768:
The article includes the following definition for beacons licensed in the
Amateur Radio service: "A station in the Amateur Service or Amateur Satellite Service that autonomously transmits in a fixed format, which may include repeated data or information, for the study of propagation, determination of
313:
Brian Justin, WA1ZMS, of Forest, Virginia, applied for an experimental license to operate a propagation beacon on 4m with the FCC in
January 2010. It was approved, and at 1200 UTC on Monday, May 3, 2010, the beacon went operational under the callsign WE9XFT. The beacon sits on Apple Orchard Mountain
321:
On 70.005 MHz, WE9XFT is transmitting 3 kW ERP to Europe. At the same location, Justin runs a 144 MHz remote-controlled transmitter, WA1ZMS. It is GPS locked and uses two 5-element stacked Yagis beaming at 60 degrees with a 500 W transmitter running at 7 kW ERP. Both signals are
696:
The
Synchronized Beacon Project (SBP) is an effort to deploy coordinated beacon transmitters on 50 MHz using a one-minute transmitting sequence of PI4, CW, and unmodulated carrier. Since modern beacon transmitters are multi-mode and frequency-agile, beacons that normally transmit on other
687:
software suite. The loosely coordinated beacon transmitters and receivers, collectively known as the WSPRnet, report the real-time propagation characteristics of a number of frequency bands and geographical locations via the
Internet. The WSPRnet website provides detailed propagation report
697:
time-multiplexed modes such as WSPR can take part in the SBP when not transmitting in their primary mode. Beacons alternating between frequencies on the same band should sign CALL/S when transmitting on the SBP frequency to ensure unique entries in band-specific propagation report databases.
317:
Justin told the ARRL that he had no plans to introduce the 4-meter band to the United States, despite the fact that numerous
European governments allow amateurs rights on the band. He said, "This beacon is solely for radio scientific usage as an E-skip detecting device"
573:
Most radio propagation beacons are operated by individual radio amateurs or amateur radio societies and clubs. As a result, there are frequent additions and deletions to the lists of beacons. There are, however a few major projects coordinated by organizations like the
314:(4200 feet above sea level), a mountain along the Blueridge Parkway in Maidenhead grid square FM07fm, near Bedford, Virginia. Because there is no amateur band on 70 MHz in the United States, the beacon runs 24 hours a day under a non-amateur experimental license.
305:. The band shares many propagation characteristics with 6 meters. The preferred location for beacons is 70.000–70.090 MHz; however, in countries where this segment is not allocated to Amateur Radio, beacons may operate elsewhere in the band.
675:, transmits continuously on a number of low-band and mid-band VHF frequencies – 40050, 50050, 60050 and 70050 kHz – as well as 28215 kHz in the 10-meter amateur band.
336:
openings. It is not uncommon for VHF and UHF beacons to use directional antennas. Frequencies set aside for beacons on VHF and UHF bands vary widely in different ITU regions and countries.
271:
Due to unpredictable and intermittent long-distance propagation, usually achieved by a combination of ionospheric conditions, beacons are very important in providing early warning for
643:
bulletins. Transmissions are in Morse code for aural reception, RTTY and PSK31. DK0WCY operates also a limited service beacon on 3579 kHz at 0720–0900 and 1600–1900 local time.
639:). These beacons are DRA5 on 5195 kHz and DK0WCY on 10144 kHz. In addition to identification and location, every 10 minutes, these beacons transmit solar and
1554:
1671:
1648:
1610:
1584:
1558:
1519:
1485:
1453:
1421:
1387:
1338:
1278:
1233:
842:
806:
763:
923:
298:
161:
655:
operates a radio propagation beacon GB3ORK on 5290 kHz, transmitting every 15 minutes commencing at 2 minutes past the hour. It is located in the
879:
615:
propagation beacons worldwide, which transmit in turns on 14.100 MHz, 18.110 MHz, 21.150 MHz, 24.930 MHz, and 28.200 MHz.
1217:
595:
1688:
79:
470:
In addition to identifying propagation, microwave beacons are also used as signal sources to test and calibrate antennas and receivers.
200:
ionospheric propagation. According to IARU bandplans, the following 28 MHz frequencies are allocated to radio propagation beacons:
660:
636:
275:(50 MHz) openings. Beacons traditionally operate in the lower part of the band, in the range 50.000 MHz to 50.080 MHz.
