
1280:
sets, as well as a few important changes to the reconstruction of Proto-Altaic. The authors tried hard to distinguish loans between Turkic and
Mongolic and between Mongolic and Tungusic from cognates; and suggest words that occur in Turkic and Tungusic but not in Mongolic. All other combinations
1662:
hypothesized that the ancestral languages of Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Korean, and Japanese were spoken in a relatively small area comprising present-day North Korea, Southern Manchuria, and Southeastern Mongolia. However Janhunen is sceptical about an affiliation of Japanese to Altaic, while
834:
In a typological study that does not directly evaluate the validity of the Altaic hypothesis, Yurayong and Szeto (2020) discuss for Koreanic and Japonic the stages of convergence to the Altaic typological model and subsequent divergence from that model, which resulted in the present typological
1259:
by Starostin and others (2003) proposes a set of sound change laws that would explain the evolution from Proto-Altaic to the descendant languages. For example, although most of today's Altaic languages have vowel harmony, Proto-Altaic as reconstructed by them lacked it; instead, various vowel
783:
In 1960, Nicholas Poppe published what was in effect a heavily revised version of Ramstedt's volume on phonology that has since set the standard in Altaic studies. Poppe considered the issue of the relationship of Korean to Turkic-Mongolic-Tungusic not settled. In his view, there were three
427:
The Altaic family was first proposed in the 18th century. It was widely accepted until the 1960s and is still listed in many encyclopedias and handbooks, and references to Altaic as a language family continue to percolate to modern sources through these older sources. Since the 1950s, most
2584:
Despite the conventional classification of Japonic and Koreanic languages as examples of the Altaic typology (Janhunen 2007, 2014, Tranter 2012a), these languages, both today and in the past, are still so different from the Core Altaic languages that we can even speak of an independent
2048:
For now, shared material between Transeurasian languages is undoubtedly better explained as the result of language contact. But if researchers provide cogent evidence of genealogical relatedness, that will be the time to re-evaluate old positions. That time, however, has not yet
1893:
Despite the validity of many of these objections, it remains unclear whether they are sufficient to completely discredit the hypothesis of a genetic connection between the various branches of "Altaic," which continues to be actively supported by a small, but stable scholarly
432:
were found not to be valid, hypothesized sound shifts were not found, and Turkic and Mongolic languages were found to have been converging rather than diverging over the centuries. The relationship between the Altaic languages is now generally accepted to be the result of a
2016:. Cambridge University Press. Page 32: "Careful examination indicates that the established families, Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic, form a linguistic area (called Altaic)...Sufficient criteria have not been given that would justify talking of a genetic relationship here."
661:. However, he may not have intended to imply a closer relationship among those languages. Later proposals to include the Korean and Japanese languages into a "Macro-Altaic" family have always been controversial. The original proposal was sometimes called "Micro-Altaic" by
907:
In 1991 and again in 1996, Roy Miller defended the Altaic hypothesis and claimed that the criticisms of Clauson and Doerfer apply exclusively to the lexical correspondences, whereas the most pressing evidence for the theory is the similarities in verbal morphology.
3002:
Robbeets, Martine; Bouckaert, Remco; Conte, Matthew; Savelyev, Alexander; Li, Tao; An, Deog-Im; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Cui, Yinqiu; Kawashima, Takamune; Kim, Geonyoung; Uchiyama, Junzo; DoliĆska, Joanna; Oskolskaya, Sofia; Yamano, Ken-YĆjiro; Seguchi, Noriko (2021).
445:
name "Transeurasian" in relation to modifications of the family proposal, in order to avoid such confusion. This confusion is compounded further by literature that still - contrary to the current scholarly consensus - refers to Altaic as an accepted hypothesis.
1511:
shared with Mongolic languages. They reasoned that, if all three families had a common ancestor, we should expect losses to happen at random, and not only at the geographical margins of the family; and that the observed pattern is consistent with borrowing.
3470:
Georg, Stefan. 1999 / 2000. "Haupt und Glieder der altaischen Hypothese: die Körperteilbezeichnungen im TĂŒrkischen, Mongolischen und Tungusischen" ('Head and members of the Altaic hypothesis: The body-part designations in Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic').
1931:; University of Utah Press. Page 7: "While 'Altaic' is repeated in encyclopedias and handbooks most specialists in these languages no longer believe that the three traditional supposed Altaic groups, Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic, are related."
1215:
In Robbeets and Savelyev, ed. (2020) there was a concerted effort to distinguish "Altaic" as a subgroup of "Transeurasian" consisting only of Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic, while retaining "Transeurasian" as "Altaic" plus Japonic and Koreanic.
1011:
in 1952. The dates given are those of works concerning Altaic. For supporters of the theory, the version of Altaic they favor is given at the end of the entry, if other than the prevailing one of TurkicâMongolicâTungusicâKoreanâJapanese.
1852:
While 'Altaic' is repeated in encyclopedias and handbooks most specialists in these languages no longer believe that the three traditional supposed Altaic groups ... are related. In spite of this, Altaic does have a few dedicated
744:
While the Ural-Altaic family hypothesis can still be found in some encyclopedias, atlases, and similar general references, since the 1960s it has been heavily criticized. Even linguists who accept the basic Altaic family, such as
876:
Starting in the late 1950s, some linguists became increasingly critical of even the minimal Altaic family hypothesis, disputing the alleged evidence of genetic connection between Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic languages.
861:
The inclusion of Ainu is not widely accepted by Altaicists. In fact, no convincing genealogical relationship between Ainu and any other language family has been demonstrated, and it is generally regarded as a
1281:
between the five branches also occur in the book. It lists 144 items of shared basic vocabulary, including words for such items as 'eye', 'ear', 'neck', 'bone', 'blood', 'water', 'stone', 'sun', and 'two'.
1260:
assimilations between the first and second syllables of words occurred in Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Korean, and Japonic. They also included a number of grammatical correspondences between the languages.
6855:
2845:
2815:
1671:
Supporters of the Altaic hypothesis formerly set the date of the Proto-Altaic language at around 4000 BC, but today at around 5000 BC or 6000 BC. This would make Altaic a language family older than
7062:
7436:
453:
452:
proposals. Continued research on Altaic is still being undertaken by a core group of academic linguists, but their research has not found wider support. In particular it has support from the
2369:"The Role of Paradigmatic Morphology in Historical, Areal and Genealogical Linguistics: Thoughts and Observations in the Margin of Paradigm Change. In the Transeurasian languages and Beyond"
752:
The term continues to be used for the central Eurasian typological, grammatical and lexical convergence zone. Indeed, "Ural-Altaic" may be preferable to "Altaic" in this sense. For example,
934:
Other defenses of the theory, in response to the criticisms of Georg and Vovin, were published by Starostin in 2005, BlaĆŸek in 2006, Robbeets in 2007, and Dybo and G. Starostin in 2008.
892:
languages were for the most part borrowings and that the rest could be attributed to chance resemblances. In 1988, Doerfer again rejected all the genetic claims over these major groups.
794:
convinced most Altaicists that Japanese also belonged to Altaic. Since then, the "Macro-Altaic" has been generally assumed to include Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Korean, and Japanese.
2517:
3591:(Proceedings of the 40th Meeting of PIAC, Provo, Utah, 1997), edited by David B. Honey and David C. Wright, 83â202. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies.
3623:
Numerals: comparative-etymological analyses of numeral systems and their implications: (Saharan, Nubian, Egyptian, Berber, Kartvelian, Uralic, Altaic and Indo-European languages)
2989:
1944:. Chicago University Press. Page 4: "When cognates proved not to be valid, Altaic was abandoned and the received view now is that Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic are unrelated."
2709:
Gerhard Doerfer (1963): "Bemerkungen zur Verwandtschaft der sog. altaische Sprachen" ('Remarks on the relationship of the so-called Altaic languages') In Gerhard Doerfer ed.:
3648:
Expressions of Gender in the Altaic World: Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Permanent International Altaistic Conference (PIAC), Kocaeli, Turkey, July 7â12, 2013
756:
states that "speaking of 'Altaic' instead of 'Ural-Altaic' is a misconception, for there are no areal or typological features that are specific to 'Altaic' without Uralic."
669:
but this is not widely accepted even among Altaicists themselves. A common ancestral Proto-Altaic language for the "Macro" family has been tentatively reconstructed by
7055:
1639:: "If the paternal lineage C2 (M217) is correlated with Altaic linguistic affinity, as appears to be the case for Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic, then Japanese is no
7407:
2314:
924:
6053:
2448:, ('Comparative Grammar of the Altaic Languages, Part 1: Comparative Phonology'). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. (Only part to appear of a projected larger work.)
800:
However, many linguists dispute the alleged affinities of Korean and Japanese to the other three groups. Some authors instead tried to connect Japanese to the
915:
published a critical overview of the history of the Altaic hypothesis up to that time, siding with the earlier criticisms of Clauson, Doerfer, and Shcherbak.
6188:
400:, although it continues to be supported by a small but stable scholarly minority. Speakers of the constituent languages are currently scattered over most of
1291:
to argue for the coherence of the "narrow" Altaic languages (Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic) together with Japonic and Koreanic, which they refer to as the
1272:; in particular, TurkicâMongolic 20%, TurkicâTungusic 18%, TurkicâKorean 17%, MongolicâTungusic 22%, MongolicâKorean 16%, and TungusicâKorean 21%. The 2003
7475:
7446:
7048:
6905:
4155:
2283:
4020:
3132:; According to the table, among the surveyed languages, 75% of OV languages are mainly suffixing, and more than 70% of mainly suffixing languages are OV.
2932:
slogans, unfair polemics, and humiliations is not yet completely over and done with, but there seems to be some hope for a more constructive discussion."
1601:
The prehistory of the peoples speaking the "Altaic" languages is largely unknown. Whereas for certain other language families, such as the speakers of
476:(111 CE) several dozen Proto-Turkic exotisms in Chinese Han transcriptions. Lanhai Wei and Hui Li reconstruct the name of the XiĆngnĂș ruling house as
6845:
7441:
3721:
Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Caucasian, Dravidian, and Turkic Linguistics
3944:
1688:
3539:
1566:
Instead of a common genetic origin, Clauson, Doerfer, and Shcherbak proposed (in 1956â1966) that Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages form a
1971:
1779:(2020, Oxford, pp. 1â3). "The Transeurasian languages are among the most fervently debated language families in modern linguistics..." (pg. 1)
737:
in East-Central Asia, which are approximately the center of the geographic range of the three main families. The name "Uralic" referred to the
1007:
The list below comprises linguists who have worked specifically on the Altaic problem since the publication of the first volume of Ramstedt's
2070:
1991:
1845:
5678:
1866:
1540: with: The Sprachbund hypothesis is the primary understanding of Altaic at present and needs to be much more prominent. You can help by
5568:
5149:
3709:
3345:
3528:, 'Introduction to Altaic Linguistics, Volume 2: Morphology', edited and published by Pentti Aalto. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
7537:
3521:, 'Introduction to Altaic Linguistics, Volume 1: Phonology', edited and published by Pentti Aalto. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
847:
in another, joined in what he designated as the "North Asiatic" family. The inclusion of Ainu was adopted also by James Patrie in 1982.
