126:—phases which contain a different crystallographic structure than either manganese or alumunium by itself. Compared to conventional alloys, the increased metallic bonding within the intermetallic phase of AlMn increases its strength and chemical resistance. Each percent of manganese increases its strength by about 42 MPa. Iron and silicon are usually unwanted accompanying elements that cannot be completely removed. Magnesium and copper are more effective in enhancing strength, providing an increase of 70–85 MPa per % of Mg when added to the alloy.
320:
The structure resulting from casting into bars or slabs consists of the main mass, which is an oversaturated mixed crystal, along with areas containing manganese-containing phases that have an average size of about 100 μm. A significant portion of the manganese (approximately 0.7 to 0.9%) remains
82:
Aluminium–manganese alloys are used in applications with low strength requirements and also in chemical and food-related environments due to their corrosion resistance. AlMn is therefore used more commonly as a functional material than a construction material.
339:
In the formed and homogenized state, the material exhibits a very fine structure, and the larger manganese-containing areas observed in the initial casting state are no longer present. These finely dispersed particles also impede
336:, each having a size of less than one micron, are eliminated. These particles contribute to an approximately 25% increase in strength compared to pure aluminium. They exhibit thermal stability and are challenging to dissolve.
321:
dissolved in aluminium because the cooling rates after casting are too rapid for all the manganese to undergo diffusion and precipitate. This is further exacerbated by the very low diffusion speed of manganese in aluminium.
139:
Aluminium and manganese are partially miscible in the solid state, meaning they can mix to some extent in the solid phase. However, their complete solubility in each other is limited, and they tend to form various
344:, further enhancing the material's strength. However, it's important to note that this improvement is relatively modest, as the influence of grain size on the strength of aluminium materials is generally limited.
152:
Mn is 1.3% manganese and 660 °C, while pure aluminium melts at 660.2 °C. Values of 1.8% and 657 °C or 658 °C can also be found in older literature.
1391:
38:(Al); in addition to manganese, which accounts for the largest proportion of about 1% of the alloying elements, but they may also contain small amounts of
833:
741:
332:(rolling, forging), the structure of the material undergoes changes. During this transformation, various phases that were previously present within the
1881:
768:
723:
805:
786:
159:
Mn is formed with a manganese content of at least 4%. However, such high levels are not typically used. Below 510 or 511 °C, Al
1277:
826:
399:
1830:
1734:
1228:
1000:
1208:
1139:
325:
1530:
1876:
819:
393:
738:
99:
1659:
1713:
1708:
1693:
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1678:
1673:
1614:
1609:
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1500:
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1351:
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1267:
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1242:
1237:
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1014:
990:
985:
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975:
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945:
940:
935:
641:
618:
599:
557:
329:
71:
59:
1404:
876:
1845:
1718:
1703:
1698:
1668:
1649:
1644:
1639:
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1629:
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1316:
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1193:
1188:
1169:
1159:
1149:
1134:
1129:
1109:
1074:
1069:
1034:
1024:
1019:
1009:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
866:
580:
534:
511:
178:
Some of the AlMn materials also contain iron (Fe) or silicon (Si) additives. These form the phases Al
387:
333:
123:
55:
1764:
91:
1779:
801:
782:
764:
719:
95:
711:
1850:
1825:
842:
1840:
861:
745:
145:
103:
27:
1815:
167:
111:
107:
1870:
485:
141:
170:
falls rapidly with decreasing temperature and is close to zero at room temperature.
341:
1795:
1774:
1789:
1820:
1810:
1784:
856:
649:
630:
626:
607:
588:
569:
565:
546:
542:
519:
492:
3000 series aluminium alloy nominal composition (% weight) and applications
481:
87:
67:
63:
47:
35:
31:
1855:
1835:
1739:
43:
1800:
1769:
1759:
1749:
1744:
523:
51:
811:
1805:
1754:
39:
815:
529:
Universal, sheet, rigid foil containers, signs, decorative
74:(by heat treatment). They are standard in the 3000 series.
34:(Mn) as the main alloying element. They consist mainly of
781:
16. Edition. Beuth-Verlag, Berlin/ Vienna/ Zurich 2002,
347:
The presence of silicon accelerates the excretion of Al
70:, have low strengths for aluminium alloys, and are not
1727:
1658:
1529:
1390:
1276:
1227:
1178:
999:
875:
849:
241:At temperatures below 630 °C, aluminium, Al
94:used. It is used for apparatus and pipes in the
712:"Applications for Aluminium Alloys and Tempers"
827:
206:. Mixed crystals also occur in the form of Al
8:
174:Phases in AlMn materials with other elements
58:and is processed into sheets or profiles by
716:Introduction to aluminum alloys and tempers
834:
820:
812:
490:
122:Manganese combines with aluminium to form
166:The solubility of manganese in the Mn-Al
374:
800:. Marcel Dekker, New York/ Basel 2003,
666:
792:George E. Totten, D. Scott MacKenzie:
355:Si. If there is enough silicon, the Al
718:. ASM International. pp. 93–94.