84:
594:
1094:
608:
575:
283:
78:
70:
1494:
1256:
1209:
1119:
672:
652:
104:
and location). Some of them send long dashes to facilitate signal strength measurement. A small number of beacons transmit
1297:
970:"Rapid and Accurate Measurement of Polarization and Fading of Weak VHF Signals Obliquely Reflected From Sporadic-E Layers"
684:
1178:
624:
587:
1058:
927:
593:
77:
1148:
66:
frequencies. Microwave beacons are also used as signal sources to test and calibrate antennas and receivers.
1396:
1698:
286:(FCC) only permits unattended 6-meter beacon stations to operate between 50.060 and 50.080 MHz.
109:
1362:
1201:
1548:
1272:
800:
757:
289:
Amateur beacons at 50 MHz have also been used as signal sources for academic propagation research
981:
952:
471:
59:
278:
IARU Region 1 is encouraging individual beacons to move to 50.4 MHz to 50.5 MHz. In the
55:
1292:
1227:
1005:
1665:
1642:
1604:
1578:
1536:
1513:
1479:
1447:
1415:
1381:
1332:
1260:
1213:
997:
836:
788:
745:
683:
A large-scale beacon project is underway using the WSPR transmission scheme included with the
475:
333:
35:
1693:
989:
47:
152:") establish low power beacons on radio frequencies between 160 kHz and 190 kHz.
711:
551:
137:
97:
1527:
John
Jaminet, W3HMS and Charlie Heisler, K3VDB (2007). "Building a beacon for 2401 MHz".
128:
In the US, unattended beacons on frequencies lower than the 10-meter band are not legal.
985:
955:
656:
612:
459:
441:
425:
409:
393:
189:
173:
51:
1682:
1009:
968:
Deacon, Chris J.; Witvliet, Ben A.; Steendam, Simon N.; Mitchell, Cathryn N. (2021).
535:
519:
503:
279:
193:
169:
165:
113:
43:
39:
302:
272:
31:
20:
1498:
1127:
73:(IARU) and its member societies coordinate beacons established by radio amateurs.
1023:
640:
628:
377:
969:
474:
beacons are not as common as beacons on the lower bands, and beacons above the
197:
105:
1540:
1264:
1001:
993:
926:. 7. International Amateur Radio Union Region 1. January 2015. Archived from
792:
749:
821:
706:
177:
101:
63:
332:
Beacons on 144 MHz and higher frequencies are mainly used to identify
1657:
1568:"Design and building of the 5 MHz beacons, GB3RAL, GB3WES and GB3ORK"
1462:
1430:
1355:
604:
361:
1618:
1593:
112:(F1A). A few beacons transmit signals in digital modulation modes, like
1567:
716:
149:
1152:
603:
The
International Beacon Project (IBP), which is coordinated by the
1400:
1634:
1324:
1247:
Mike Willis, G0MJW (April 2008). "The GB3RAL VHF Beacon cluster".
591:
140:(135.7–137.8 kHz) often involve operating temporary beacons.
117:
75:
301:
have access to frequencies in the 70 MHz region, called the
1658:"PI4 – a digital modulation for beacon purposes"
1054:
632:
1100:. International Amateur Radio Union Region 3. September 3, 2019
1366:
885:. International Amateur Radio Union Region 2. October 14, 2016
688:
databases and real-time graphical maps of propagation paths.
148:
In the United States and Canada, unlicensed experimenters ("
769:
frequency or bearing, or for other experimental purposes".
1293:"Welcome to the Weak Signal Propagation Reporter Network"
1206:
1151:. Northern California DX Foundation. 2008. Archived from
1395:
R.Wilkinson, G6GVI; S.Cooper, GM4AFF; B. Hansen, OZ2M.
1173:
779:
Talbot, Andy (G4JNT) (August 2008). "Amateur
Beacons".
1302:
1204:, G3VA (2008). "The DK0WCY/DRA5 Propagation Beacons".
1594:"The Next Generation of Beacons for the 21st century"
38:
of radio signals. Most radio propagation beacons use
1495:"The DL8AAM QSL Collection: QSLs from Radio Beacons"
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
874:
872:
599:
Beacons from
Finland and Madeira on 14.100 MHz
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
852:
736:Andy Talbot, G4JNT (May 2008). "Amateur Beacons".
717:OZ7IGY – the world's oldest beacon
196:(28 MHz), where they are good indicators of
83:Propagation beacon 4U1UN, transmitting from the
679:Weak Signal Propagation Reporter Network (WSPR)
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
258:28.190–28.200 The International Beacon Project
240:28.199–28.201 The International Beacon Project
222:28.199–28.201 The International Beacon Project
974:IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation
820:Keeton, Kelly R. (K7MHI) (17 November 2016).
