141:
2073:
2097:
38:
2109:
2085:
152:
In most situations, the alula is held flush against the wing; however, it can be manipulated. When flying at slow speeds or landing, the bird moves its alula slightly upwards and forward, which creates a small slot on the wing's leading edge. This functions in the same way as the
350:
Sanz, J. L.; Chiappe, L. M.; Pérez-Moreno, B. P.; Buscalioni, A. D.; Moratalla, J. J.; Ortega, F.; Poyato-Ariza, F. J. (1996-08-01), "An Early
Cretaceous bird from Spain and its implications for the evolution of avian flight",
173:, that forces the airflow over the wing to better bind to it. During stretching of the wing down toward the ground, the alula is abducted from the wing and can be clearly viewed.
985:
176:
In falcons, the alula is more prominent, and provides a degree of control when the wing is cupped or tucked in a dive/stoop. The alulae are particularly notable in
446:
980:
341:
524:
132:
found on the wing's trailing edge, these alula feathers are asymmetrical, with the shaft running closer to anterior edge.
116:, meaning "wing". The alula is the freely moving first digit, a bird's "thumb", and typically bears three to five small
2113:
970:
752:
439:
667:
657:
216:
389:
Zhang, Fucheng; Zhou, Zhonghe (8 December 2000), "A Primitive
Enantiornithine Bird and the Origin of Feathers",
993:
975:
998:
432:
965:
777:
727:
31:
2140:
802:
1430:
398:
362:
960:
852:
792:
737:
517:
2096:
157:
on the leading edge of the wing of an aircraft, allowing the wing to achieve a higher than normal
1743:
807:
767:
732:
378:
281:
154:
101:
2089:
2135:
1869:
1816:
1766:
909:
899:
842:
642:
637:
486:
414:
337:
247:
198:
1735:
877:
549:
406:
370:
353:
177:
170:
51:
280:
Laboratory of
Behavioral Ecology and Evolution at Seoul National University (5 June 2015).
140:
1967:
1795:
1265:
787:
772:
710:
609:
537:
237:
158:
402:
366:
2077:
2007:
1959:
1893:
1832:
1787:
1774:
1648:
1611:
1462:
1236:
1073:
827:
822:
817:
797:
782:
677:
672:
652:
647:
629:
577:
510:
481:
471:
203:
166:
129:
125:
117:
2129:
2015:
1999:
1922:
1914:
1748:
1546:
1396:
1283:
1241:
1041:
1033:
955:
919:
837:
761:
330:
2101:
1845:
1690:
1506:
1344:
1292:
1164:
1125:
894:
882:
872:
862:
559:
382:
162:
410:
1906:
1753:
1559:
1538:
1527:
1492:
1359:
1349:
1307:
1198:
1065:
867:
692:
687:
619:
604:
572:
491:
242:
2023:
1885:
1824:
1803:
1635:
1619:
1554:
1499:
1471:
1403:
1368:
1246:
1094:
929:
904:
662:
211:
207:
193:
145:
109:
1983:
1938:
1727:
1520:
1437:
1421:
1410:
1320:
1256:
1215:
914:
715:
702:
682:
582:
328:
Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David S.; Wheye, Darryl; Pimms, Stuart L. (1994),
418:
1951:
1681:
1656:
1602:
1513:
1485:
1375:
1339:
1331:
1313:
1208:
1193:
1177:
924:
887:
720:
476:
89:
30:
This article is about the anatomy of a bird's wing. For other uses, see
1861:
1714:
1593:
1478:
1444:
1382:
1203:
1057:
1049:
742:
614:
599:
589:
455:
225:
221:
189:
121:
502:
17:
1991:
1930:
1706:
1698:
1627:
1567:
1451:
1389:
1272:
939:
934:
812:
374:
1877:
1664:
1227:
105:
424:
301:
169:. The tip of the alula forms a tiny vortex, acting similar to a
1853:
1220:
1183:
1153:
567:
533:
97:
93:
37:
1017:
506:
428:
1975:
832:
594:
282:"Small vortex on the wing makes the elegance of birds' flight"
188:
The presence of an alula has been confirmed in several now-
72:
224:
are not closely related to modern birds, either the alula
66:
63:
57:
267:
228:
twice, or it did so more than 130 million years ago.