7:
90:and is generally referred to as the
54:(Cu). AlMn is almost only used as a
371:Properties and standardised alloys
14:
798:Physical Metallurgy and Processes
761:Application technology aluminium.
334:basic aluminium crystal structure
135:Binary aluminium manganese phases
118:Influences of the alloy elements
739:3102 (AlMn0.2, A93102) Aluminum
307:are formed from the melt and Al
284:are formed from the melt and Al
261:Si are formed from the melt, Al
710:Kaufman, John Gilbert (2000).
1:
480:3000 series are alloyed with
763:3. Edition. Springer, 2014,
230:are formed from the melt, Al
779:Fundamentals and materials.
418:( work hardened, 1/4 hard)
311:FeSi at around 565 °C.
1898:
1882:Aluminium–manganese alloys
691:Totten, MacKenzie, S. 160.
682:Totten, MacKenzie, S. 160.
655:Sheet, high-strength foil
367:Si during homogenization.
359:(Mn,Fe) is converted to Al
324:Through processes such as
148:, between aluminium and Al
66:presses. These alloys are
20:Aluminium–manganese alloys
1831:Aluminium–scandium alloys
552:Universal, beverage cans
295:Aluminium, silicon and Al
292:Si at around 600 °C.
1735:Aluminium–lithium alloys
416:O ( soft annealed) HX2
238:(Mn,Fe) at 648 °C.
86:AlMn is processed into
794:Handbook of Aluminum.
789:, p. 104 f, 122.
759:Friedrich Ostermann:
744:31 March 2017 at the
155:Above 710 °C, Al
1846:Hypereutectic piston
867:History of aluminium
775:Aluminium paperback.
142:intermetallic phases
124:intermetallic phases
110:, roller doors, and
493:
68:corrosion-resistant
16:Type of metal alloy
1765:Aluminium granules
879:1000 series (pure)
771:, p. 100-102.
673:Ostermann, S. 100.
503:Alloying elements
491:
102:, wall coverings,
92:packaging material
1864:
1863:
1792:(aka R.R. alloys)
769:978-3-662-43806-0
725:978-0-87170-689-8
700:Ostermann, Anhang
659:
658:
473:
472:
96:chemical industry
1889:
1877:Aluminium alloys
1851:Aluminium bronze
1826:Nickel aluminide
862:Aluminium alloys
843:Aluminium alloys
836:
829:
822:
813:
748:
736:
730:
729:
707:
701:
698:
692:
689:
683:
680:
674:
671:
494:
375:
218:Aluminium and Al
104:pressure vessels
28:aluminium alloys
1897:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1841:Al-Ca composite
1780:Devarda's alloy
1723:
1654:
1525:
1386:
1272:
1223:
1174:
995:
871:
845:
840:
808:, p. 159f.
756:
754:Further reading
751:
746:Wayback Machine
737:
733:
726:
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394:tensilestrength
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112:heat exchangers
108:roller shutters
80:
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12:
11:
5:
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1816:Magnox (alloy)
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1423:
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1265:
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613:Work-hardened
611:
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168:solid solution
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1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
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1345:
1343:
1342:5154&5254
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1317:5052&5652
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:5005&5657
1285:
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1256:
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1233:
1230:
1226:
1220:
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1210:
1209:3102&3303
1207:
1205:
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1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
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1181:
1177:
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1168:
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1140:2224&2324
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806:0-8247-0494-0
803:
799:
795:
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788:
787:3-87017-274-6
784:
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776:
773:
770:
766:
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600:3103&3303
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486:work hardened
483:
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268:Aluminium, Al
267:
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89:
88:beverage cans
84:
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56:wrought alloy
53:
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45:
41:
37:
33:
30:that contain
29:
25:
21:
1728:Named alloys
1179:
850:Introduction
797:
793:
778:
774:
760:
734:
715:
705:
696:
687:
678:
669:
500:Al contents
479:
467:
461:
455:
449:
435:
429:
423:
417:
403:
378:Composition
346:
342:grain growth
338:
323:
319:
177:
165:
154:
138:
121:
85:
81:
78:Applications
23:
19:
18:
1796:Hydronalium
1775:Birmabright
1660:8000 series
1533:7000 series
1394:6000 series
1280:5000 series
1231:4000 series
1182:3000 series
1003:2000 series
484:and can be
476:3000 series
272:FeSi and Al
98:, for roof
24:AlMn alloys
1871:Categories
1790:Hiduminium
796:Volume 1:
777:Volume 1:
662:References
400:elongation
388:yieldpoint
384:Condition
316:Structures
163:Mn forms.
