22:(amblyos- blunt; audia-hearing) is a term coined by Dr. Deborah Moncrieff to characterize a specific pattern of performance from dichotic listening tests. Dichotic listening tests are widely used to assess individuals for binaural integration, a type of auditory processing skill. During the tests, individuals are asked to identify different words presented simultaneously to the two ears. Normal listeners can identify the words fairly well and show a small difference between the two ears with one ear slightly dominant over the other. For the majority of listeners, this small difference is referred to as a "right-ear advantage" because their right ear performs slightly better than their left ear. But some normal individuals produce a "left-ear advantage" during dichotic tests and others perform at equal levels in the two ears. Amblyaudia is diagnosed when the scores from the two ears are significantly different with the individual's dominant ear score much higher than the score in the non-dominant ear Researchers interested in understanding the neurophysiological underpinnings of amblyaudia consider it to be a
101:
correlated response from the dominant and non-dominant ears among normal children while the response from children with amblyaudia was uncorrelated and indicated an inability to separate information arriving at the non-dominant ear from the information arriving at the dominant ear. The same children also produced weaker fMRI responses from their non-dominant left ears when processing dichotic material in the scanner.
58:
suffering from amblyaudia may have trouble in appropriate vocabulary comprehension and production and the use of past, present and future tenses. Amblyaudia has been diagnosed in many children with reported difficulties understanding and learning from listening and adjudicated adolescents are at a significantly high risk for amblyaudia (Moncrieff, et al., 2013, Seminars in
Hearing).
114:
listening tests that provide normative information for the right and left ears can be used to supplement these two tests for support of the diagnosis (). If performance across two or more dichotic listening tests is normal in the dominant ear and significantly below normal in the non-dominant ear, a diagnosis of amblyaudia can be made.
52:
Children with amblyaudia experience difficulties in speech perception, particularly in noisy environments, sound localization, and binaural unmasking (using interaural cues to hear better in noise) despite having normal hearing sensitivity (as indexed through pure tone audiometry). These symptoms may
66:
Families report the presence of amblyaudia in several individuals, suggesting that it may be genetic in nature. It is possible that abnormal auditory input during the first two years of life may increase a child's risk for amblyaudia, although the precise relationship between deprivation timing and
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organization and function rather than what is typically considered a “hearing loss” (damage to the cochlea). It may be genetic or developmentally acquired or both. When animals are temporarily deprived of hearing from an early age, profound changes occur in the brain. Specifically, cell sizes in
57:
and academic achievement may be deleteriously affected in children with amblyaudia. A significant deficit in a child's ability to use and comprehend expressive language may be seen in children who lacked auditory stimulation throughout the critical periods of auditory system development. A child
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as part of an auditory processing evaluation. Clinicians are advised to use newly developed dichotic listening tests that provide normative cut-off scores for the listener's dominant and non-dominant ears. These are the
Randomized Dichotic Digits Test and the Dichotic Words Test. Older dichotic
79:
can also be degraded. Aural atresia (a closed external auditory canal) also causes temporary auditory deprivation in young children. Hearing can be restored to children with ear infections and aural atresia through surgical intervention (although ear infections will also resolve spontaneously).
100:
An electrophysiologic study demonstrated that children with amblyaudia (referred to then as a "left-ear deficit") were less able to process information from their non-dominant ears when competing information is arriving at their dominant ears. The N400-P800 complex showed a strong and highly
30:
disorder that may be inherited or that may result from auditory deprivation during critical periods of brain development. Individuals with amblyaudia have normal hearing sensitivity (in other words they hear soft sounds) but have difficulty hearing in noisy environments like restaurants or
134:). A focused perceptual training protocol for children with amblyaudia called Auditory Rehabilitation for Interaural Asymmetry (ARIA) was developed in 2001 which has been found to improve dichotic listening performance in the non-dominant ear and enhance general listening skills.
43:
in the brain, or both. A characteristic of amblyaudia is suppression of activity in the non-dominant auditory pathway by activity in the dominant pathway which may be genetically determined and which could also be exacerbated by conditions throughout early development.
75:, the quality of the signal that reaches the auditory regions of the brains of a subset of children with OM is degraded in both timing and magnitude. When this degradation is asymmetric (worse in one ear than the other) the binaural cues associated with
31:
classrooms. Even in quiet environments, individuals with amblyaudia may fail to understand what they are hearing, especially if the information is new or complicated. Amblyaudia can be conceptualized as the auditory analog of the better known central
39:. The term “lazy ear” has been used to describe amblyaudia although it is currently not known whether it stems from deficits in the auditory periphery (middle ear or cochlea) or from other parts of the
1636:
Moncrieff DW, Wertz D (February 2008). "Auditory rehabilitation for interaural asymmetry: preliminary evidence of improved dichotic listening performance following intensive training".