4650:
3129:
1583:
5835:
111:
98:
3879:
3844:
3535:, 'Introduction to Altaic Linguistics, Volume 3: Index', edited and published by Pentti Aalto. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
3511:
3420:
2635:
2466:
2415:
2323:
2213:
2185:
1886:
1760:
1718:
1234:
The original arguments for grouping the "micro-Altaic" languages within a Uralo-Altaic family were based on such shared features as
994:
972:
130:
6928:
5811:
2981:
1743:
Georg, Stefan (2023). "Connections between Uralic and Other Language Families". In Daniel Abondolo; Riitta-Liisa ValijÀrvi (eds.).
1268:
Starostin claimed in 1991 that the members of the proposed Altaic group shared about 15â20% of apparent cognates within a 110-word
3243:
2955:
843:
In 1962, John C. Street proposed an alternative classification, with Turkic-Mongolic-Tungusic in one grouping and Korean-Japanese-
7527:
7382:
6181:
5050:
2457:
Roy Andrew Miller (1991): "Genetic connections among the Altaic languages." In Sydney M. Lamb and E. Douglas Mitchell (editors),
665:. Most proponents of Altaic continue to support the inclusion of Korean, but fewer do for Japanese. Some proposals also included
603:
that only goes back to the 9th century AD. Korean is copiously attested from the mid-15th century on in the phonetically precise
7224:
6770:
6758:
4969:
4905:
4148:
1623:
5582:
5333:
4824:
3706:
Language and Literature â Japanese and the Other Altaic Languages: Studies in Honour of Roy Andrew Miller on His 75th Birthday
3561:
Russia, Siberia and Great Tartary, an Historico-geographical Description of the North and Eastern Parts of Europe and Asia....
4013:
3630:
976:
632:
The earliest known reference to a unified language group of Turkic, Mongolic and Tungusic languages is from the 1692 work of
6835:
5695:
4830:
3656:
Greenberg, Joseph H. 1997. "Does Altaic exist?". In: Irén Hegedus, Peter A. Michalove, and Alexis Manaster Ramer (editors),
460:, where a hypothetical common linguistic ancestor has been used in part as a basis for a multiethnic nationalist movement.
6985:
6975:
6970:
6663:
6447:
6442:
6048:
4655:
4441:
4435:
4359:
1458:
The analysis conducted by Kassian et al. (2021) on a 110-item word list, specifically developed for each of the languagesâ
1042:(1975). Common ancestor of Korean, Japanese and traditional Altaic dated back to the 7th or 8th millennium BC (1975: 125).
650:
548:
531:
7492:
6815:
5742:
5030:
733:
as the "Uralic" branch (though Castrén himself used the terms "Tataric" and "Chudic"). The name "Altaic" referred to the
7431:
6990:
6960:
6058:
6043:
5043:
4801:
4762:
1602:
1504:
540:
511:
6840:
5817:
4675:
1212:
leaves room for an areal hypothesis; and 4) to eliminate the reference to the Altai mountains as a potential homeland.
6938:
6279:
6174:
6038:
6032:
5090:
5008:
4981:
4685:
5604:
5062:
4720:
4680:
4670:
1613:, it is possible to frame substantial hypotheses, in the case of the proposed Altaic family much remains to be done.
797:
In 1990, Unger advocated a family consisting of Tungusic, Korean, and Japonic languages, but not Turkic or Mongolic.
3587:
Vovin, Alexander. 2001. "Japanese, Korean, and Tungusic: evidence for genetic relationship from verbal morphology."
7330:
7320:
6607:
5265:
4860:
4690:
4376:
4141:
468:
The earliest attested expressions in Proto-Turkic are recorded in various Chinese sources. Anna Dybo identifies in
5823:
5799:
5774:
5747:
5730:
4638:
4209:
2918:
Lars Johanson (2010): "The high and low spirits of Transeurasian language studies" in Johanson and Robbeets, eds.
1801:; Michalove, Peter A.; Ramer, Alexis Manaster; Sidwell, Paul J. (1999). "Telling general linguists about Altaic".
1631:
Chaubey and van Driem propose that the dispersal of ancient Altaic language communities is reflected by the early
965:
722:
7522:
7229:
7194:
7106:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6863:
6785:
6780:
6436:
6422:
6197:
6016:
4740:
4695:
4665:
4164:
4006:
7156:
6546:
5495:
5327:
4382:
4198:
7305:
6830:
6775:
6376:
6265:
6063:
5870:
5507:
4389:
3439:, edited by H. Franke. Wiesbaden: Deutsche MorgenlÀndische Gesellschaft, in Komission bei Franz Steiner Verlag.
1708:
1640:
1500:
1249:
3143:
510:. A writing system for it was devised in 1119 AD and an inscription using this system is known from 1185 (see
2284:
Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology?
7414:
7389:
7111:
7091:
7072:
6644:
6539:
6489:
6468:
6459:
6341:
6258:
6218:
5068:
4993:
4396:
4346:
4117:
2028:"Review of Robbeets, Martine (2015): Diachrony of verb morphology. Japanese and the Transeurasian languages"
1672:
1463:
1154:
596:
397:
38:
551:, discovered in 1975 and analysed as being in an early form of Mongolic, has been dated to 604â620 AD. The
7239:
6800:
6795:
6560:
6532:
6523:
6482:
6082:
5930:
5725:
5720:
5501:
5454:
5084:
5001:
4660:
4644:
4452:
4353:
4216:
4192:
3064:"Permutation test applied to lexical reconstructions partially supports the Altaic linguistic macrofamily"
1610:
1496:
1239:
888:(1963), and Alexander Shcherbak. They claimed that the words and features shared by Turkic, Mongolic, and
828:
801:
689:
522:
6553:
4418:
1194:(2010). Agnostic, proponent of a "Transeurasian" verbal morphology not necessarily genealogically linked.
1148:
7532:
7315:
7219:
7214:
7209:
6952:
6825:
6805:
6348:
6286:
6128:
6026:
5715:
5518:
5308:
5297:
5259:
4866:
4840:
4745:
4735:
4334:
4185:
4112:
4107:
3321:
S. Robert Ramsey (2004): "Accent, Liquids, and the Search for a Common Origin for Korean and Japanese".
2262:
1676:
1617:
1606:
1459:
1145:(2005, 2010, 2017). Formerly an advocate of Altaic (1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001), later a critic.
1060:
831:-like language. The fusion of the two languages would have resulted in proto-Japanese and proto-Korean.
726:
709:
477:
67:
5829:
5554:
1664:
642:
3062:
Kassian, Alexei S.; Starostin, George; Egorov, Ilya M.; Logunova, Ekaterina S.; Dybo, Anna V. (2021).
725:, which included Turkic, Mongolian, and Manchu-Tungus (=Tungusic) as an "Altaic" branch, and also the
7199:
7173:
7116:
6933:
6923:
6913:
6763:
6617:
6430:
6314:
6103:
5988:
5860:
5668:
5641:
5624:
5592:
5490:
5204:
5129:
5056:
4835:
4812:
4784:
4715:
4626:
4407:
2288:
Human migrations in continental East Asia and Taiwan: genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence
1573:
1090:
John C. Street (1962). TurkicâMongolicâTungusic and KoreanâJapaneseâAinu, grouped as "North Asiatic".
1072:
855:
823:. A group of those proto-Altaic ("Transeurasian") speakers would have migrated south into the modern
772:
637:
526:
413:
3580:
Vovin, Alexander. 1994. "Genetic affiliation of Japanese and methodology of linguistic comparison."
7350:
7189:
6980:
6753:
6738:
6673:
6475:
6397:
6307:
6300:
6251:
6209:
5880:
5784:
5684:
5673:
5635:
5614:
5512:
5471:
5246:
5228:
5222:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5096:
5079:
4818:
4484:
4471:
4365:
4315:
4172:
2518:
Austronesian influence and Transeurasian ancestry in Japanese: A case of farming/language dispersal
1693:
1492:
730:
718:
685:
544:
488:
405:
7463:
7260:
3736:"Millet vs rice: an evaluation of the farming/language dispersal hypothesis in the Korean context"
3660:, Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of Man, 1997, 88â93. (Reprinted in Joseph H. Greenberg,
3479:
Kortlandt, Frederik (2010). "Indo-Uralic and Altaic revisited". In Johanson L; Robbeets M (eds.).
3210:
2357:
BROWN, Keith and OGILVIE, Sarah eds.:Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. 2009. p. 722.
2269:(1997): "The truth about Strahlenberg's classification of the languages of Northeastern Eurasia."
1167:
931:
Starostin's book was criticized by Stefan Georg in 2004 and 2005, and by Alexander Vovin in 2005.
850:
The Turkic-Mongolic-Tungusic and Korean-Japanese-Ainu groupings were also posited in 2000â2002 by
7467:
7451:
7310:
7275:
7131:
7086:
6714:
6668:
6583:
6578:
6573:
5794:
5789:
5779:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5736:
5705:
5700:
5653:
5647:
5598:
5543:
5466:
5350:
5314:
5275:
5217:
5024:
5019:
4730:
4489:
4458:
4424:
4412:
4371:
4246:
4058:
4053:
4048:
3970:
by Sergei A. Starostin, Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak (does not include introductory chapters)
3922:
3815:
3181:
2711:
TĂŒrkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen, Bd. I: Mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen
2575:
2123:
2115:
1818:
1392:
1370:
1338:
1288:
1033:
889:
681:
658:
536:
518:
393:
385:
381:
303:
294:
285:
213:
208:
203:
5891:
5854:
3701:
3220:
928:, which expanded the 1991 lexical lists and added other phonological and grammatical arguments.