8:
1553:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
462:also reflect IARU Region 1 recommendations.
34:, whose purpose is the investigation of the
1670:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1647:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1609:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1583:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1518:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1484:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1452:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1420:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1386:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1337:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1277:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1232:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
841:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
805:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
762:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
192:radio propagation beacons are found in the
1619:"UK Amateur Radio & Microwave Beacons"
1557:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
180:to 2000 kHz for propagation beacons.
1399:. The Four Metres Website. Archived from
627:sponsors two beacons which transmit from
322:audible in the United States and Europe.
100:(A1A) and transmit their identification (
480:
338:
202:
19:For broader coverage of this topic, see
728:
1663:
1640:
1635:"The Next Generation Beacons platform"
1602:
1576:
1546:
1511:
1477:
1445:
1413:
1379:
1356:IARU/NDXF International Beacon Project
1330:
1270:
1225:
834:
798:
755:
243:28.201–28.225 Beacons, continuous duty
160:The International Amateur Radio Union
7:
1535:(3). CQ Communications, Inc: 44–46.
1323:Hansen, Bo (OZ2M) (20 April 2017).
42:frequencies. They can be found on
822:"Re: Beacon Operating frequencies"
237:28.190–28.199 Regional time-shared
219:28.190–28.199 Regional time-shared
85:headquarters of the United Nations
16:Radio beacon used in amateur radio
14:
1493:Thomas M. Rösner, DL8AAM (2005).
1095:"IARU Region 3 Interim Band Plan"
609:International Amateur Radio Union
605:Northern California DX Foundation
576:International Amateur Radio Union
284:Federal Communications Commission
71:International Amateur Radio Union
671:GB3RAL, which is located at the
28:amateur radio propagation beacon
1120:"Amateur Radio UK VHF Bandplan"
1463:"Worldwide List of 50 Beacons"
1431:"Worldwide List of HF Beacons"
1365:. Dawid SQ6EMM. Archived from
1257:Radio Society of Great Britain
1210:Radio Society of Great Britain
1149:"International Beacon Project"
673:Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
653:Radio Society of Great Britain
334:tropospheric radio propagation
1:
1621:. UK Microwave Groups (UKMuG)
1397:"The 70 MHz Beacon List"
667:The GB3RAL VHF Beacon Cluster
225:28.201–28.225 Continuous duty
176:reserves the range 1999
1179:Deutscher Amateur-Radio-Club
625:Deutscher Amateur-Radio-Club
588:International Beacon Project
561:
558:
555:
550:
545:
542:
539:
534:
529:
526:
523:
518:
513:
510:
507:
502:
458:The beacon sub-bands in the
451:
448:
445:
440:
435:
432:
429:
424:
416:
408:
403:
400:
397:
392:
384:
376:
371:
368:
365:
360:
92:Transmission characteristics
1689:Radio frequency propagation
1363:"Amateur Radio Beacon List"
1059:American Radio Relay League
692:Synchronized Beacon Project
478:(10 GHz) are unusual.
136:Amateur experiments in the
1715:
585:
18:
1124:Great Yarmouth Radio Club
880:"IARU Region 2 Band Plan"
647:RSGB 5 MHz Beacon Project
486:
483:
344:
341:
1461:Martin Harrison, G3USF.
1429:Martin Harrison, G3USF.
994:10.1109/TAP.2020.3044654
96:Most beacons operate in
1024:"New Beacon on the Air"
924:"VHF Managers Handbook"
209:Beacon Sub-bands (MHz)
1566:Andrew Talbot, G4JNT.
1174:"Aurora beacon DKØWCY"
611:, consists of 18
600:
562:24,048.750–24,048.995
559:24,048.750–24,048.995
556:24,048.800–24,048.995
546:10.368.300–10.368.400
543:10,368.300–10,368.400
540:10,368.800–10,368.990
487:Beacon Sub-band (MHz)
345:Beacon Sub-band (MHz)
110:frequency-shift keying
88:
1501:on September 10, 2007
598:
466:SHF/microwave beacons
297:Several countries in
82:
1592:Andy Talbot, G4JNT.