69:
60:
1950:
1905:
1844:
1815:
1786:
1765:
1726:
1689:
1680:
1647:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1537:
1461:
1420:
1358:
1330:
1306:
1282:
1255:
1176:
1163:
1124:
1093:
1032:
948:
851:
751:
701:
628:
558:
54:
329:
250:, the man-made equivalent on fixed-wing aircraft
128:overlying the flight feathers. Like the larger
518:
440:
8:
1686:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1327:
1173:
1160:
1121:
1117:
1090:
1029:
1025:
1014:
1010:
525:
511:
503:
447:
433:
425:
312:
120:, with the exact number depending on the
139:
36:
260:
27:Small projections on the wings of birds
41:Location of the alula on a bird's wing
7:
2084:
148:landing, showing the alula in action
2108:
25:
986:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
2107:
2095:
2083:
2072:
2071:
1962:(New World vultures and condors)
50:
108:and means "winglet"; it is the
88:) is a small projection on the
1:
411:10.1126/science.290.5498.1955
2026:(woodpeckers and relatives)
336:, Oxford University Press,
2157:
1888:(cormorants and relatives)
981:Extinct species since 1500
332:The Birdwatcher's Handbook
29:
2067:
2018:(kingfishers and rollers)
1872:(albatrosses and petrels)
1756:(swifts and hummingbirds)
1738:(nightjars and relatives)
1588:
1562:(pheasants and relatives)
1120:
1089:
1028:
1024:
1013:
1009:
545:
462:
217:Protopteryx fengningensis
165:– without resulting in a
1917:(seriemas and relatives)
1896:(pelicans and relatives)
2010:(hornbills and hoopoes)
1925:(falcons and relatives)
124:. There also are minor
1994:(trogons and quetzals)
1806:(cranes and relatives)
1076:(emus and cassowaries)
966:Glossary of bird terms
778:Confuciusornithiformes
149:
42:
32:Alula (disambiguation)
1835:(kagu and sunbittern)
1798:(gulls and relatives)
803:Songlingornithiformes
768:Omnivoropterygiformes
313:Zhang & Zhou 2000
238:Alular digit homology
192:ancient relatives of
143:
40:
1657:Phoenicopteriformes
1628:Mesitornithiformes
1622:(doves and pigeons)
956:Families and orders
818:Ichthyornithiformes
793:Patagopterygiformes
403:2000Sci...290.1955Z
397:(5498): 1955–1959,
367:1996Natur.382..442S
268:Ehrlich et al. 1994
102:non-avian dinosaurs
1970:(eagles and hawks)
1870:Procellariiformes
1775:Opisthocomiformes
1744:Steatornithiformes
971:List by population
808:Hongshanornithidae
733:Evolution of birds
214:) and the earlier
150:
43:
2123:
2122:
2063:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
1856:(loons or divers)
1825:Phaethontiformes
1817:Phaethontimorphae
1767:Opisthocomiformes
1736:Caprimulgiformes
1676:
1675:
1665:Podicipediformes
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1302:
1301:
1085:
1084:
1042:Struthioniformes
910:Waterfowl hunting
843:Gastornithiformes
838:Aepyornithiformes
828:Lithornithiformes
500:
499:
361:(6590): 442–445,
248:Leading edge slot
199:Eoalulavis hoyasi
178:peregrine falcons
16:(Redirected from
2148:
2111:
2110:
2099:
2087:
2086:
2075:
2074:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2003:
2000:Leptosomiformes
1995:
1987:
1979:
1971:
1968:Accipitriformes
1963:
1942:
1941:(perching birds)
1934:
1926:
1918:
1897:
1889:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1862:Sphenisciformes
1857:
1836:
1828:
1807:
1799:
1796:Charadriiformes
1778:
1757:
1739:
1718:
1710:
1707:Musophagiformes
1702:
1687:
1668:
1660:
1639:
1631:
1623:
1608:
1599:
1590:
1563:
1550:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1230:
1223:
1187:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1122:
1118:
1091:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1030:
1026:
1015:
1011:
878:Bird collections
833:Dinornithiformes
738:Darwin's finches
728:Origin of flight
668:Seabird breeding
658:Sexual selection
527:
520:
513:
504:
449:
442:
435:
426:
421:
385:
375:10.1038/382442a0
346:
335:
315:
310:
304:
302:Sanz et al. 1996
299:
293:
292:
290:
288:
277:
271:
265:
184:In ancient birds
171:vortex generator
79:
78:
75:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
59:
56:
21:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2031:
2025:
2017:
2009:
2008:Bucerotiformes
2002:(cuckoo-roller)
2001:
1993:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1960:Cathartiformes
1946:
1940:
1932:
1931:Psittaciformes
1924:
1916:
1901:
1895:
1894:Pelecaniformes
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1840:
1834:
1833:Eurypygiformes
1826:
1811:
1805:
1797:
1782:
1776:
1761:
1755:
1737:
1722:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1672:
1666:
1658:
1643:
1637:
1636:Pterocliformes
1629:
1621:
1572:
1561:
1548:
1533:
1457:
1416:
1354:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1310:
1298:
1278:
1251:
1228:
1221:
1181:
1180:
1168:
1167:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1081:
1075:
1074:Casuariiformes
1067:
1066:Apterygiformes
1059:
1051:
1043:
1020:
1005:
976:Lists by region
944:
854:
847:
788:Chaoyangiformes
773:Jeholornithidae
747:
711:Origin of birds
697:
678:Brood parasites
624:
554:
541:
531:
501:
496:
482:flight feathers
458:
453:
388:
349:
344:
327:
324:
319:
318:
311:
307:
300:
296:
286:
284:
279:
278:
274:
266:
262:
257:
234:
204:enantiornithine
186:
159:angle of attack
138:
130:flight feathers
126:covert feathers
118:flight feathers
104:. The word is
53:
49:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2154:
2152:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2128:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2016:Coraciiformes
2013:
2005:
1997:
1992:Trogoniformes
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1956:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:Passeriformes
1936:
1928:
1923:Falconiformes
1920:
1915:Cariamiformes
1911:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1883:
1878:Ciconiiformes
1875:
1867:
1859:
1850:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1830:
1821:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1792:
1790:
1788:Cursorimorphae
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1771:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1732:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1695:
1693:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1670:
1662:
1653:
1651:
1649:Mirandornithes
1645:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1625:
1620:Columbiformes
1616:
1614:
1612:Columbimorphae
1605:
1596:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1557:
1552:
1547:Meleagridinae
1543:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1467:
1465:
1463:Odontophoridae
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1364:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1336:
1334:
1325:
1304:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1288:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1269:
1261:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1242:Stictonettinae
1239:
1237:Dendrocygninae
1234:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1190:
1188:
1171:
1158:
1115:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1063:
1055:
1047:
1038:
1036:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1001:
996:
990:Notable birds
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
952:
950:
946:
945:
943:
942:
940:Egg collecting
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
891:
890:
880:
875:
870:
865:
859:
857:
849:
848:
846:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
823:Hesperornithes
820:
815:
810:
805:
800:
798:Ambiortiformes
795:
790:
785:
783:Enantiornithes
780:
775:
770:
765:
757:
755:
749:
748:
746:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
724:
723:
718:
707:
705:
699:
698:
696:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
634:
632:
626:
625:
623:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
586:
585:
575:
570:
564:
562:
556:
555:
553:
552:
546:
543:
542:
532:
530:
529:
522:
515:
507:
498:
497:
495:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
463:
460:
459:
456:Feather tracts
454:
452:
451:
444:
437:
429:
423:
422:
386:
347:
342:
323:
320:
317:
316:
305:
294:
272:
259:
258:
256:
253:
252:
251:
245:
240:
233:
230:
220:. Since these
185:
182:
137:
134:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2153:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2116:
2115:
2106:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2006:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1976:Strigiformes
1974:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1876:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1827:(tropicbirds)