580:
2088:"Turkish Linguists against the West: The Origins of Linguistic Nationalism in AtatĂŒrk's Turkey"
684:, for a total of about 74 (depending on what is considered a language and what is considered a
7365:
7355:
7285:
7234:
7184:
6918:
6895:
6890:
6868:
6810:
6588:
6511:
6404:
5896:
5885:
5865:
5805:
5710:
5690:
5629:
5609:
5320:
5281:
5252:
5240:
5177:
5123:
5101:
5074:
5014:
4987:
4806:
4767:
4757:
4725:
4598:
4524:
4506:
4500:
4402:
4320:
4234:
4203:
4063:
3914:
3894:
3875:
3840:
3775:
3757:
3695:
3626:
3507:
3341:
3216:
3173:
3159:
3125:
3103:
3085:
3044:
3026:
2631:
2462:
2411:
2390:
2368:
2319:
2209:
2181:
2107:
2066:
1987:
1882:
1841:
1756:
1636:
1452:
1323:
1181:
1078:
1045:
787:
776:
765:
559:
552:
389:
313:
219:
3854:
3836:
2872:
827:
province, where they would have been mostly assimilated by an agricultural community with an
649:
A proposed grouping of the Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages was published in 1730 by
448:
Altaic has maintained a limited degree of scholarly support, in contrast to some other early
7360:
7340:
7300:
7290:
7265:
7179:
7151:
7136:
7101:
7096:
6880:
6873:
6820:
6748:
6700:
6693:
6623:
6567:
6505:
6411:
6383:
6369:
6355:
6272:
6244:
6232:
6225:
6113:
5973:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5912:
5906:
5901:
5875:
5768:
5663:
5587:
5525:
5477:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5384:
5373:
5357:
5292:
5287:
5270:
5211:
5105:
5037:
4948:
4915:
4893:
4883:
4779:
4751:
4700:
4621:
4605:
4591:
4573:
4566:
4552:
4512:
4494:
4478:
4464:
4286:
4269:
4043:
3906:
3832:
3807:
3765:
3747:
3691:
3336:
3163:
3155:
3093:
3075:
3034:
3016:
2963:
2856:
2799:
2567:
2525:
2380:
2099:
2039:
1983:
1979:
1878:
1874:
1810:
1748:
1579:
1448:
1407:
1284:
1171:
1130:
1084:
1066:
912:
901:
863:
851:
808:
746:
670:
503:
438:
417:
377:
340:
276:
198:
3650:. Edited by MĂŒnevver Tekcan and Oliver Corff. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2021. pp. 57â84.
1451:
et al. (2021) argues that early Transeurasian speakers were originally agriculturalists in
7506:
7295:
7270:
7126:
6707:
6658:
6612:
6495:
6390:
6362:
6321:
6238:
6108:
5983:
5968:
5937:
5658:
5619:
5484:
5430:
5302:
5164:
4930:
4925:
4790:
4705:
4586:
4579:
4559:
4541:
4446:
4429:
4228:
3948:
2985:
1675:(around 3000 to 4000 BC according to mainstream hypotheses) but considerably younger than
1245:
According to Roy Miller, the most pressing evidence for the theory is the similarities in
1142:
1112:
885:
812:
734:
633:
620:
563:
492:
421:
373:
177:
171:
31:
3941:
3708:, edited by Karl H. Menges and Nelly Naumann, 1â13. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. (Also:
3449:
Doerfer, Gerhard. 1973. "Lautgesetze und Zufall: Betrachtungen zum Omnicomparativismus."
3287:
Transeurasian Verbal Morphology in a Comparative Perspective: Genealogy, Contact, Chance.
2921:
Transeurasian Verbal Morphology in a Comparative Perspective: Genealogy, Contact, Chance.
2888:
Martine Robbeets (2007): "How the actional suffix chain connects Japanese to Altaic." In
676:
Micro-Altaic includes about 66 living languages, to which Macro-Altaic would add Korean,
558:
Japanese is first attested in the form of names contained in a few short inscriptions in
3770:
3735:
3676:
Janhunen, Juha. 1995. "Prolegomena to a Comparative Analysis of Mongolic and Tungusic".
3481:
Transeurasian verbal morphology in a comparative perspective: genealogy, contact, chance
3098:
3063:
2978:
2686:
1491:
According to G. Clauson (1956), G. Doerfer (1963), and A. Shcherbak (1963), many of the
7345:
7141:
6885:
6653:
6118:
5978:
5947:
5918:
5549:
5435:
5418:
5368:
5363:
5234:
5171:
4941:
4935:
4855:
4850:
4796:
4773:
4518:
4340:
4297:
4280:
4274:
4252:
4240:
4099:
3985:
3504:
Origins of the Japanese Language: Lectures in Japan during the Academic Year 1977â1978.
3039:
3004:
2979:
Structure of Transeurasian language family revealed by computational linguistic methods
2336:
1467:
1106:
1093:
1054:
1039:
881:
738:
666:
654:
420:
language family, which is named after the Ural Mountains, the group is named after the
323:
225:
3723:, edited by Jeff Good and Alan C.L. Yu, 87â94. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
3716:
1528:
941:
echoed Miller's 1996 rebuttal to the critics, and called for a muting of the polemic.
854:. However, he treated them as independent members of a larger family, which he termed
615:
7516:
7280:
7255:
7040:
6002:
5942:
5924:
5440:
5424:
5378:
5135:
4955:
4920:
4910:
4888:
4845:
4710:
4291:
4223:
4122:
3926:
3185:
2661:
2579:
2555:
2127:
1822:
1659:
1475:
1471:
1235:
1191:
1124:
1118:
938:
844:
780:
regular correspondences among the sound systems within the Altaic language families.
753:
677:
496:
3573:
Vovin, Alexander. 1993. "About the phonetic value of the Middle Korean grapheme á
."
2956:
Bayesian phylolinguistics reveals the internal structure of the Transeurasian family
2740:
Grundwort und Sprachmischung: Eine Untersuchung an Hand von Körperteilbezeichnungen.
1174:(2000â2002). TurkicâMongolicâTungusic and KoreanâJapaneseâAinu, grouped in a common
7325:
7146:
6790:
6598:
6332:
4899:
4089:
3787:
3646:
Finch, Roger. "Gender Distinctions in Nouns and Pronouns of the Altaic Languages".
3456:
Doerfer, Gerhard. 1974. "Ist das Japanische mit den altaischen Sprachen verwandt?"
2500:
2266:
1798:
1703:
1698:
1644:
1269:
1136:
1027:
1021:
697:
507:
469:
3964:
3885:
Vovin, Alexander. 2009. "Japanese, Korean, and other 'non-Altaic' languages". In:
1906:
3396:
Bulletin of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas
3286:
2920:
437:
rather than common ancestry, with the languages showing influence from prolonged
17:
7335:
7121:
2446:
Vergleichende Grammatik der altaischen Sprachen. Teil I. Vergleichende Lautlehre
2103:
1596:
954:
600:
574:
473:
449:
7501:
6166:
3874:. Bloomington: Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies.
3215:, 2010. Faculty of Humanities at Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University.
3021:
2459:
Sprung from Some Common Source: Investigations into the Prehistory of Languages
1515:
other ways; not the kind of sharing expected in cases of genetic relationship.
266:
6965:
6684:
6634:
6500:
4546:
4084:
4079:
3910:
2902:
2758:('The Altaic Problem and the Origin of the Japanese Language'). Nauka, Moscow.
2571:
2529:
2385:
1814:
1568:
1561:
819:
of the Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic languages was somewhere in northwestern
693:
434:
3918:
3761:
3658:
Indo-European, Nostratic and Beyond: A Festschrift for Vitaly V. Shevoroshkin
3618:
3442:
Clauson, Gerard. 1968. "A lexicostatistical appraisal of the Altaic theory."
3325:, volume 38, issue 2, page 340. American Association of Teachers of Japanese.
3177:
3089:
3030:
2394:
2111:
1616:
Some scholars have hypothesised a possible Uralic and Altaic homeland in the
4133:
3982:
1. Remarks by Alexander Vovin. 2. Clarification by J. Marshall Unger. (1994)
3651:
3641:
1752:
919:
820:
715:
253:
239:
235:
3979:
3973:
3779:
3678:
Proceedings of the 38th Permanent International Altaistic Conference (PIAC)
3668:
3563:(Reprint: 1970. New York: Arno Press.) English translation of the previous.
3107:
3048:
3005:"Triangulation supports agricultural spread of the Transeurasian languages"
2860:
2803:
2043:
3798:
Martin, Samuel E. (1966). "Lexical Evidence Relating Korean to Japanese".
2967:
2903:
In defense of the comparative method, or the end of the Vovin controversy.
245:
1632:
1576:
through intensive borrowing and long contact, rather than common origin.
1115:(1963, 1966, 1967, 1968, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1981, 1985, 1988, 1993).
1048:(1971, 1980, 1986, 1996). Supported the inclusion of Korean and Japanese.
824:
816:
662:
457:
3752:
3636:
Dybo, Anna. "New trends in European studies on the Altaic problem". In:
3168:
3080:
2668:. Routledge Language Family Series. London: Routledge. pp. 100â116.
6201:
3556:
Stockholm. (Reprint: 1975. Studia Uralo-Altaica. Szeged and Amsterdam.)
2648:
Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family
2542:
Diachrony of verb morphology â Japanese and the Transeurasian languages
2119:
1713:
1651:
1277:
979: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
592:
525:. It is first attested by an inscription dated to 1224 or 1225 AD, the
429:
3819:
2087:
1679:(c. 10,000 BC or 11,000 to 16,000 BC according to different sources).
1069:(2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2015, 2021) (in the form of "Transeurasian").
585:
6293:
6123:
6021:
3437:
Akten des vierundzwanzigsten internationalen Orientalisten-Kongresses
1587:
have become more similar through language contact and areal effects.
688:). These numbers do not include earlier states of languages, such as
623:
in East-Central Asia give their name to the proposed language family.
604:
588:
771â785, but includes material that is from about 400 years earlier.
568:
481:
409:
3998:
3952:
3570:, Vol. 1, edited by R.E. Asher. Oxford and New York: Pergamon Press.
3273:
Munda languages are father tongues, but Japanese and Korean are not.
2149:
Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction.
2027:
3811:
3717:"Attractiveness and relatedness: Notes on Turkic language contacts"
3403:
2499:
J. Marshall Unger (1990): "Summary report of the Altaic panel." In
2479:
3855:"Belief or argument? The classification of the Japanese language."
3603:
Southern Turkmenistan in the Neolithic: A Petrographic Case Study.
3435:
Clauson, Gerard. 1959. "The case for the Altaic theory examined."
1622:
1295:
languages. Their results include the following phylogenetic tree:
1175:
614:
491:, 720â735 AD. They were deciphered in 1893 by the Danish linguist
396:. The hypothetical language family has long been rejected by most
3625:. Vyd. 1. V BrnÄ: Masarykova univerzita, 1999, pp. 102â140.
428:
comparative linguists have rejected the proposal, after supposed
3299:
Juha Janhunen (1992): "Das Japanische in vergleichender Sicht".
1668:
we can imagine on the basis of our present state of knowledge".
1246:
495:
in a scholarly race with his rival, the GermanâRussian linguist
401:
164:
7044:
6170:
6142:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
4137:
4002:
3989:
3430:
Nachweis, daà das Japanische zum ural-altaischen Stamme gehört.
