180:
76:, and the volume of precipitate-free zones at the grain boundaries of age-hardening aluminium alloys is reduced. Scandium is also a potent grain refiner in cast aluminium alloys, and atom for atom, the most potent strengthener in aluminium, both as a result of grain refinement and precipitation strengthening.
95:
Sc precipitates that give the alloy its strength are coarsening resistant at relatively high temperatures (~350 °C). This is in contrast to typical commercial 2xxx and 6xxx alloys, which quickly lose their strength at temperatures above 250 °C due to rapid coarsening of their strengthening
47:
structure. But Al–Sc alloys contain a much lower volume fraction of precipitates, and the inter-precipitate distance is much smaller than in their nickel-base counterparts. In both cases however, the coarsening resistant precipitates allow the alloys to retain their strength at high temperatures.
129:(Sc,Zr,Er).These shells are dictated by the diffusivity of the alloying element and lower the cost of the alloy due to less Sc being substituted in part by Zr while maintaining stability and less Sc being needed to form the precipitate. These have made
207:
The increased operating temperature of Al-Sc alloys has significant implications for energy efficient applications, particularly in the automotive industry. These alloys can provide a replacement for denser materials such as steel and
212:
that are used in 250–350 °C environments, such as in or near engines. Replacement of these materials with lighter aluminium alloys leads to weight reductions which in turn leads to increased fuel efficiencies.
167:
Since 2013, Apworks GmbH, a spin-off of Airbus, have marketed a high strength
Scandium containing aluminium alloy processed using metal 3D-Printing (Laser Powder Bed Fusion) under the trademark
803:
114:
superlattice structure exclusive to this system. A fine dispersion of nano scale precipitate can be achieved via heat treatment that can also strengthen the alloys through order hardening.
125:
precipitate that has been shown to increase the coarsening resistance of Al-Sc alloys to ~400 °C.. The additions form strengthening precipitates with composition Al
196:
for minor aerospace industry components. These alloys contain between 0.1% and 0.5% (by weight) of scandium. They were used in the
Russian military, specifically the
647:
1431:
873:
87:
precipitate is a coherent precipitate that strengthens the aluminum matrix by applying elastic strain fields that inhibit dislocation movement (i.e.,
117:
Recent developments include the additions of transition metals such as Zr and rare earth metals like Er to produce shells surrounding the spherical
215:
Some items of sports equipment, which rely on lightweight high-performance materials, have been made with scandium-aluminium alloys, including
771:
732:
631:
722:
669:
Bjerklie, Steve (2006). "A batty business: Anodized metal bats have revolutionized baseball. But are finishers losing the sweet spot?".
761:
696:
333:
Marquis, Emmanuelle (2002). "Precipitation strengthening at ambient and elevated temperatures of heat-treatable Al(Sc) alloys".
1317:
1219:
866:
1774:
1268:
193:
1040:
238:
produces semi-automatic pistols and revolvers with frames of scandium alloy and cylinders of titanium or carbon steel.
512:
415:
Knipling, Keith E.; Karnesky, Richard A.; Lee, Constance P.; Dunand, David C.; Seidman, David N. (1 September 2010).
39:. In principle, aluminium alloys strengthened with additions of scandium are very similar to traditional nickel-base
1248:
1179:
1570:
589:"A Novel Low-Density, High-Hardness, High-entropy Alloy with Close-packed Single-phase Nanocrystalline Structures"
1916:
859:
540:"Mechanical properties and optimization of the aging of a dilute Al-Sc-Er-Zr-Si alloy with a high Zr/Sc ratio"
197:
184:
1699:
1753:
1748:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1654:
1649:
1560:
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1540:
1535:
1525:
1520:
1510:
1500:
1495:
1485:
1465:
1416:
1411:
1391:
1361:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1307:
1302:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1258:
1253:
1238:
1204:
1194:
1184:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1069:
1054:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
1444:
916:
417:"Precipitation evolution in Al–0.1Sc, Al–0.1Zr and Al–0.1Sc–0.1Zr (at.%) alloys during isochronal aging"
224:
1885:
1758:
1743:
1738:
1708:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
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1584:
1579:
1555:
1545:
1530:
1515:
1505:
1490:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1440:
1421:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1356:
1326:
1297:
1243:
1233:
1228:
1209:
1199:
1189:
1174:
1169:
1149:
1114:
1109:
1074:
1064:
1059:
1049:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
906:
832:
Shevchenko, M. O.; Kudin, V. G.; Berezutskii, V. V.; Ivanov, M. I.; Sudavtsova, V. S. (2014-07-01). "
587:
Youssef, Khaled M.; Zaddach, Alexander J.; Niu, Changning; Irving, Douglas L.; Koch, Carl C. (2015).