1199:
Smith ZD, Gray L, Rubel EW (October 1983). "Afferent influences on brainstem auditory nuclei of the chicken: n. laminaris dendritic length following monaural conductive hearing loss".
757:
Teele DW, Klein JO, Rosner B (July 1989). "Epidemiology of otitis media during the first seven years of life in children in greater Boston: a prospective, cohort study".
1439:
Moncrieff, D (Jan 2008). "Hemodynamic differences in children with dichotic listening deficits: preliminary results from an fMRI study during a cued listening task".
638:
Moncrieff, DW (Sep 2006). "Identification of binaural integration deficits in children with the
Competing Words Subtest: standard score versus interaural asymmetry".
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Morell RJ, Brewer CC, Ge D, et al. (August 2007). "A twin study of auditory processing indicates that dichotic listening ability is a strongly heritable trait".
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Nevertheless, children with histories of auditory deprivation secondary to these diseases can experience amblyaudia for years after their hearing has been restored.
190:
Moncrieff, Deborah; Keith, William; Abramson, Maria; Swann, Alicia (2016-04-08). "Diagnosis of amblyaudia in children referred for auditory processing assessment".
1113:
Conlee JW, Parks TN (June 1983). "Late appearance and deprivation-sensitive growth of permanent dendrites in the avian cochlear nucleus (nuc. magnocellularis)".
1070:
Conlee, John W.; Parks, Thomas N. (1981). "Age- and position-dependent effects of monaural acoustic deprivation in nucleus magnocellularis of the chicken".
1027:
Coleman JR, O'Connor P (June 1979). "Effects of monaural and binaural sound deprivation on cell development in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus of rats".
822:
Owen MJ, Norcross-Nechay K, Howie VM (January 1993). "Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in young children before and after tympanostomy tube placement".
1701:
235:"Evaluating the perceptual and pathophysiological consequences of auditory deprivation in early postnatal life: a comparison of basic and clinical studies"
1696:
519:
Pillsbury HC, Grose JH, Hall JW (July 1991). "Otitis media with effusion in children. Binaural hearing before and after corrective surgery".
906:
Wilmington D, Gray L, Jahrsdoerfer R (April 1994). "Binaural processing after corrected congenital unilateral conductive hearing loss".
325:
Miccio AW, Gallagher E, Grossman CB, Yont KM, Vernon-Feagans L (2001). "Influence of chronic otitis media on phonological acquisition".
88:
Amblyaudia is a deficit in binaural integration of environmental information entering the auditory system. It is a disorder related to
1474:
Moncrieff, DW (Jan 2009). "Recognition of randomly presented one-, two-, and three-pair dichotic digits by children and young adults".
859:"The effects of experimentally induced conductive hearing loss on spectral and temporal aspects of sound transmission through the ear"
1277:
Clopton BM, Silverman MS (November 1977). "Plasticity of binaural interaction. II. Critical period and changes in midline response".
1156:
Gray L, Smith Z, Rubel EW (July 1982). "Developmental and experimental changes in dendritic symmetry in n. laminaris of the chick".
484:
Gravel JS, Wallace IF, Ruben RJ (March 1996). "Auditory consequences of early mild hearing loss associated with otitis media".
1544:
Moncrieff DW (July 2011). "Dichotic listening in children: age-related changes in direction and magnitude of ear advantage".
1509:
Moncrieff, D (Jul 2015). "Age- and Gender-Specific
Normative Information from Children Assessed with a Dichotic Words Test".
414:
Hall JW, Grose JH, Pillsbury HC (August 1995). "Long-term effects of chronic otitis media on binaural hearing in children".
449:
Moore DR, Hutchings ME, Meyer SE (1991). "Binaural masking level differences in children with a history of otitis media".
1242:
Silverman MS, Clopton BM (November 1977). "Plasticity of binaural interaction. I. Effect of early auditory deprivation".
603:
Moncrieff, DW (Sep 2002). "Interaural asymmetries revealed by dichotic listening tests in normal and dyslexic children".
148:
123:
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are altered and neurons respond in different ways to sounds presented to both the deprived and non-deprived ears.