3211:
The Homeland Problem of Indo-European Language-Speaking Peoples
2924:, pages 7â20. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. Quote: "The dark age of
900:
A major continuing supporter of the Altaic hypothesis has been
3730:, translated by Vanessa Karam. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press.
3526:
EinfĂŒhrung in die altaische Sprachwissenschaft II. Formenlehre
2831:
Alexander Vovin (2005): "The end of the Altaic controversy" .
2161:
About the names of Chanyu family and branch tribes of Xiongnu.
1522:
948:
721:
proposed a broader grouping which later came to be called the
499:. However, Radloff was the first to publish the inscriptions.
81:
43:
3683:
Janhunen, Juha A. 2023. "The Unity and Diversity of Altaic",
3547:
Is Japanese related to Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic?
3404:"Turkic kĂŒmĂŒĆĄ 'silver' and the lambdaism vs sigmatism debate"
811:
proposed that Japanese (and possibly Korean) originated as a
591:
The most important text for the study of early Korean is the
3895:"Altaicization and De-Altaicization of Japonic and Koreanic"
3533:
EinfĂŒhrung in die altaische Sprachwissenschaft III. Register
3120:
Hawkins and Gilligan (1988): "The suffixing preference", in
2556:"Altaicization and De-Altaicization of Japonic and Koreanic"
1907:"Interactive Maps The Altaic Family from The Tower of Babel"
764:
In 1857, the Austrian scholar Anton Boller suggested adding
7437:
Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences
3519:
EinfĂŒhrung in die altaische Sprachwissenschaft I. Lautlehre
2312:
Sergei Starostin, Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak (2003):
2208:
Oslo: Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture.
1775:
Martine Robbeets & Alexander Savelyev, "Introduction",
1188:"), with Turkic and Mongolic as separate language families.
749:, completely discard the inclusion of the "Uralic" branch.
454:
Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences
355:
3596:
Koreo-Japonica: A Re-Evaluation of a Common Genetic Origin
2941:
Martin Robbeets & Alexander Savelyev. "Introduction,"
1030:(S. Starostin et al. 2003, A. Dybo and G. Starostin 2008).
566:. The first substantial text in Japanese, however, is the
595:, a collection of 25 poems, of which some go back to the
361:
343:
1495:
features of the supposed Altaic languages, particularly
3458:
Zeitschrift der Deutschen MorgenlÀndischen Gesellschaft
2598:
Vergleichende Grammatik der altaischen Sprachen, Teil I
1541:
945:
List of supporters and critics of the Altaic hypothesis
521:
language of which we have written evidence is known as
106:
61:
3961:
Altaic linguistics website, maintained by Ilya Gruntov
3893:
Yurayong, Chingduang; Szeto, Pui Yiu (5 August 2020).
3788:"The origin of the Japanese and Korean accent systems"
3575:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
1127:(1992, 1995) (tentative support of Mongolic-Tungusic).
487:
The earliest known texts in a Turkic language are the
7490:
3542:
Tokyo University Linguistic Papers, TULIP 23, 99â118.
3122:
The Final-Over-Final Condition: A Syntactic Universal
2990:
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
2756:
Altajskaja problema i proisxoĆŸdenie japonskogo jazyka
1507:(SOV) word order, often occur together in languages.
364:
58:
A request that this article title be changed to
3958:
3554:
Das nord- und ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia....
3244:"NE Indian languages and the origin of Sino-Tibetan"
2785:, edited by Juha Janhunen, pages 403â419. Routledge.
1057:(1965). TurkicâMongolicâTungusic and perhaps Korean.
352:
346:
7424:
7399:
7374:
7248:
7165:
7079:
6951:
6904:
6854:
6727:
6682:
6642:
6633:
6597:
6522:
6458:
6421:
6331:
6208:
6096:
6073:
6001:
5845:
5567:
5535:
5453:
5342:
5148:
5115:
4968:
4876:
4620:
4534:
4311:
4262:
4171:
4098:
4072:
4036:
2206:
Languages and History: Japanese, Korean and Altaic.
349:
252:
234:
192:
184:
170:
157:
147:
3664:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, 325â330.)
2909:, volume 3, pages 109â258. RSUH Publishers, Moscow
2431:("Introduction to Altaic Linguistics"). Volume I,
3976:defense of Altaic by Alexis Manaster Ramer (1994)
572:, which dates from 712 AD. It is followed by the
3860:8. Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University.
3284:Lars Johanson and Martine Irma Robbeets (2010):
2505:Linguistic Change and Reconstruction Methodology
1627:Hypothesized homeland according to Blench (2009)
653:, a Swedish officer who traveled in the eastern
7408:Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages
3702:"Cognates and copies in Altaic verb derivation"
3497:Altajische Studien II. Japanisch und Altajisch.
3271:Gyaneshwer Chaubey and George van Driem (2020)
2943:The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages
2901:Anna V. Dybo and Georgiy S. Starostin (2008): "
2848:Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages
2781:Schönig (2003): "Turko-Mongolic Relations." In
2315:Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages
1777:The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages
925:Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages
599:period (57 BCâ668 AD), but are preserved in an
3728:Structural Factors in Turkic Language Contacts
2628:The Genetic Relationship of the Ainu Language.
2482:Altajische Studien II. Japanisch und Altajisch
2429:EinfĂŒhrung in die altaische Sprachwissenschaft
1572:: a set of languages with similarities due to
562:from the 5th century AD, such as found on the
502:The first Tungusic language to be attested is
7056:
6182:
4149:
4014:
3942:Swadesh vocabulary lists for Altaic languages
3899:International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics
3540:"Swadesh 100 on Japanese, Korean and Altaic."
3383:Aalto, Pentti. 1955. "On the Altaic initial *
2615:The genetic relationship of the Ainu language
2560:International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics
2228:The Classification of Transeurasian languages
1075:(1952â1957). TurkicâMongolicâTungusicâKorean.
115:that contextualizes different points of view.
101:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies
37:"Altaic" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
7026:Families with more than 30 languages are in
6152:Families with more than 30 languages are in
3568:The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
3483:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. pp. 153â164.
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2596:John C. Street (1962): "Review of N. Poppe,
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2061:Robbeets, Martine, ed. (30 September 2016).
1927:Lyle Campbell and Mauricio J. Mixco (2007):
75:this article until the discussion is closed.
7447:Russian State University for the Humanities
3566:Tekin, Talat. 1994. "Altaic languages." In
3451:Innsbrucker BeitrÀge zur Sprachwissenschaft
3402:Antonov, Anton; Jacques, Guillaume (2012).
2507:, pages 479â482. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin.
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2172:
2170:
2168:
1976:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
1952:
1950:
1871:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1582:further observed in 2011 that, in general,
456:and remains influential as a substratum of
358:
7063:
7049:
7041:
6731:
6639:
6189:
6175:
6167:
6009:
5575:
5459:
5156:
4974:
4631:
4326:
4177:
4156:
4142:
4134:
4021:
4007:
3999:
3986:
2879:, 30 January 2006. Accessed on 2019-03-22.
2777:
2775:
2773:
2750:
2748:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2241:
2239:
2237:
1051:Oleg A. Mudrak (S. Starostin et al. 2003).
539:). The earliest Para-Mongolic text is the
3769:
3751:
3696:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-030521-042356
3652:https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110748789-008
3642:https://doi.org/10.31826/jlr-2017-141-208
3506:Seattle: University of Washington Press.
3488:Lee, Ki-Moon and S. Robert Ramsey. 2011.
3167:
3160:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-030521-042356
3097:
3079:
3038:
3020:
2846:Response to Stefan Georg's review of the
2384:
2026:De la Fuente, José Andrés Alonso (2016).
1840:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 7.
995:Learn how and when to remove this message
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
7442:Moscow School of Comparative Linguistics
3872:Essays in Comparative Altaic Linguistics
2945:(2020, Oxford University Press), page 1.
2713:, pages 51â105. Franz Steiner, Wiesbaden
2178:Japanese and the Other Altaic Languages.
1650:
1487:Weakness of lexical and typological data
1096:(1994). TurkicâMongolicâTungusicâKorean.
1024:(1955). TurkicâMongolicâTungusicâKorean.
7497:
3473:Ural-altaische JahrbĂŒcher, neue Folge B
2650:, 2 volumes. Stanford University Press.
2286:" In Alicia Sanchez-Mazas et al., eds.
2282:Roger Blench and Mallam Dendo (2008): "
2098:(6). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 1â25.
1958:Languages of the World, An Introduction
1747:. London: Routledge. pp. 176â209.
1735:
1689:Classification of the Japonic languages
1655:Detailed tree of the Altaic languages.
1455:, only becoming pastoralists later on.
792:Japanese and the Other Altaic Languages
506:, the language of the ancestors of the
27:Hypothetical language family of Eurasia
3837:10.7208/chicago/9780226580593.001.0001
3829:Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time
3492:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3425:Princeton: Princeton University Press.
3290:. Introduction to the book, pages 1â5.
3232:Y.N. Matyuishin (2003), pages 368â372.
2230:. Oxford University Press. p. 31.
1942:Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time
1591:Hypothesis about the original homeland
144:
3582:Journal de la Société finno-ougrienne
3301:Journal de la Société finno-ougrienne
3142:Janhunen, Juha A. (17 January 2023).
2873:Current progress in Altaic etymology.
2660:Dougherty, Thomas (2018). "Ainu". In
2271:Journal de la Société finno-ougrienne
1984:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.35
1879:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.35
1230:Phonological and grammatical features
636:which may be based on a 1661 work of
191:
7:
3991:Articles related to Altaic languages
2524:, volume 7, issue 2, pages 201â251,
1929:A Glossary of Historical Linguistics
977:adding citations to reliable sources
611:History of the Altaic family concept
578:, completed in 720, and then by the
484:/alajuntËluÎł/ 'piebald horse clan.'
3680:, 209â218. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
3144:"The Unity and Diversity of Altaic"
2855:volume 22, issue 2, pages 451â454.
2816:Reply (to Starostin response, 2005)
2798:volume 21, issue 2, pages 445â450.
2617:. PhD thesis, University of Hawaii.
2490:, volume 2, issue 2, pages 470â474.
2247:Introduction to Altaic Linguistics.
1385:
1363:
1316:
1308:
1298:
1184:(1990). TungusicâKoreanâJapanese ("
1162:Advocates of alternative hypotheses
3734:Kim, Jangsuk; Park, Jinho (2020).
3601:Whitney Coolidge, Jennifer. 2005.
3421:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language
3242:Blench, Roger; Post, Mark (2010).
2907:Aspects of Comparative Linguistics
2822:volume 22, issue 2, pages 455â457.
2767:Roy Andrew Miller (1991), page 298
2687:The case against the Altaic theory
2290:, chapter 4. Taylor & Francis.