551:
475:
463:
428:
416:
342:
299:
88:
1804:
397:
315:
61:
1819:
168:
621:
256:
Vo, Nhon (2016). "Role of silicon in the precipitation kinetics of dilute Al-Sc-Er-Zr alloys".
43:
in that both are strengthened by coherent, coarsening resistant precipitates with an ordered L1
833:
767:
738:
728:
627:
569:
491:
444:
389:
235:
100:
Sc precipitates also increase the alloy yield strength by 50–70 MPa (7.3–10.2 ksi).
36:
777:
369:
137:
somewhat competitive with titanium alloys along with a wide array of applications. The alloy
1890:
1865:
882:
845:
826:
678:
600:
559:
483:
436:
381:
350:
307:
265:
1880:
901:
228:
73:
24:
814:
648:"APWORKS' Scalmalloy metal additive manufacturing material approved for use in Formula 1"
555:
479:
432:
346:
303:
1855:
201:
161:
682:
354:
290:
Ahmad, Zaki (2003). "The properties and application of scandium-reinforced aluminum".
164:, which are similar in lightness and strength, are cheaper and much more widely used.
1910:
220:
370:"Criteria for developing castable, creep-resistant aluminum-based alloys – A review"
462:
Booth-Morrison, Christopher; Dunand, David C.; Seidman, David N. (1 October 2011).
401:
319:
216:
564:
539:
487:
440:
160:
is as strong as titanium, light as aluminium, and hard as some ceramics. However,
64:
of welded aluminium components. This has two beneficial effects: the precipitated
605:
588:
464:"Coarsening resistance at 400°C of precipitation-strengthened Al–Zr–Sc–Er alloys"
1835:
1814:
179:
269:
91:). An added benefit of scandium additions to aluminium is that the nanoscale Al
1829:
311:
40:
802:
Dorin, Thomas; Ramajayam, Mahendra; Vahid, Alireza; Langan, Timothy (2018), "
573:
495:
448:
393:
1860:
1850:
1824:
896:
28:
516:
1895:
538:
De Luca, Anthony; Dunand, David C.; Seidman, David N. (15 October 2016).
209:
57:
32:
368:
Knipling, Keith E.; Dunand, David C.; Seidman, David N. (1 March 2006).
1875:
1779:
385:
1840:
1809:
1799:
1789:
1784:
851:
1845:
1794:
178:
620:
Schwarz, James A.; Contescu, Cristian I.; Putyera, Karol (2004).
855:
192:
The main application of metallic scandium by weight is in
623:
Dekker encyclopédia of nanoscience and nanotechnology
1767:
1698:
1569:
1430:
1316:
1267:
1218:
1039:
915:
889:
171:which claims very high strength & ductility.
697:"Easton Technology Report: Materials / Scandium"
867:
8:
285:
283:
281:
279:
234:The American firearm manufacturing company
874:
860:
852:
848::10.1007/s11106-014-9610-6. ISSN 1573-9066
763:The Gun Digest Book of Smith & Wesson
604:
563:
834:Thermodynamic Properties of Al–Sc Alloys
829::10.1179/174328005X14311. ISSN 0950-6608
626:. Vol. 3. CRC Press. p. 2274.
507:
505:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
132:
120:
105:
82:
67:
60:to aluminium limits grain growth in the
248:
727:. Krause Publications. pp. 207–.
760:Sweeney, Patrick (13 December 2004).
72:forms smaller crystals than in other
7:
838:Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics
813:Røyset, J.; Ryum, N. (2005-02-01). "
808:Fundamentals of Aluminium Metallurgy
258:Materials Science and Engineering: A
766:. Gun Digest Books. pp. 34–.
14:
721:James, Frank (15 December 2004).
819:International Materials Reviews
515:. NanoAl. 2016. Archived from
96:precipitates. The effect of Al
1:
683:10.1016/S0026-0576(06)80099-1
565:10.1016/j.actamat.2016.08.018
488:10.1016/j.actamat.2011.07.057
441:10.1016/j.actamat.2010.05.054
355:10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00201-X
815:Scandium in aluminium alloys
606:10.1080/21663831.2014.985855
513:"Heat Resistant Superalloys"
231:are also made with scandium.