110:
984:
Webster DB, Webster M (1979). "Effects of neonatal conductive hearing loss on brain stem auditory nuclei".
1312:
Moore DR, Irvine DR (March 1981). "Plasticity of binaural interaction in the cat inferior colliculus".
54:
949:
Webster DB, Webster M (July 1977). "Neonatal sound deprivation affects brain stem auditory nuclei".
1404:
Moncrieff, DW (Jul 2004). "ERP evidence of a dichotic left-ear deficit in some dyslexic children".
1357:"Monaural deprivation disrupts development of binaural selectivity in auditory midbrain and cortex"
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556:"Impaired binaural hearing in children produced by a threshold level of middle ear disease"
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A number of computer-based auditory training programs exist for children with generalized
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126:. In the visual system, it has been proven that adults with amblyopia can improve their
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71:) are the leading cause of temporary auditory deprivation in young children. During
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lead to difficulty attending to auditory information causing many to speculate that
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794:"Ambulatory health care visits by children: principal diagnosis and place of visit"
681:
Moncrieff, DW (Feb 2008). "Dichotic listening deficits in children with dyslexia".
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Besing JM, Koehnke J (April 1995). "A test of virtual auditory localization".
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1589:"Perceptual learning as a potential treatment for amblyopia: a mini-review"
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development of amblyaudia is still unclear. Recurrent ear infections (
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694:
89:
23:
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Eric Lupo J, Koka K, Thornton JL, Tollin DJ (February 2011).
93:
brainstem nuclei are reduced, the configuration of brainstem
718:"Prospective study of antibiotic prescribing for children"
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A clinical diagnosis of amblyaudia is made following
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183:
1682:Temporary Hearing Loss Affects Brain's Wiring
8:
409:
407:
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1380:
882:
792:Freid VM, Makuc DM, Rooks RN (May 1998).
733:
579:
258:
179:
130:with targeted brain training programs (
233:Whitton JP, Polley DB (October 2011).
7:
1355:Popescu MV, Polley DB (March 2010).
1072:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
963:10.1001/archotol.1977.00780240050006
533:10.1001/archotol.1991.01870190030008
428:10.1001/archotol.1995.01890080017003
124:Auditory Processing Disorders (APD)
1702:Neurological disorders in children
198:(6). Informa UK Limited: 333–345.
192:International Journal of Audiology
14:
824:Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol
521:Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg
416:Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg
554:Hogan SC, Moore DR (June 2003).
382:10.1097/00003446-199504000-00009
1697:Neurobiological brain disorders
1587:Levi DM, Li RW (October 2009).
646:(9): 546–54, discussion 554–8.
1:
204:10.3109/14992027.2015.1128003
1605:10.1016/j.visres.2009.02.010
1373:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.02.019
1326:10.1016/0006-8993(81)90632-6
1170:10.1016/0006-8993(82)90098-1
1041:10.1016/0014-4886(79)90231-0
920:10.1016/0378-5955(94)90179-1
875:10.1016/j.heares.2010.11.003
836:10.1016/0165-5876(93)90014-T
716:Pennie RA (September 1998).
149:Auditory processing disorder
1558:10.1016/j.bandc.2011.03.013
986:Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol
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998:10.1177/000348947908800515
560:J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol
239:J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol
111:dichotic listening testing
1650:10.1080/14992020701770835
1291:10.1152/jn.1977.40.6.1275
1256:10.1152/jn.1977.40.6.1266
652:10.1080/14992020601003196
572:10.1007/s10162-002-3007-9
498:10.3109/00016489609137827
463:10.3109/00206099109072874
339:10.3109/02699200109167629
296:10.1007/s00439-007-0384-5
251:10.1007/s10162-011-0271-6
771:10.1093/infdis/160.1.83
617:10.1055/s-0040-1716006
1213:10.1002/cne.902200207
1127:10.1002/cne.902170208
1084:10.1002/cne.902020307
801:Vital Health Stat 13
55:language acquisition
1488:10.3766/jaaa.20.1.6
1453:10.3766/jaaa.19.1.4
1418:10.3766/jaaa.15.7.6
132:perceptual learning
73:ear infection bouts
1523:10.3766/jaaa.14096
327:Clin Linguist Phon
77:sound localization
48:Symptoms and signs
992:(5 Pt 1): 684–8.
722:Can Fam Physician
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348:
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321:
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293:
290:(1): 103–11.
289:
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256:
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248:
245:(5): 535–47.