1970:Starostin, George (5 April 2016),
1838:Glossary of Historical Linguistics
1276:includes a list of 2,800 proposed
657:while a prisoner of war after the
547:and dated to 986 AD. However, the
412:, extending in longitude from the
25:
3490:A History of the Korean Language.
2892:, volume 11, issue 1, pages 3â58.
2835:volume 49, issue 1, pages 71â132.
1719:Comparison of Japanese and Korean
1087:(1991, S. Starostin et al. 2003).
7500:
7471:
7470:
7462:
7383:Journal of Language Relationship
3865:A Guide to the World's Languages
3638:Journal of Language Relationship
3559:Strahlenberg, P.J.T. von. 1738.
3552:Strahlenberg, P.J.T. von. 1730.
3499:Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag.
3398:, 31 March 2008, 264: ____.
3323:Japanese Language and Literature
2409:Nihongo: In Defence of Japanese.
1527:
1289:Bayesian phylolinguistic methods
1081:(A. Dybo and G. Starostin 2008).
953:
339:
265:
86:
48:
3337:The Origin of the Indo-Iranians
2554:Yurayong, Szeto (August 2020).
2516:Martine Irma Robbeets (2017): "
2488:The Journal of Japanese Studies
2253:. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden.
964:needs additional citations for
880:Among the earlier critics were
3966:Altaic Etymological Dictionary
2646:Joseph Greenberg (2000â2002):
2540:Martine Irma Robbeets (2015):
2014:The Rise and Fall of Languages
1643:, and neither is Korean. This
922:and Oleg Mudrak published the
372:) is a controversial proposed
1:
3598:. University of Hawaii Press.
3549:Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
3467:Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
2960:Journal of Language Evolution
2954:Robbeets, M.; Bouckaert, R.:
2844:Sergei A. Starostin (2005): "
2427:Gustaf John Ramstedt (1952):
2367:Georg, Stefan (19 May 2017).
2180:University of Chicago Press.
2159:Lanhai Wei and Hui Li (2018)
872:Early criticism and rejection
760:Korean and Japanese languages
651:Philip Johan von Strahlenberg
532:Secret History of the Mongols
408:and in some eastern parts of
7432:Evolution of Human Languages
3867:. Stanford University Press.
3685:Annual Review of Linguistics
3640:14, no. 1-2 (2017): 71â106.
3148:Annual Review of Linguistics
2754:Sergei A. Starostin (1991):
2630:University of Hawaii Press.
2626:James Tyrone Patrie (1982):
2613:James Tyrone Patrie (1978):
2522:Language Dynamics and Change
512:List of Jurchen inscriptions
3792:Acta Linguistica Hafniensia
3786:Kortlandt, Frederik. 1993.
3740:Evolutionary Human Sciences
3303:, volume 84, pages 145â161.
3198:Miller (1991), page 319â320
3068:Evolutionary Human Sciences
2729:Alexander Shcherbak (1963).
2373:Journal of Language Contact
2337:"Browse by Language Family"
2273:, volume 87, pages 139â160.
2104:10.1080/0026320042000282856
2065:(1st ed.). Routledge.
768:to the UralâAltaic family.
7554:
7538:Proposed language families
6846:Chukotko-KamchatkanâAmuric
3502:Miller, Roy Andrew. 1980.
3356:Igor M. Diakonoff (1988):
3334:Elena E. Kuz'mina (2007):
3022:10.1038/s41586-021-04108-8
2962:3 (2), pp. 145â162 (2018)
2480:Review of Karl H. Menges,
2407:Roy Andrew Miller (1986):
2204:Roy Andrew Miller (1996):
2176:Roy Andrew Miller (1971):
1865:Starostin, George (2016).
1594:
1559:
1178:(cf. John C. Street 1962).
707:
549:Inscription of HĂŒis Tolgoi
386:Tungusic language families
36:
29:
7460:
7107:Linguistic reconstruction
7014:
6734:
6137:
6012:
5578:
5462:
5159:
4977:
4634:
4329:
4180:
4165:Primary language families
3996:
3911:10.1163/25898833-12340026
3853:Robbeets, Martine. 2004.
3827:Nichols, Johanna (1992).
3545:Robbeets, Martine. 2005.
3538:Robbeets, Martine. 2004.
2794:Stefan Georg (2004): "".
2742:Franz Steiner. Wiesbaden:
2604:, volume 38, pages 92â98.
2572:10.1163/25898833-12340026
2530:10.1163/22105832-00702005
2386:10.1163/19552629-01002005
2251:Ural-altaische Bibliothek
2226:Robeets, Martine (2020).
2063:Transeurasian Linguistics
1815:10.1017/S0022226798007312
1519:The Sprachbund hypothesis
1405:
1390:
1383:
1368:
1361:
1336:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1287:and Bouckaert (2018) use
643:Genealogy of the Turkmens
541:Memorial for YelĂŒ Yanning
264:
172:Linguistic classification
152:
7425:Institutions and schools
7306:Vladislav Illich-Svitych
4982:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
3690::135â154 (January 2023)
3667:Hahn, Reinhard F. 1994.
3594:Vovin, Alexander. 2010.
3463:Doerfer, Gerhard. 1985.
3418:Anthony, David W. 2007.
2984:22 December 2019 at the
2738:Gerhard Doerfer (1988):
2685:Gerard Clauson (1956). "
2478:Nicholas Poppe (1976): "
1956:Asya Pereltsvaig (2012)
1709:Uralo-Siberian languages
1199:"Transeurasian" renaming
815:. She proposed that the
30:Not to be confused with
7528:Agglutinative languages
7415:The Languages of Africa
7112:Internal reconstruction
7092:Etymological dictionary
7073:comparative linguistics
7023:have no living members.
6906:East and Southeast Asia
6149:have no living members.
3887:Central Asiatic Journal
3863:Ruhlen, Merritt. 1987.
3621:". In: BlaĆŸek, VĂĄclav.
3495:Menges, Karl. H. 1975.
3444:Central Asiatic Journal
3389:Central Asiatic Journal
3312:AndrĂĄs RĂłna-Tas (1988).
3124:, page 326. MIT Press.
2871:VĂĄclav BlaĆŸek (2006): "
2833:Central Asiatic Journal
2693:volume 2, pages 181â187
2691:Central Asiatic Journal
2444:Nicholas Poppe (1960):
2245:Nicholas Poppe (1965):
2012:R. M. W. Dixon (1997):
1940:Johanna Nichols (1992)
1836:Campbell, Lyle (2007).
1753:10.4324/9781315625096-4
1274:Etymological Dictionary
1257:Etymological Dictionary
1225:For the Altaic grouping
1208:implies affinity while
704:Uralo-Altaic hypothesis
535:, written in 1228 (see
424:in the center of Asia.
376:that would include the
39:Altaic (disambiguation)
6129:Unclassified languages
6083:list of sign languages
5051:Northeastern Tasmanian
3947:24 August 2011 at the
3726:Johanson, Lars. 2002.
3715:Johanson, Lars. 1999.
3700:Johanson, Lars. 1999.
3672:5.908, 18 August 1994.
2861:10.1075/dia.22.2.09sta
2814:Stefan Georg (2005): "
2804:10.1075/dia.21.2.12geo
2783:The Mongolic Languages
2092:Middle Eastern Studies
2086:AytĂŒrk, Ä°lker (2004).
2044:10.1075/dia.33.4.04alo
1803:Journal of Linguistics
1656:
1628:
1312:Japano‑Koreanic
1270:Swadesh-Yakhontov list
1155:Alexander B. M. Stiven
802:Austronesian languages
624:
555:dates back to 584 AD.
388:and possibly also the
153:(highly controversial)
7316:Alexis Manaster Ramer
6104:Constructed languages
3953:Swadesh-list appendix
3531:Ramstedt, G.J. 1966.
3524:Ramstedt, G.J. 1957.
3517:Ramstedt, G.J. 1952.
3428:Boller, Anton. 1857.
2263:Alexis Manaster Ramer
1654:
1626:
1618:Central Asian steppes
1595:Further information:
1560:Further information:
1061:Alexis Manaster Ramer
714:In 1844, the Finnish
710:Ural-Altaic languages
618:
464:Earliest attestations
398:comparative linguists
317:(sometimes included)
307:(sometimes included)
163:Northern and Central
109:by rewriting it in a
7157:LeipzigâJakarta list
7117:Linguistic universal
4651:BinandereanâGoilalan
3870:Sinor, Denis. 1990.
3465:Mongolica-Tungusica.
2544:. Mouton de Gruyter.
1745:The Uralic Languages
1637:haplogroup C2 (M217)
1482:Against the grouping
973:improve this article
918:In 2003, Starostin,
680:, Japanese, and the
638:Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur
422:Altai mountain range
222:(sometimes included)
216:(sometimes included)
176:Proposed as a major
7351:Vitaly Shevoroshkin
6664:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
6448:Northwest Caucasian
6443:Northeast Caucasian
5933:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
5836:TequiracaâCanichana
5679:HarĂĄkmbutâKatukinan
4442:Northwest Caucasian
4436:Northeast Caucasian
4360:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
3980:LINGUIST List 5.926
3974:LINGUIST List 5.911
3951:(from Wiktionary's
3753:10.1017/ehs.2020.13
3662:Genetic Linguistics
3394:Anonymous. 2008. .
3358:Afrasian Languages.
3340:, page 364. Brill.
3207:Nikoloz Silagadze,
3081:10.1017/ehs.2021.28
2968:10.1093/jole/lzy007
1909:. Starling.rinet.ru
1694:Nostratic languages
1584:genetically related
1505:subjectâobjectâverb
1499:strongly suffixing
1149:Alexander Shcherbak
1109:(1956, 1959, 1962).
731:Samoyedic languages
607:system of writing.
584:, which dates from
545:Khitan large script
489:Orkhon inscriptions
416:to Japan. Like the
7468:Linguistics portal
7452:Santa Fe Institute
7311:Frederik Kortlandt
7276:Aharon Dolgopolsky
7132:Origin of language
7087:Comparative method
6929:AustronesianâOngan
6728:Proposed groupings
5555:Tarascan/Purépecha
5044:Northern Tasmanian
4802:South Bougainville
4763:North Bougainville
3968:, database version
3858:Eurasia Newsletter
2877:Linguistica Online
1972:"Altaic Languages"
1867:"Altaic Languages"
1657:
1629:
1034:Frederik Kortlandt
896:Modern controversy
723:UralâAltaic family
682:Ryukyuan languages
659:Great Northern War
625:
537:Mongolic languages
472:(330 BCE) and the
394:Koreanic languages
304:Koreanic languages
295:Tungusic languages
286:Mongolic languages
7488:
7487:
7482:
7481:
7366:Alfredo Trombetti
7356:Georgiy Starostin
7286:Harold C. Fleming
7166:Language families
7038:
7037:
6947:
6946:
6939:Sino-Austronesian
6723:
6722:
6198:Language families
6164:
6163:
6114:Language isolates
6092:
6091:
5997:
5996:
5563:
5562:
5449:
5448:
5144:
5143:
5091:Western Tasmanian
5009:Eastern Tasmanian
4964:
4963:
4686:East Geelvink Bay
4616:
4615:
4307:
4306:
4131:
4130:
4030:Altaic hypothesis
3959:Monumenta altaica
3617:BlaĆŸek, VĂĄclav. "
3589:Altaic Affinities
3015:(7886): 616â621.