72:hardenable
1821:MKM steel
1811:Magnalium
1785:Duralumin
857:Aluminium
482:manganese
234:Fe and Al
64:extrusion
50:(Mg), or
48:magnesium
36:aluminium
32:manganese
1856:AlSi10Mg
1392:Al-Mg-Si
742:Archived
410:AlMn1Cu
351:(Mn, Fe)
210:(Mn, Fe)
194:FeSi, Al
146:eutectic
100:cladding
1836:Y alloy
1740:AlBeMet
1662:(misc.)
363:(Mn,Fe)
330:forming
303:(Mn,Fe)
280:(Mn,Fe)
249:(Mn,Fe)
226:(Mn,Fe)
202:(Mn,Fe)
60:rolling
44:silicon
1801:Italma
1770:Alusil
1760:Alumel
1750:Alnico
1745:Alclad
804:
785:
767:
722:
636:Sheet
629:0.55;
497:Alloy
442:AlMn1
404:break
396:(MPa)
390:(MPa)
253:and Al
190:Si, Al
182:Fe, Al
144:. The
130:Phases
52:copper
46:(Si),
42:(Fe),
26:) are
1806:Lo-Ex
1755:AlSiC
1531:Al-Zn
1405:6005A
1278:Al-Mg
1229:Al-Si
1180:Al-Mn
1001:Al-Cu
646:98.8
623:97.8
604:98.8
585:99.8
568:1.0;
562:98.5
545:1.2;
539:97.8
526:0.12
522:1.5;
516:98.6
445:3103
413:3003
381:code
1719:8176
1714:8093
1709:8091
1704:8090
1699:8030
1694:8025
1689:8019
1684:8014
1679:8011
1674:8009
1669:8006
1650:7475
1645:7255
1640:7178
1635:7150
1630:7129
1625:7116
1620:7093
1615:7091
1610:7090
1605:7085
1600:7079
1595:7075
1590:7072
1585:7068
1580:7065
1575:7055
1570:7050
1565:7046
1560:7039
1555:7034
1550:7022
1545:7010
1540:7005
1521:6951
1516:6463
1511:6351
1506:6262
1501:6205
1496:6201
1491:6162
1486:6151
1481:6113
1476:6105
1471:6101
1466:6082
1461:6081
1456:6070
1451:6066
1446:6065
1441:6063
1436:6061
1431:6060
1426:6022
1421:6013
1416:6010
1411:6009
1401:6005
1382:5754
1377:5557
1372:5457
1367:5456
1362:5454
1357:5356
1352:5252
1347:5182
1337:5086
1332:5083
1327:5059
1322:5056
1312:5050
1307:5026
1302:5024
1297:5019
1292:5010
1268:4543
1263:4047
1258:4043
1253:4032
1248:4015
1243:4007
1238:4006
1219:3203
1214:3105
1204:3102
1199:3005
1194:3004
1189:3003
1170:2618
1165:2524
1160:2519
1155:2397
1150:2319
1145:2297
1135:2219
1130:2218
1125:2198
1120:2197
1115:2196
1110:2195
1105:2124
1100:2099
1095:2098
1090:2097
1085:2095
1080:2094
1075:2091
1070:2090
1065:2080
1060:2055
1055:2048
1050:2036
1045:2029
1040:2025
1035:2024
1030:2020
1025:2017
1020:2014
1015:2011
1010:2004
991:1469
986:1464
981:1461
976:1460
971:1450
966:1445
961:1441
956:1440
951:1430
946:1424
941:1421
936:1420
931:1370
926:1350
921:1230
916:1200
911:1199
906:1145
901:1100
896:1070
891:1060
886:1050
802:ISBN
783:ISBN
765:ISBN
720:ISBN
652:1.2
642:3203
633:0.5
619:3105
610:1.2
591:0.2
581:3102
572:0.5
558:3005
535:3004
512:3003
468:11%
466:29%
462:135
460:105
456:115
450:HX2
436:11%
434:29%
430:140
428:110
424:120
328:and
214:Si.
40:iron
454:45
448:Oh
422:50
402:at
265:Fe.
62:or
1873::
877:Al
714:.
650:Mn
631:Mg
627:Mn
608:Mn
589:Mn
570:Mg
566:Mn
549:1
547:Mg
543:Mn
524:Cu
520:Mn
488:.
361:12
349:12
299:Si
297:15
288:Fe
276:Si
274:15
257:Fe
245:Si
243:15
222:Si
220:15
208:12
198:Si
196:15
186:Fe
161:12
114:.
106:,
1407:)
1403:(
835:e
828:t
821:v
728:.
365:3
357:6
353:3
309:5
305:3
301:2
290:2
286:8
282:3
278:2
270:5
263:3
259:2
255:8
251:3
247:2
236:6
232:3
228:3
224:2
212:3
204:3
200:2
192:5
188:2
184:8
180:3
157:4
150:6
22:(
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