723:Notes and references
530:5,760.300–5,761.000
527:5,760.300–5,761.000
524:5,760.800–5,760.990
514:3,456.300–3,457.000
511:3,456.300–3,457.000
508:3,400.800–3,400.995
452:2,304.300–2,304.400
449:2,304.300–2,304.400
446:2,320.800–2,321.000
433:1,296.200–1,296.400
430:1,296.800–1,296.994
246:28.225–28.300 Shared
1208:. Potters Bar, UK:
986:2021ITAP...69.4033D
933:on November 8, 2017
619:DARC Beacon Project
582:IARU Beacon Project
172:) bandplan for the
601:
144:1750-meter beacons
132:2200-meter beacons
89:
1656:Bo Hansen, OZ2M.
1633:Bo Hansen, OZ2M.
1219:978-1-905086-39-9
596:
566:
565:
476:3-centimeter band
456:
455:
264:
263:
156:160-meter beacons
80:
1706:
1675:
1669:
1661:
1652:
1646:
1638:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1614:
1608:
1600:
1598:
1588:
1582:
1574:
1572:
1562:
1552:
1544:
1523:
1517:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1497:. Archived from
1489:
1483:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1457:
1451:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1425:
1419:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1391:
1385:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1328:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1301:. Archived from
1289:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1268:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1223:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1126:. Archived from
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1099:
1091:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1051:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1014:
1013:
980:(7): 4033–4048.
965:
959:
958:
949:
943:
942:
940:
938:
932:
920:
895:
894:
892:
890:
884:
876:
847:
846:
840:
832:
830:
828:
817:
811:
810:
804:
796:
776:
770:
767:
761:
753:
733:
597:
481:
417:903.000–903.100
401:432.300–432.400
398:432.400–432.490
385:222.050–222.060
369:144.275–144.300
366:144.400–144.491
339:
203:
184:10-meter beacons
81:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1679:
1678:
1662:
1655:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1545:
1526:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1492:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1394:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1360:
1352:
1350:Further reading
1347:
1346:
1329:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1306:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1269:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1224:
1220:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1184:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1158:
1156:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1133:
1131:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1073:
1063:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1017:
967:
966:
962:
951:
950:
946:
936:
934:
930:
922:
921:
898:
888:
886:
882:
878:
877:
850:
833:
826:
824:
819:
818:
814:
797:
778:
777:
773:
754:
735:
734:
730:
725:
712:Electric beacon
703:
694:
681:
669:
649:
621:
592:
590:
584:
571:
569:Beacon projects
468:
330:
328:VHF/UHF beacons
311:
295:
293:4-meter beacons
269:
267:6-meter beacons
186:
158:
146:
138:2200-meter band
134:
126:
98:continuous wave
94:
76:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1712:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1653:
1630:
1615:
1589:
1563:
1524:
1490:
1458:
1426:
1392:
1361:Dawid SQ6EMM.
1358:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1315:
1284:
1239:
1218:
1212:. p. 98.
1193:
1165:
1140:
1111:
1071:
1029:
1015:
960:
944:
896:
848:
812:
771:
727:
726:
724:
721:
720:
719:
714:
709:
702:
699:
693:
690:
680:
677:
668:
665:
661:IO89ja
657:Orkney Islands
648:
645:
637:JO44vq
620:
617:
613:high frequency
586:Main article:
583:
580:
570:
567:
564:
563:
560:
557:
554:
548:
547:
544:
541:
538:
532:
531:
528:
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522:
516:
515:
512:
509:
506:
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499:
496:
493:
489:
488:
485:
467:
464:
460:United Kingdom
454:
453:
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444:
438:
437:
434:
431:
428:
422:
421:
418:
415:
412:
406:
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386:
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294:
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268:
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244:
241:
238:
233:
229:
228:
227:
226:
223:
220:
215:
211:
210:
207:
190:high frequency
185:
182:
174:160-meter band
157:
154:
145:
142:
133:
130:
125:
122:
93:
90:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1711:
1700:
1699:Amateur radio
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1673:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1636:
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1612:
1606:
1595:
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1521:
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1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1403:on 2008-02-18
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1369:on 2012-03-22
1368:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1340:
1334:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1305:on 2008-11-21