2666:Language Isolates
2461:, 1991, 293â327.
2147:Anna Dybo (2012)
2072:978-0-415-82560-3
1993:978-0-19-938465-5
1847:978-0-7486-3019-6
1635:dissemination of
1558:
1557:
1453:Northeastern Asia
1445:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1418:
1417:
1349:
1348:
1182:J. Marshall Unger
1046:Roy Andrew Miller
1005:
1004:
997:
839:The Ainu language
788:Roy Andrew Miller
560:Classical Chinese
553:Bugut inscription
543:, written in the
527:Stele of YisĂŒngge
332:
331:
327:(rarely included)
314:Japonic languages
228:(rarely included)
141:
140:
133:
95:This article may
80:
79:
62:Altaic hypothesis
18:Altaic hypothesis
16:(Redirected from
7545:
7523:Altaic languages
7505:
7504:
7496:
7474:
7473:
7466:
7361:Sergei Starostin
7341:Martine Robbeets
7301:Murray Gell-Mann
7291:Joseph Greenberg
7266:Allan R. Bomhard
7152:Dolgopolsky list
7137:Paleolinguistics
7102:Lexicostatistics
7097:Glottochronology
7065:
7058:
7051:
7042:
7006:Proto-Euphratean
6732:
6640:
6608:Great Andamanese
6191:
6184:
6177:
6168:
6010:
5964:Huaorani/Waorani
5848:(extant in 2000)
5812:EsmeraldaâYaruro
5583:AndoqueâUrequena
5576:
5460:
5266:Plateau Penutian
5157:
5132:(Northern Daly?)
4975:
4861:Northwest Papuan
4825:TransâNew Guinea
4691:East New Britain
4666:Central Solomons
4632:
4377:Great Andamanese
4327:
4178:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4135:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4000:
3987:
3930:
3889:53 (1): 105â147.
3850:
3823:
3783:
3773:
3755:
3484:
3415:
3408:Turkic Languages
3370:
3367:
3361:
3354:
3348:
3346:978-9004160-54-5
3332:
3326:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3304:
3297:
3291:
3282:
3276:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3251:rogerblench.info
3248:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3224:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3171:
3139:
3133:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3101:
3083:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3042:
3024:
2999:
2993:
2976:
2970:
2952:
2946:
2939:
2933:
2916:
2910:
2899:
2893:
2890:Turkic Languages
2886:
2880:
2869:
2863:
2842:
2836:
2829:
2823:
2812:
2806:
2792:
2786:
2779:
2768:
2765:
2759:
2752:
2743:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2714:
2707:
2694:
2683:
2670:
2669:
2657:
2651:
2644:
2638:
2624:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2551:
2545:
2538:
2532:
2514:
2508:
2497:
2491:
2476:
2470:
2455:
2449:
2442:
2436:
2425:
2419:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2388:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2333:
2327:
2310:
2291:
2280:
2274:
2260:
2254:
2243:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2217:
2202:
2189:
2174:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1967:
1961:
1954:
1945:
1938:
1932:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1795:
1780:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1740:
1580:Asya Pereltsvaig
1553:
1550:
1531:
1523:
1449:Martine Robbeets
1386:
1364:
1317:
1309:
1299:
1172:Joseph Greenberg
1085:Sergei Starostin
1079:George Starostin
1067:Martine Robbeets
1016:Major supporters
1000:
993:
989:
986:
980:
957:
949:
902:Sergei Starostin
864:language isolate
852:Joseph Greenberg
809:Martine Robbeets
747:Sergei Starostin
719:Matthias Castrén
671:Sergei Starostin
414:Balkan Peninsula
371:
370:
367:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
321:
311:
301:
292:
283:
277:Turkic languages
274:
269:
248:
145:
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
112:balanced fashion
90:
89:
82:
68:under discussion
64:
52:
51:
44:
21:
7553:
7552:
7548:
7547:
7546:
7544:
7543:
7542:
7513:
7512:
7511:
7499:
7491:
7489:
7484:
7483:
7478:
7456:
7420:
7395:
7370:
7331:Holger Pedersen
7321:Sergei Nikolaev
7296:Eugene Helimski
7271:Svetlana Burlak
7244:
7230:North Caucasian
7195:Elamo-Dravidian
7161:
7127:Mass comparison
7075:
7069:
7039:
7034:
7033:
7010:
7001:Paleo-Laplandic
6996:Pre-Finno-Ugric
6943:
6900:
6864:Greater Siangic
6850:
6836:UralicâYukaghir
6786:Ibero-Caucasian
6781:Elamo-Dravidian
6719:
6678:
6629:
6593:
6518:
6454:
6437:North Caucasian
6417:
6327:
6266:Paleo-Sardinian
6204:
6195:
6165:
6160:
6159:
6133:
6119:Mixed languages
6088:
6069:
6004:
5993:
5847:
5841:
5696:KatembriâTaruma
5570:
5559:
5531:
5445:
5338:
5151:
5140:
5111:
4960:
4872:
4831:TuramaâKikorian
4741:Lower Mamberamo
4696:East Strickland
4624:
4612:
4530:
4318:
4313:
4303:
4258:
4167:
4162:
4132:
4127:
4100:Proto-languages
4094:
4073:Early languages
4068:
4032:
4027:
3992:
3949:Wayback Machine
3938:
3933:
3892:
3847:
3826:
3797:
3733:
3619:Altaic numerals
3613:
3611:Further reading
3608:
3577:56(2), 247â259.
3478:
3401:
3379:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3355:
3351:
3333:
3329:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3298:
3294:
3283:
3279:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3119:
3115:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2986:Wayback Machine
2977:
2973:
2953:
2949:
2940:
2936:
2917:
2913:
2900:
2896:
2887:
2883:
2870:
2866:
2843:
2839:
2830:
2826:
2813:
2809:
2793:
2789:
2780:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2753:
2746:
2737:
2733:
2728:
2717:
2708:
2697:
2684:
2673:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2645:
2641:
2625:
2621:
2612:
2608:
2595:
2591:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2539:
2535:
2515:
2511:
2498:
2494:
2477:
2473:
2456:
2452:
2443:
2439:
2426:
2422:
2406:
2402:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2311:
2294:
2281:
2277:
2261:
2257:
2244:
2235:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2203:
2192:
2175:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1948:
1939:
1935:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1889:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1848:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1797:
1796:
1783:
1774:
1770:
1763:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1685:
1665:AndrĂĄs RĂłna-Tas
1599:
1593:
1564:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1538:needs expansion
1532:
1521:
1489:
1484:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1350:
1266:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1201:
1164:
1143:Alexander Vovin
1113:Gerhard Doerfer
1103:
1018:
1001:
990:
984:
981:
970:
958:
947:
898:
886:Gerhard Doerfer
874:
841:
813:hybrid language
762:
735:Altai Mountains
712:
706:
634:Nicolaes Witsen
630:
621:Altai Mountains
613:
564:Inariyama Sword
497:Wilhelm Radloff
493:Vilhelm Thomsen
466:
374:language family
342:
338:
328:
326:
319:
316:
309:
306:
299:
297:
290:
288:
281:
279:
272:
244:
178:language family
159:
137:
126:
120:
117:
107:help improve it
104:
91:
87:
76:
60:
53:
49:
42:
35:
32:Altai languages
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7551:
7549:
7541:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7515:
7514:
7510:
7509:
7486:
7485:
7480:
7479:
7461:
7458:
7457:
7455:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7428:
7426:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7418:
7411:
7403:
7401:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7393:
7386:
7378:
7376:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7346:Merritt Ruhlen
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7252:
7250:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7225:DenĂ©âCaucasian
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7169:
7167:
7163:
7162:
7160:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7142:Proto-language
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7083:
7081:
7077:
7076:
7070:
7068:
7067:
7060:
7053:
7045:
7036:
7035:
7032:
7031:
7024:
7016:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7009:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6957:
6955:
6949:
6948:
6945:
6944:
6942:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6910:
6908:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6871:
6860:
6858:
6852:
6851:
6849:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6831:Uralo-Siberian
6828:
6823:
6818:
6816:SerbiâMongolic
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6776:Dravido-Korean
6773:
6771:DenĂ©âYeniseian
6768:
6767:
6766:
6761:
6759:DenĂ©âCaucasian
6756:
6746:
6741:
6735:
6729:
6725:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6704:
6697:
6689:
6687:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6650:
6648:
6637:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6627:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6604:
6602:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6564:
6557:
6550:
6543:
6536:
6528:
6526:
6520:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6486:
6479:
6472:
6464:
6462:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6433:
6427:
6425:
6419:
6418:
6416:
6415:
6408:
6401:
6394:
6387:
6380:
6377:Hurro-Urartian
6373:
6366:
6359:
6352:
6345:
6337:
6335:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6325:
6318:
6311:
6304:
6297:
6290:
6283:
6276:
6269:
6262:
6259:Paleo-Corsican
6255:
6248:
6241:
6236:
6229:
6222:
6214:
6212:
6206:
6205:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6186:
6179:
6171:
6162:
6161:
6158:
6157:
6150:
6143:
6139:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6132:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6093:
6090:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6077:
6075:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6044:Indo-Pakistani
6041:
6036:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6013:
6007:
5999:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5927:
5922:
5915:
5910:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5851:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5833:
5827:
5821:
5815:
5809:
5803:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5743:PiaroaâSaliban
5740:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5644:
5639:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5579:
5573:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5510:
5508:Tequistlatecan
5505:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5481:
5474:
5469:
5463:
5457:
5451:
5450:
5447:
5446:
5444:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5421:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5354:
5346:
5344:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5312:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5244:
5237:
5232:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5175:
5168:
5160:
5154:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5133:
5127:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5099:
5094:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5066:
5059:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5035:
5031:MarrkuâWurrugu
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4990:
4985:
4978:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4945:
4939:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4897:
4891:
4886:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4864:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4821:
4816:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4641:
4635:
4629:
4618:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4602:
4595:
4589:
4584:
4576:
4571:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4544:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4522:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4498:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4456:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4393:
4390:Hurro-Urartian
4386:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4362:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4338:
4330:
4324:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4295:
4289:
4284:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4226:
4221:
4213:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4189:
4181:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4138:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4118:Proto-Mongolic
4115:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4003:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3962:
3956:
3937:
3936:External links
3934:
3932:
3931:
3905:(1): 108â148.