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1749:Podargiformes
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1711:
1705:
1703:
1699:Cuculiformes
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1632:
1626:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1397:Macrocephalon
1394:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1284:Anseranatidae
1281:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
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1058:Tinamiformes
1056:
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1034:Palaeognathae
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920:Pigeon racing
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2141:Bird anatomy
2112:
2100:
2088:
2076:
1986:(mousebirds)
1984:Coliiformes
1854:Gaviiformes
1846:Aequornithes
1754:Apodiformes
1715:Otidiformes
1691:Otidimorphae
1638:(sandgrouse)
1560:Phasianinae
1526:
1519:
1512:
1507:Odontophorus
1505:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1450:
1443:
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1429:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1345:Oreophasinae
1291:
1271:
1264:
1169:(waterfowls)
1165:Anseriformes
915:Cockfighting
900:Conservation
895:Bird feeding
883:Birdwatching
873:Ornithomancy
813:Gansuiformes
760:
753:Fossil birds
643:Intelligence
466:
394:
390:
358:
352:
331:
308:
297:
285:. Retrieved
275:
263:
215:
197:
196:, including
194:modern birds
187:
175:
151:
113:
92:edge of the
85:
82:bastard wing
81:
46:
44:
2114:WikiProject
2024:Piciformes
1907:Australaves
1886:Suliformes
1804:Gruiformes
1659:(flamingos)
1568:Tetraoninae
1539:Phasianidae
1528:Rhynchortyx
1493:Dactylortyx
1360:Megapodidae
1350:Penelopinae
1308:Galliformes
1050:Rheiformes
1044:(ostriches)
994:individuals
868:Ornithology
855:interaction
610:Preen gland
492:supercilium
243:Bird flight
161:– and thus
2130:Categories
1864:(penguins)
1717:(bustards)
1555:Perdicinae
1500:Dendrortyx
1472:Callipepla
1404:Megapodius
1369:Aepypodius
1247:Tadorninae
1229:true geese
1060:(tinamous)
1019:Neornithes
930:Pheasantry
905:Aviculture
673:Incubation
663:Lek mating
322:References
208:Cretaceous
146:bald eagle
110:diminutive
100:and a few
96:of modern
84:, (plural
1933:(parrots)
1777:(hoatzin)
1728:Strisores
1709:(turacos)
1701:(cuckoos)
1630:(mesites)
1549:(turkeys)
1521:Philortyx
1438:Agelastes
1431:Acryllium
1422:Numididae
1411:Talegalla
1321:gamebirds
1314:landfowls
1293:Anseranas
1257:Anhimidae
1216:Anserinae
999:fictional
721:dinosaurs
716:Theropoda
703:Evolution
648:Migration
630:Behaviour
255:Citations
2136:Feathers
2078:Category
1952:Afroaves
1880:(storks)
1682:Passerea
1667:(grebes)
1603:Columbea
1514:Oreortyx
1486:Cyrtonyx
1376:Alectura
1340:Cracinae
1332:Cracidae
1209:Oxyurini
1199:Aythyini
1194:Anatinae
1178:Anatidae
925:Falconry
888:big year
743:Seabirds
653:Foraging
600:Feathers
487:speculum
477:eye-ring
419:11110660
232:See also
136:Function
90:anterior
2090:Commons
1594:Neoaves
1479:Colinus
1445:Guttera
1383:Eulipoa
1204:Mergini
1068:(kiwis)
1052:(rheas)
863:Ringing
688:Hybrids
683:Nesting
638:Singing
615:Plumage
590:Dactyly
560:Anatomy
550:Outline
540:: Aves)
472:coverts
399:Bibcode
391:Science
383:4284528
363:Bibcode
226:evolved
222:species
190:extinct
122:species
2102:Portal
1978:(owls)
1452:Numida
1390:Leipoa
1273:Chauna
1266:Anhima
961:Genera
935:Imping
853:Human
693:Colony
620:Vision
605:Flight
417:
381:
354:Nature
340:
287:5 June
210:, 115
144:Adult
86:alulae
18:Alular
1222:swans
1184:ducks
1154:fowls
949:Lists
573:Brain
538:class
534:Birds
467:alula
379:S2CID
167:stall
155:slats
106:Latin
98:birds
80:, or
47:alula
595:Eggs
583:milk
578:Crop
568:Beak
415:PMID
338:ISBN
289:2015
202:(an
163:lift
94:wing
45:The
407:doi
395:290
371:doi
359:382
212:mya
114:ala
112:of
2132::
413:,
405:,
393:,
377:,
369:,
357:,
180:.
1323:)
1316:-
1312:(
1186:)
1182:(
1156:)
1152:(
1148:e
1146:a
1144:r
1142:e
1140:s
1138:n
1136:a
1134:o
1132:l
1130:l
1128:a
1126:G
1113:e
1111:a
1109:h
1107:t
1105:a
1103:n
1101:g
1099:o
1097:e
1095:N
536:(
526:e
519:t
512:v
448:e
441:t
434:v
409::
401::
373::
365::
291:.
76:/
73:ə
70:l
67:ʊ
64:j
61:l
58:æ
55:ˈ
52:/
34:.
20:)
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