374:Zeitschrift für Metallkunde
1933:
593:Materials Research Letters
270:10.1016/j.msea.2016.09.065
187:are made from Al-Sc alloy.
1871:Aluminium–scandium alloys
804:Aluminium Scandium Alloys
724:Effective handgun defense
312:10.1007/s11837-003-0224-6
194:aluminium–scandium alloys
17:Aluminium–scandium alloys
1775:Aluminium–lithium alloys
27:that consist largely of
810:, Elsevier, pp. 439–494
198:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21
188:
182:
110:has an equilibrium L1
1886:Hypereutectic piston
907:History of aluminium
556:2016AcMat.119...35D
519:on 12 November 2016
480:2011AcMat..59.7029B
433:2010AcMat..58.5184K
347:2002AcMat..50.4021S
304:2003JOM....55b..35A
89:plastic deformation
31:(Al) and traces of
1805:Aluminium granules
919:1000 series (pure)
650:. TCT. 2 July 2020
386:10.3139/146.101249
236:Smith & Wesson
189:
62:heat-affected zone
1904:
1903:
1832:(aka R.R. alloys)
773:978-0-87349-792-3
734:978-0-87349-899-9
633:978-0-8247-5049-7
474:(18): 7029–7042.
427:(15): 5184–5195.
219:, tent poles and
37:alloying elements
35:(Sc) as the main
1924:
1917:Aluminium alloys
1891:Aluminium bronze
1866:Nickel aluminide
902:Aluminium alloys
883:Aluminium alloys
876:
869:
862:
853:
790:
789:
787:
785:
776:. Archived from
757:
751:
750:
748:
746:
737:. Archived from
718:
712:
711:
709:
707:
702:. EastonBike.com
701:
693:
687:
686:
666:
660:
659:
657:
655:
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611:
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608:
584:
578:
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567:
535:
529:
528:
526:
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509:
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459:
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452:
412:
406:
405:
365:
359:
358:
330:
324:
323:
287:
274:
273:
253:
159:
136:
124:
109:
86:
74:aluminium alloys
71:
56:The addition of
1932:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1881:Al-Ca composite
1820:Devarda's alloy
1763:
1694:
1565:
1426:
1312:
1263:
1214:
1035:
911:
885:
880:
799:
797:Further reading
794:
793:
783:
781:
780:on 21 June 2013
774:
759:
758:
754:
744:
742:
741:on 20 June 2013
735:
720:
719:
715:
705:
703:
699:
695:
694:
690:
671:Metal Finishing
668:
667:
663:
653:
651:
646:
645:
641:
634:
619:
618:
614:
586:
585:
581:
544:Acta Materialia
537:
536:
532:
522:
520:
511:
510:
503:
468:Acta Materialia
461:
460:
456:
421:Acta Materialia
414:
413:
409:
367:
366:
362:
335:Acta Materialia
332:
331:
327:
289:
288:
277:
255:
254:
250:
245:
229:Lacrosse sticks
177:
162:titanium alloys
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
128:
122:
118:
113:
107:
103:
99:
94:
84:
80:
69:
65:
54:
46:
25:aluminum alloys
12:
11:
5:
1930:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1856:Magnox (alloy)
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1771:
1769:
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1756:
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1736:
1731:
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1721:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1696:
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1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
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1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
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1582:
1576:
1574:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1437:
1435:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
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1329:
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1321:
1314:
1313:
1311:
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1305:
1300:
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1187:
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1152:
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1142:
1137:
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1117:
1112:
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1102:
1097:
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1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1046:
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1037:
1036:
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1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
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993:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
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958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
922:
920:
913:
912:
910:
909:
904:
899:
893:
891:
887:
886:
881:
879:
878:
871:
864:
856:
850:
849:
844:(3): 243–249.
830:
811:
798:
795:
792:
791:
772:
752:
733:
713:
688:
661:
639:
632:
612:
579:
530:
501:
454:
407:
380:(3): 246–265.
360:
325:
275:
247:
246:
244:
241:
240:
239:
232:
221:bicycle frames
213:
205:
176:
173:
126:
111:
97:
92:
53:
50:
44:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1918:
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1914:
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1897:
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1534:
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1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
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1517:
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1507:
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1502:
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1462:
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1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1382:5154&5254
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1357:5052&5652
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1327:5005&5657
1325:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
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1286:
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1281:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:3102&3303
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1180:2224&2324
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
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1086:
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1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
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1068:
1066:
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1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
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26:
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18:
1870:
1768:Named alloys
890:Introduction
841:
837:
825:(1): 19–44.