3890:
3883:
3868:
3861:
3851:
3845:
3824:
3812:10.2307/411687
3806:(2): 185â251.
3795:
3784:
3731:
3724:
3713:
3698:
3681:
3674:
3665:
3654:
3644:
3634:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3476:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3416:
3399:
3392:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3362:
3360:Nauka, Moscow.
3349:
3327:
3314:
3305:
3292:
3277:
3264:
3234:
3225:
3200:
3191:
3154:(1): 135â154.
3134:
3130:978-0262036696
3113:
3054:
2994:
2971:
2947:
2934:
2911:
2894:
2881:
2864:
2837:
2824:
2807:
2787:
2769:
2760:
2744:
2731:
2715:
2695:
2671:
2662:Campbell, Lyle
2652:
2639:
2619:
2606:
2589:
2546:
2533:
2509:
2492:
2471:
2450:
2437:
2435:("Phonology").
2420:
2400:
2379:(2): 353â381.
2359:
2350:
2328:
2292:
2275:
2255:
2233:
2218:
2190:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2078:
2071:
2053:
2038:(4): 530â537.
2018:
2005:
1992:
1962:
1946:
1933:
1920:
1898:
1887:
1857:
1846:
1828:
1781:
1768:
1761:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1592:
1589:
1556:
1555:
1535:
1533:
1526:
1520:
1517:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1468:Proto-Tungusic
1464:Proto-Mongolic
1443:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1297:
1265:
1264:Shared lexicon
1262:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1189:
1186:Macro-Tungusic
1179:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1107:Gerard Clauson
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1073:G. J. Ramstedt
1070:
1064:
1058:
1055:Nicholas Poppe
1052:
1049:
1043:
1040:Karl H. Menges
1037:
1031:
1025:
1017:
1014:
1003:
1002:
961:
959:
952:
946:
943:
897:
894:
882:Gerard Clauson
873:
870:
840:
837:
817:ancestral home
777:E.D. Polivanov
771:In the 1920s,
761:
758:
739:Ural Mountains
705:
702:
655:Russian Empire
629:
626:
612:
609:
597:Three Kingdoms
465:
462:
330:
329:
324:Ainu languages
318:
308:
298:
289:
280:
271:
270:
262:
261:
256:
250:
249:
242:
232:
231:
230:
229:
223:
217:
211:
206:
201:
194:
190:
189:
186:
185:Proto-language
182:
181:
174:
168:
167:
161:
155:
154:
150:
149:
139:
138:
94:
92:
85:
78:
77:
74:
56:
54:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7550:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7494:
7477:
7469:
7465:
7459:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7429:
7427:
7423:
7417:
7416:
7412:
7410:
7409:
7405:
7404:
7402:
7398:
7392:
7391:
7390:Mother Tongue
7387:
7385:
7384:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7373:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7281:Vladimir Dybo
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7261:VĂĄclav BlaĆŸek
7259:
7257:
7256:John Bengtson
7254:
7253:
7251:
7247:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7175:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7164:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7066:
7061:
7059:
7054:
7052:
7047:
7046:
7043:
7029:
7025:
7022:
7018:
7017:
7013:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6950:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6909:
6907:
6903:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6857:
6853:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6841:EskimoâUralic
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6751:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6736:
6733:
6730:
6726:
6716:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6705:
6703:
6702:
6698:
6696:
6695:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6681:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6645:Paleosiberian
6641:
6638:
6636:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6596:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6569:
6565:
6563:
6562:
6558:
6556:
6555:
6551:
6549:
6548:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6540:Austroasiatic
6537:
6535:
6534:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6521:
6514:
6513:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6490:Austroasiatic
6487:
6485:
6484:
6480:
6478:
6477:
6473:
6471:
6470:
6469:Indo-European
6466:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6428:
6426:
6424:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6407:
6406:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6372:
6371:
6367:
6365:
6364:
6360:
6358:
6357:
6353:
6351:
6350:
6346:
6344:
6343:
6342:Indo-European
6339:
6338:
6336:
6334:
6330:
6324:
6323:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6277:
6275:
6274:
6270:
6268:
6267:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6256:
6254:
6253:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6234:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6219:Indo-European
6216:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6192:
6187:
6185:
6180:
6178:
6173:
6172:
6169:
6155:
6151:
6148:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6085:
6084:
6079:
6078:
6076:
6072:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6054:Original Thai
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6000:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5844:
5837:
5834:
5831:
5828:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5818:HibitoâCholĂłn
5816:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5649:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5600:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5566:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5480:
5479:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5452:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5414:
5410:
5408:
5407:
5403:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5341:
5335:
5334:YumanâCochimĂ
5332:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5213:
5209:
5207:
5206:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5188:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5147:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5107:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5069:Southern Daly
5067:
5065:
5064:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5046:
5045:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5006:
5004:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4994:Darwin Region
4991:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4814:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4676:DemtaâSentani
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4502:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4398:
4397:Indo-European
4394:
4392:
4391:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4347:Austroasiatic
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4317:
4310:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4254:
4251:
4248:
4245:
4242:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4154:
4152:
4147:
4145:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4124:
4123:Proto-Japonic
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4019:
4017:
4012:
4010:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3880:0-933070-26-8
3877:
3873:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3846:9780226580579
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3670:LINGUIST List
3666:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3516:
3513:
3512:0-295-95766-2
3509:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3417:
3414:(2): 151â170.
3413:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3338:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3281:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3204:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2636:0-8248-0724-3
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2467:0-8047-1897-0
2464:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2416:0-485-11251-5
2413:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2325:
2324:90-04-13153-1
2321:
2318:, 3 volumes.
2317:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:Volume 14 of
2248:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2216:. Pages 98â99
2215:
2214:974-8299-69-4
2211:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:0-226-52719-0
2183:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1888:9780199384655
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:Georg, Stefan
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1762:9781315625096
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1673:Indo-European
1669:
1666:
1661:
1660:Juha Janhunen
1653:
1649:
1646:
1645:Y-chromosomal
1642:
1641:Father Tongue
1638:
1634:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:Indo-European
1598:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1563:
1552:
1543:
1539:
1536:This section
1534:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:agglutinative
1494:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1476:Proto-Japonic
1473:
1472:Middle Korean
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1303:Transeurasian
1301:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1293:Transeurasian
1290:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1240:agglutination
1237:
1236:vowel harmony
1229:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1193:
1192:Lars Johanson
1190:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1157:(2008, 2010).
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1139:(2004, 2005).
1138:
1135:
1132:
1131:Claus Schönig
1129:
1126:
1125:Juha Janhunen
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1101:Major critics
1100:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1010:
999:
996:
988:
978:
974:
968:
967:
962:This section
960:
956:
951:
950:
944:
942:
940:
939:Lars Johanson
935:
932:
929:
927:
926:
921:
916:
914:
913:Claus Schönig
909:
905:
903:
895:
893:
891:
887:
883:
878:
871:
869:
867:
865:
859:
857:
853:
848:
846:
838:
836:
832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
805:
803:
798:
795:
793:
790:'s 1971 book
789:
785:
781:
778:
774:
773:G.J. Ramstedt
769:
767:
759:
757:
755:
754:Juha Janhunen
750:
748:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
717:
711:
703:
701:
699:
695:
691:
690:Middle Mongol
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
644:
639:
635:
627:
622:
617:
610:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
582:
577:
576:
571:
570:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
533:
529:, and by the
528:
524:
523:Middle Mongol
520:
517:The earliest
515:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
463:
461:
459:
455:
451:
446:
442:
440:
436:
431:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
369:
336:
325:
315:
305:
296:
287:
278:
268:
263:
260:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
196:
195:
187:
183:
179:
175:
173:
169:
166:
162:
156:
151:
146:
143:
135:
132:
124:
114:
113:
108:
102:
100:
93:
84:
83:
72:
70:
69:
65:
63:
55:
46:
45:
40:
33:
19:
7533:Central Asia
7413:
7406:
7388:
7381:
7326:Sorin Paliga
7240:Indo-Pacific
7204:
7172:
7147:Swadesh list
7027:
7020:
7019:Families in
6976:Pre-Goidelic
6971:Pre-Germanic
6801:Indo-Semitic
6796:Indo-Pacific
6791:Indo-Hittite
6743:
6706:
6699:
6692:
6622:
6599:Indian Ocean
6566:
6561:Austronesian
6559:
6552:
6545:
6538:
6533:Sino-Tibetan
6531:
6510:
6488:
6483:Sino-Tibetan
6481:
6474:
6467:
6435:
6410:
6403:
6396:
6389:
6382:
6375:
6368:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6340:
6320:
6313:
6306:
6299:
6292:
6287:North Picene
6285:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6250:
6243:
6231:
6224:
6217:
6153:
6146:
6145:Families in
6080:
6031:
5929:
5917:
5767:
5735:
5726:Pano-Tacanan
5683:
5646:
5634:
5605:ArutaniâSape
5597:
5542:
5524:
5517:
5502:Oto-Manguean
5500:
5483:
5476:
5423:
5411:
5404:
5397:
5390:
5383:
5356:
5349:
5326:
5319:
5307:
5280:
5258:
5251:
5239:
5227:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5170:
5163:
5122:
5089:
5085:Western Daly
5063:PamaâNyungan
5061:
5049:
5042:
5029:
5007:
5002:Eastern Daly
5000:
4992:
4947:
4823:
4811:
4789:
4772:
4750:
4721:KaureâKosare
4681:DosoâTurumsa
4671:ChimbuâWahgi
4661:Bulaka River
4645:Austronesian
4643:
4604:
4597:
4578:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4453:Sino-Tibetan
4451:
4434:
4417:
4395:
4388:
4381:
4364:
4354:Austronesian
4352:
4345:
4333:
4279:
4217:Nilo-Saharan
4215:
4208:
4193:Austronesian
4191:
4184:
4113:Proto-Turkic
4108:Proto-Altaic
4090:Old Japanese
4029:
3965:
3902:
3898:
3886:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3828:
3803:
3799:
3791:
3743:
3739:
3727:
3720:
3710:HTML version
3705:
3687:
3684:
3677:
3669:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3637:
3622:
3605:Oxbow Books.
3602:
3595:
3588:
3584:85, 241â256.
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3480:
3475:16, 143â182.