244:
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197:
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186:
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169:Aural atresia
167:
165:
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150:
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137:
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128:visual acuity
125:
117:
115:
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104:
102:
98:
96:
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83:
81:
78:
74:
70:
61:
59:
56:
47:
45:
42:
38:
34:
29:
25:
21:
1644:(2): 84–97.
1641:
1638:Int J Audiol
1637:
1631:
1596:
1592:
1582:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1482:(1): 58–70.
1479:
1475:
1469:
1447:(1): 33–45.
1444:
1440:
1434:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1204:
1200:
1194:
1164:(2): 360–4.
1161:
1157:
1151:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1032:
1028:
1022:
989:
985:
979:
957:(7): 392–6.
954:
950:
944:
911:
907:
901:
866:
862:
852:
827:
823:
817:
800:
787:
765:(1): 83–94.
762:
758:
752:
725:
721:
711:
689:(1): 54–75.
686:
682:
676:
643:
640:Int J Audiol
639:
633:
608:
604:
598:
566:(2): 123–9.
563:
559:
549:
524:
520:
514:
489:
485:
479:
454:
450:
444:
419:
415:
376:(2): 220–9.
373:
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330:
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287:
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277:
242:
238:
228:
195:
191:
164:Otitis media
121:
108:
99:
87:
69:otitis media
65:
62:Risk Factors
51:
19:
18:
1029:Exp. Neurol
1691:Categories
1593:Vision Res
1546:Brain Cogn
728:: 1850–6.
284:Hum. Genet
175:References
118:Treatments
84:Physiology
20:Amblyaudia
1707:Audiology
1314:Brain Res
1158:Brain Res
908:Hear. Res
863:Hear. Res
451:Audiology
212:1499-2027
144:Amblyopia
105:Diagnosis
95:dendrites
37:amblyopia
35:disorder
16:Amber red
1666:22268018
1658:18236240
1623:19250947
1574:37665256
1566:21530051
1531:26218052
1496:19927683
1461:18637408
1426:15484601
1391:20223206
1186:33997388
1100:27428850
1057:38143118
1014:10194727
893:21073935
703:17647215
683:Dyslexia
668:22794514
660:17005498
625:12371660
590:12943367
398:15538878
370:Ear Hear
355:35288270
347:21269097
304:17533509
269:21607783
220:27058650
138:See also
1614:2764839
1382:2849994
1342:6730028
1334:7470922
1229:1640696
1221:6315783
1178:7116181
1143:9227670
1135:6886053
1092:7298905
936:4762842
928:8040103
884:3073683
844:8436453
809:9631643
779:2732519
744:9789665
735:2277846
581:3202709
541:1863436
506:8725518
471:1877902
436:7619408
390:7789673
312:2692071
260:3173557
159:Hearing
28:hearing
1664:
1656:
1621:
1611:
1572:
1564:
1529:
1494:
1459:
1424:
1389:
1379:
1361:Neuron
1340:
1332:
1299:925729
1297:
1264:925728
1262:
1227:
1219:
1184:
1176:
1141:
1133:
1098:
1090:
1055:
1049:467549
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1012:
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267:
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218:
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33:visual
26:based
1662:S2CID
1570:S2CID
1338:S2CID
1225:S2CID
1182:S2CID
1139:S2CID
1096:S2CID
1053:S2CID
1010:S2CID
932:S2CID
797:(PDF)
664:S2CID
394:S2CID
351:S2CID
308:S2CID
90:brain
24:brain
1654:PMID
1619:PMID
1562:PMID
1527:PMID
1492:PMID
1457:PMID
1422:PMID
1387:PMID
1330:PMID
1295:PMID
1260:PMID
1217:PMID
1174:PMID
1131:PMID
1088:PMID
1045:PMID
1002:PMID
967:PMID
924:PMID
889:PMID
840:PMID
805:PMID
775:PMID
740:PMID
699:PMID
656:PMID
621:PMID
586:PMID
537:PMID
502:PMID
467:PMID
432:PMID
386:PMID
343:PMID
300:PMID
265:PMID
216:PMID
208:ISSN
1646:doi
1609:PMC
1601:doi
1554:doi
1519:doi
1484:doi
1449:doi
1414:doi
1377:PMC
1369:doi
1322:doi
1318:208
1287:doi
1252:doi
1209:doi
1205:220
1166:doi
1162:244
1123:doi
1119:217
1080:doi
1076:202
1037:doi
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959:doi
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767:doi
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730:PMC
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648:doi
613:doi
576:PMC
568:doi
529:doi
525:117
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