1304:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1229:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1194:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1155:on 2007-12-27
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1130:on 2008-05-31
1129:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1112:
1104:September 16,
1096:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
964:
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948:
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925:
919:
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913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
897:
889:September 16,
881:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
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853:
849:
844:
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823:
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813:
808:
802:
794:
790:
786:
782:
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765:
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751:
747:
743:
739:
732:
729:
722:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
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678:
676:
674:
666:
664:
662:
658:
654:
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638:
634:
630:
626:
618:
616:
614:
610:
606:
589:
581:
579:
577:
568:
553:
549:
537:
533:
521:
517:
505:
501:
498:ITU Region 3
497:
495:ITU Region 2
494:
492:ITU Region 1
491:
490:
482:
479:
477:
473:
465:
463:
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443:
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427:
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395:
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381:
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363:
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356:ITU Region 3
355:
353:ITU Region 2
352:
350:ITU Region 1
349:
348:
340:
337:
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327:
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309:United States
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208:
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194:10-meter band
191:
183:
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171:
170:South America
167:
163:
155:
153:
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143:
141:
139:
131:
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115:
114:radioteletype
111:
107:
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99:
91:
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67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
40:amateur radio
37:
33:
29:
22:
1623:. Retrieved
1549:cite journal
1532:
1528:
1503:. Retrieved
1499:the original
1469:. Retrieved
1437:. Retrieved
1405:. Retrieved
1401:the original
1371:. Retrieved
1367:the original
1318:
1307:. Retrieved
1303:the original
1296:
1287:
1273:cite journal
1252:
1248:
1242:
1205:
1196:
1185:. Retrieved
1177:
1168:
1157:. Retrieved
1153:the original
1143:
1132:. Retrieved
1128:the original
1123:
1114:
1102:. Retrieved
1062:. Retrieved
1018:
977:
973:
963:
947:
935:. Retrieved
928:the original
887:. Retrieved
825:. Retrieved
815:
801:cite journal
787:(8): 30–33.
784:
780:
774:
758:cite journal
744:(5): 56–58.
741:
737:
731:
695:
682:
670:
650:
622:
602:
572:
469:
457:
331:
324:
320:
316:
312:
303:4-meter band
299:ITU Region 1
296:
288:
277:
273:6-meter band
270:
206:IARU Region
187:
159:
147:
135:
127:
95:
68:
32:radio beacon
27:
25:
21:Radio beacon
1181:e.V. (DARC)
1064:October 27,
1055:"Band Plan"
953:47 CFR
937:October 27,
827:28 February
641:geomagnetic
629:Scheggerott
552:1.2 cm
378:1.25 m
87:in New York
36:propagation
1683:Categories
1625:2008-04-27
1505:2008-01-05
1471:2008-04-27
1439:2008-04-27
1407:2008-04-27
1373:2012-12-06
1309:2012-02-11
1202:Pat Hawker
1187:2008-05-03
1159:2008-02-27
1134:2008-04-27
781:Radio User
738:Radio User
442:13 cm
426:23 cm
410:33 cm
394:70 cm
198:Sporadic E
116:(F1B) and
106:Morse code
1541:1085-0708
1265:1367-1499
1259:: 65–69.
1228:cite book
1010:229484748
1002:0018-926X
793:1748-8117
750:1748-8117
707:Ionosonde
536:3 cm
520:5 cm
504:9 cm
102:call sign
64:microwave
1666:cite web
1643:cite web
1605:cite web
1579:cite web
1514:cite web
1480:cite web
1448:cite web
1416:cite web
1382:cite web
1333:cite web
837:cite web
701:See also
607:and the
578:(IARU).
362:2 m
162:Region 2
124:Legality
1694:Beacons
1298:WSPRNet
982:Bibcode
631:, near
150:LowFERs
120:(G1B).
1539:
1529:CQ VHF
1466:(TEXT)
1434:(TEXT)
1325:"OZ2M"
1263:
1249:RadCom
1216:
1183:. 2004
1008:
1000:
956:97.203
791:
748:
282:, the
62:, and
1597:(ppt)
1571:(PDF)
1255:(4).
1098:(PDF)
1006:S2CID
931:(PDF)
883:(PDF)
484:Band
436:none
404:none
372:none
342:Band
188:Most
166:North
118:PSK31
30:is a
1672:link
1649:link
1611:link
1585:link
1559:link
1555:link
1537:ISSN
1520:link
1486:link
1454:link
1422:link
1388:link
1339:link
1279:link
1261:ISSN
1234:link
1214:ISBN
1106:2019
1066:2015
998:ISSN
939:2015
891:2019
843:link
829:2020
807:link
789:ISSN
764:link
746:ISSN
685:WSJT
651:The
633:Kiel
623:The
168:and
69:The
990:doi
663:).
472:SHF
253:R3
232:R2
214:R1
178:kHz
108:by
60:UHF
56:VHF
26:An
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382:—
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54:,
52:HF
50:,
48:MF
46:,
44:LF
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