3472:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3419:
3411:
3407:
3395:
3388:
3384:
3369:Ehret (2002)
3365:
3357:
3352:
3335:
3330:
3322:
3317:
3308:
3300:
3295:
3285:
3280:
3272:
3267:
3255:. Retrieved
3253:. p. 20
3250:
3237:
3228:
3208:
3203:
3194:
3169:10138/355895
3151:
3147:
3137:
3121:
3116:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3012:
3008:
2997:
2974:
2959:
2950:
2942:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2914:
2906:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2876:
2867:
2852:
2847:
2840:
2832:
2827:
2819:
2810:
2795:
2790:
2782:
2763:
2755:
2739:
2734:
2710:
2690:
2665:
2655:
2647:
2642:
2627:
2622:
2614:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2583:
2563:
2559:
2549:
2541:
2536:
2521:
2512:
2504:
2501:Philip Baldi
2495:
2487:
2481:
2474:
2458:
2453:
2445:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2408:
2403:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2353:
2341:. Retrieved
2339:. Ethnologue
2331:
2313:
2287:
2278:
2270:
2267:Paul Sidwell
2258:
2250:
2246:
2227:
2221:
2205:
2177:
2160:
2155:
2148:
2143:
2131:. Retrieved
2095:
2091:
2081:
2062:
2056:
2047:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2013:
2008:
1997:, retrieved
1975:
1965:
1957:
1941:
1936:
1928:
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1901:
1892:
1870:
1860:
1851:
1837:
1831:
1809:(1): 65â98.
1806:
1802:
1776:
1771:
1744:
1738:
1704:Turco-Mongol
1699:Pan-Turanism
1670:
1658:
1630:
1615:
1611:Austronesian
1600:
1578:
1567:
1565:
1546:
1542:adding to it
1537:
1513:
1509:
1490:
1460:Proto-Turkic
1457:
1447:
1406:
1391:
1369:
1337:
1322:
1302:
1292:
1283:
1273:
1267:
1256:
1254:
1244:
1233:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1185:
1168:James Patrie
1137:Stefan Georg
1121:(1970, 2000)
1028:Anna V. Dybo
1022:Pentti Aalto
1008:
1006:
991:
982:
971:Please help
966:verification
963:
936:
933:
930:
923:
917:
910:
906:
899:
879:
875:
868:
860:
849:
842:
833:
829:Austronesian
806:
799:
796:
791:
786:
782:
770:
763:
751:
743:
713:
698:Old Japanese
675:
673:and others.
648:
641:
631:
590:
579:
573:
567:
557:
530:
516:
501:
486:
467:
447:
443:
426:
334:
333:
258:
193:Subdivisions
188:Proto-Altaic
160:distribution
142:
127:
118:
110:
99:undue weight
96:
59:
57:
7336:Ilia Peiros
7220:Sino-Uralic
7215:Indo-Uralic
7210:Ural-Altaic
7174:Proto-human
7122:Macrofamily
7071:Long-range
6826:Ural-Altaic
6806:Indo-Uralic
6618:Sentinelese
6349:Afroasiatic
6315:Eteocypriot
6039:Germanosign
5943:Mura-PirahĂŁ
5824:LuleâVilela
5800:Bora-Witoto
5775:UruâChipaya
5748:TicunaâYuri
5731:PebaâYaguan
5716:Nambikwaran
5519:Uto-Aztecan
5455:Mesoamerica
5309:Uto-Aztecan
5298:Tsimshianic
5260:Palaihnihan
5130:Malak-Malak
4867:Papuan Gulf
4841:West Papuan
4746:Lower Sepik
4736:Lakes Plain
4639:AraiâSamaia
4627:the Pacific
4335:Afroasiatic
4210:NigerâCongo
4186:Afroasiatic
2853:Diachronica
2820:Diachronica
2796:Diachronica
2566:: 108â148.
2032:Diachronica
1677:Afroasiatic
1597:Ural-Altaic
1574:convergence
1493:typological
1170:(1982) and
1094:TalĂąt Tekin
727:Finno-Ugric
716:philologist
601:orthography
575:Nihon shoki
474:Book of Han
450:macrofamily
73:do not move
7517:Categories
7200:Eurasiatic
6966:Pre-Celtic
6934:East Asian
6924:Austro-Tai
6914:Andamanese
6764:Eurasiatic
6685:North Asia
6635:North Asia
6547:HmongâMien
6501:Burushaski
6460:South Asia
6431:Kartvelian
6398:Philistine
6308:Eteocretan
6252:Tartessian
6033:Francosign
5881:Chiquitano
5861:Alacalufan
5669:Guaicuruan
5642:Chapacuran
5625:Cahuapanan
5593:Araucanian
5496:MixeâZoque
5491:Misumalpan
5205:Comecrudan
5057:Nyulnyulan
4836:Upper Yuat
4813:Torricelli
4785:Senu River
4716:Foja Range
4622:New Guinea
4547:Burushaski
4408:Kartvelian
4383:HmongâMien
4199:KhoeâKwadi
4085:Old Korean
4080:Old Turkic
3794:26, 57â65.
3631:8021020709
3257:28 October
1853:followers.
1725:References
1569:Sprachbund
1562:Sprachbund
1501:morphology
1250:morphology
1119:Susumu Ćno
1009:EinfĂŒhrung
985:April 2024
856:Eurasiatic
708:See also:
694:Old Korean
482:AlayundluÄ
435:sprachbund
158:Geographic
7249:Linguists
7190:Nostratic
6991:Pre-Vedic
6981:Pre-Greek
6953:Substrata
6856:Arunachal
6754:Nostratic
6739:Alarodian
6674:Yeniseian
6524:East Asia
6476:Dravidian
6333:West Asia
6301:Tyrsenian
6064:Tanzanian
6005:languages
5902:HodĂŻ/Joti
5846:Isolates
5785:Yanomaman
5721:OtomĂĄkoan
5685:Jirajaran
5674:Guajiboan
5636:Catacaoan
5615:Barbacoan
5544:Cuitlatec
5513:Totonacan
5472:Jicaquean
5351:Chimariko
5247:Muskogean
5229:Kalapuyan
5223:Iroquoian
5198:Chumashan
5191:Chinookan
5184:Chimakuan
5102:Yangmanic
5097:Worrorran
5080:Wagaydyic
4970:Australia
4819:Trans-Fly
4485:Yeniseian
4472:Tyrsenian
4366:Dravidian
3927:225358117
3919:2589-8833
3762:2513-843X
3446:13: 1â23.
3221:1987-8583
3186:256126714
3178:2333-9683
3090:2513-843X
3031:1476-4687
2600:(1960)".
2580:225358117
2433:Lautlehre
2395:1877-4091
2128:144968896
2112:0026-3206
1894:minority.
1823:144613877
1730:Citations
1549:July 2023
1220:Arguments
937:In 2010,
920:Anna Dybo
911:In 2003,
821:Manchuria
807:In 2017,
663:retronymy
581:Man'yĆshĆ«
404:north of
254:Glottolog
236:ISO 639-2
121:June 2023
71:. Please
7507:Language
7476:Category
7375:Journals
7080:Concepts
6986:Vasconic
6961:Atlantic
6715:Eskaleut
6669:Yukaghir
6584:Koreanic
6579:Tungusic
6574:Mongolic
6512:Harappan
6423:Caucasus
6405:Sumerian
6280:Ligurian
6097:See also
6074:Isolates
6049:Japanese
5989:Yuracaré
5871:Candoshi
5830:Macro-JĂȘ
5795:Zaparoan
5790:Zamucoan
5780:Witotoan
5763:Tucanoan
5758:Tiniguan
5753:Timotean
5737:Quechuan
5706:Matacoan
5701:Mascoian
5691:Jivaroan
5654:Chibchan
5648:Charruan
5599:Arawakan
5536:Isolates
5467:Chibchan
5343:Isolates
5315:Wakashan
5276:Salishan
5218:Eskaleut
5124:Giimbiyu
5116:Isolates
5025:Jarrakan
5020:Iwaidjan
4877:Isolates
4731:Kutubuan
4599:Sumerian
4535:Isolates
4490:Yukaghir
4459:Tungusic
4425:Mongolic
4413:Koreanic
4372:Eskaleut
4263:Isolates
4247:Ubangian
4059:Koreanic
4054:Tungusic
4049:Mongolic
4037:Families
3945:Archived
3800:Language
3780:37588344
3771:10427441
3391:1, 9â16.
3108:37588568
3099:10427268
3049:34759322
2988:. 2018.
2982:Archived
2602:Language
1683:See also
1633:Holocene
1393:Mongolic
1371:Tungusic
1339:Koreanic
1285:Robbeets
890:Tungusic
884:(1956),
825:Liaoning
766:Japanese
519:Mongolic
458:Turanism
430:cognates
382:Mongolic
214:Koreanic
209:Tungusic
204:Mongolic
7235:Austric
7185:Amerind
7021:italics
6919:Austric
6896:Kho-Bwa
6891:Hrusish
6869:Siangic
6811:Karasuk
6711: ?
6624:Kenaboi
6589:Japonic
6554:KraâDai
6515: ?
6506:Kusunda
6412:Elamite
6384:Kassite
6370:Kaskian
6273:Camunic
6245:Iberian
6202:Eurasia
6147:italics
6124:Pidgins
6109:Creoles
6059:Swedish
6027:Chinese
5974:Urarina
5959:Puinave
5913:Itonama
5907:Irantxe
5876:Chimane
5806:Chimuan
5711:Nadahup
5630:Cariban
5610:Aymaran
5571:America
5413:Waikuri
5406:Tonkawa
5399:Timucua
5392:Takelma
5385:Siuslaw
5374:Kutenai
5358:Esselen
5321:Wintuan
5282:Shastan
5253:Na-Dene
5241:Maiduan
5178:Caddoan
5152:America
5106:Wagiman
5104:(incl.
5075:Tangkic
5015:Garawan
4988:Bunuban
4949:Tambora
4916:Maybrat
4884:Abinomn
4807:Teberan
4768:Pauwasi
4758:Mairasi
4726:Kiwaian
4606:Tambora
4592:Shompen
4574:Kusunda
4567:Kenaboi
4553:Elamite
4525:Siangic
4507:Kho-Bwa
4501:Hrusish
4419:KraâDai
4403:Japonic
4312:Eurasia
4287:Sandawe
4270:Bangime
4235:Songhay
4064:Japonic
3746:: e12.
3377:Sources
3275:(p. 11)
3074:: e32.
3040:8612925
2664:(ed.).
2503:, ed.,
2343:18 June
2133:11 July
2120:4289950
1999:11 July
1913:18 June
1714:Xiongnu
1359:Altaic
1324:Japonic
1278:cognate
1133:(2003).
1036:(2010).
686:dialect
628:Origins
593:Hyangga
508:Manchus
504:Jurchen
439:contact
390:Japonic
220:Japonic
180:by some
105:Please
7493:Portal
7205:Altaic
7180:Borean
6881:Mijiic
6874:Digaro
6821:Pontic
6749:Borean
6744:Altaic
6708:Rouran
6701:Turkic
6694:Uralic
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