822:
818:
807:
782:. Retrieved
778:the original
762:
755:
743:. Retrieved
739:the original
723:
716:
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691:
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642:
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517:the original
471:
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341:(16): 4021.
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261:
257:
251:
175:Applications
166:
116:
102:
78:
55:
20:
16:
15:
1836:Hydronalium
1815:Birmabright
1700:8000 series
1573:7000 series
1434:6000 series
1320:5000 series
1271:4000 series
1222:3000 series
1043:2000 series
523:11 November
264:(20): 485.
52:Composition
41:superalloys
1830:Hiduminium
654:11 October
243:References
225:components
169:Scalmalloy
1861:MKM steel
1851:Magnalium
1825:Duralumin
897:Aluminium
677:(4): 61.
574:1359-6454
550:: 35–42.
496:1359-6454
449:1359-6454
394:0044-3093
298:(2): 35.
29:aluminium
1911:Category
1896:AlSi10Mg
1432:Al-Mg-Si
210:titanium
58:scandium
33:scandium
1876:Y alloy
1780:AlBeMet
1702:(misc.)
706:3 April
552:Bibcode
476:Bibcode
429:Bibcode
402:4681149
343:Bibcode
320:8956425
300:Bibcode
1841:Italma
1810:Alusil
1800:Alumel
1790:Alnico
1785:Alclad
784:8 June
770:
745:8 June
731:
630:
572:
494:
447:
400:
392:
318:
202:MiG-29
185:MiG-29
23:) are
1846:Lo-Ex
1795:AlSiC
1571:Al-Zn
1445:6005A
1318:Al-Mg
1269:Al-Si
1220:Al-Mn
1041:Al-Cu
700:(PDF)
398:S2CID
316:S2CID
1759:8176
1754:8093
1749:8091
1744:8090
1739:8030
1734:8025
1729:8019
1724:8014
1719:8011
1714:8009
1709:8006
1690:7475
1685:7255
1680:7178
1675:7150
1670:7129
1665:7116
1660:7093
1655:7091
1650:7090
1645:7085
1640:7079
1635:7075
1630:7072
1625:7068
1620:7065
1615:7055
1610:7050
1605:7046
1600:7039
1595:7034
1590:7022
1585:7010
1580:7005
1561:6951
1556:6463
1551:6351
1546:6262
1541:6205
1536:6201
1531:6162
1526:6151
1521:6113
1516:6105
1511:6101
1506:6082
1501:6081
1496:6070
1491:6066
1486:6065
1481:6063
1476:6061
1471:6060
1466:6022
1461:6013
1456:6010
1451:6009
1441:6005
1422:5754
1417:5557
1412:5457
1407:5456
1402:5454
1397:5356
1392:5252
1387:5182
1377:5086
1372:5083
1367:5059
1362:5056
1352:5050
1347:5026
1342:5024
1337:5019
1332:5010
1308:4543
1303:4047
1298:4043
1293:4032
1288:4015
1283:4007
1278:4006
1259:3203
1254:3105
1244:3102
1239:3005
1234:3004
1229:3003
1210:2618
1205:2524
1200:2519
1195:2397
1190:2319
1185:2297
1175:2219
1170:2218
1165:2198
1160:2197
1155:2196
1150:2195
1145:2124
1140:2099
1135:2098
1130:2097
1125:2095
1120:2094
1115:2091
1110:2090
1105:2080
1100:2055
1095:2048
1090:2036
1085:2029
1080:2025
1075:2024
1070:2020
1065:2017
1060:2014
1055:2011
1050:2004
1031:1469
1026:1464
1021:1461
1016:1460
1011:1450
1006:1445
1001:1441
996:1440
991:1430
986:1424
981:1421
976:1420
971:1370
966:1350
961:1230
956:1200
951:1199
946:1145
941:1100
936:1070
931:1060
926:1050
786:2011
768:ISBN
747:2011
729:ISBN
708:2009
656:2023
628:ISBN
570:ISSN
525:2016
492:ISSN
445:ISSN
390:ISSN
223:and
200:and
79:The
21:AlSc
846:doi
836:".
827:doi
817:".
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679:doi
675:104
601:doi
560:doi
548:119
484:doi
437:doi
382:doi
351:doi
308:doi
292:JOM
266:doi
262:677
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157:30
155:Ti
153:20
151:Sc
149:10
147:Mg
145:20
143:Li
141:20
139:Al
135:Sc
131:Al
123:Sc
119:Al
108:Sc
104:Al
85:Sc
81:Al
70:Sc
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