1455:. In few jurisdictions, some EMTs are able to perform duties as IV and IO cannulation, administration of a limited number of drugs (including but not limited to Epinephrine, Narcan, Oxygen, Aspirin, Nitroglycerin - dependent on country, state, and medical direction), more advanced airway procedures, CPAP, and limited cardiac monitoring. Most advanced procedures and skills are not within the national scope of practice for an EMT. As such most states require additional training and certifications to perform above the national curriculum standards. In the United States, an EMT certification requires intense courses and training in field skills. A certification expires after two years and holds a requirement of taking 48 CEUs (continuing education credits). 24 of these credits must be in refresher courses while the other 24 can be taken in a variety ways such as emergency driving training, pediatric, geriatric, or bariatric care, specific traumas, etc. Is usually made up of 3 levels in the US. EMT-B, EMT-I (EMT-A in some states) and EMT-Paramedic. The National Registry of EMT New Educational Standards for EMS renamed the provider levels as follows: Emergency Medical Responder (EMR), Emergency Medical Technician (EMT-B), Advanced EMT (AEMT), and Paramedic (EMT-P).
382:
1521:
1234:
1129:
ambulances. Similar to online medical control, this practice allows paramedics to remotely transmit data such as vital signs and 12 and 15 lead ECGs to the hospital from the field. This allows the emergency department to prepare to treat patients prior to their arrival. This is allowing lower level providers (Such as EMT-B) in the United States to utilize these advanced technologies and have the doctor interpret them, thus bringing rapid identification of rhythms to areas where paramedics are stretched thin. While most insurance companies only reimburse EMS providers for transporting patients to 911 receiving facilities (e.g.
772:
ambulance crews are busy. This may mean that a government or other service provide the 'emergency' cover, whilst a private firm may be charged with 'minor injuries' such as cuts, bruises or even helping the mobility-impaired if they have for example fallen and simply need help to get up again, but do not need treatment. This system has the benefit of keeping emergency crews available at all times for genuine emergencies. These organisations may also provide services known as 'Stand-by' cover at industrial sites or at special events. In Latin
America, private ambulance companies are often the only readily-available EMS service
1634:(RNs) in the pre-hospital setting is common in many countries in absence of paramedics. In some regions of the world nurses are the primary healthcare worker that provides emergency medical services. In European countries such as France or Italy, also use nurses as a means of providing ALS services. These nurses may work under the direct supervision of a physician, or, in rarer cases, independently. In some places in Europe, notably Norway, paramedics do exist, but the role of the 'ambulance nurse' continues to be developed, as it is felt that nurses may bring unique skills to some situations encountered by ambulance crews.
634:
1225:, and the poorer the long-term prognosis for the patient. Current research in Canada has suggested that door to balloon times are significantly lower when appropriate patients are identified by paramedics in the field, instead of the emergency room, and then transported directly to a waiting PCI lab. The STEMI program has reduced STEMI deaths in the Ottawa region by 50 per cent. In a related program in Toronto, EMS has begun to use a procedure of 'rescuing' STEMI patients from the Emergency Rooms of hospitals without PCI labs, and transporting them, on an emergency basis, to waiting PCI labs in other hospitals.
304:
1283:
1508:. The most important function of the paramedic is to identify and treat any life-threatening conditions and then to assess the patient carefully for other complaints or findings that may require emergency treatment. In many countries, this is a protected title, and use of it without the relevant qualification may result in criminal prosecution. In the United States, paramedics represent the highest licensure level of prehospital emergency care. In addition, several certifications exist for Paramedics such as Wilderness ALS Care, Flight Paramedic Certification (
1638:
physician on emergency interfacility transports. In the United States, the most common uses of ambulance-based registered nurses is in the
Critical Care/Mobile Intensive Care transport, and in Aeromedical EMS. Such nurses are normally required by their employers (in the US) to seek additional certifications beyond the primary nursing licensure. Four individual states have an Intensive Care or Prehospital Nurse licensure. Many states allow registered nurses to also become registered paramedics according to their role in the emergency medical services team. In
955:
480:
1650:, since 2005, all emergency ambulances should be staffed by at least one registered nurse since only nurses are allowed to administer drugs. And all Advanced Life Support Ambulances are staffed at least by a registered nurse in Spain. In France, since 1986, fire department-based rescue ambulances have had the option of providing resuscitation service (reanimation) using specially trained nurses, operating on protocols, while SAMU-SMUR units are staffed by physicians and nurses
1700:
231:
40:
904:
747:
300:, said "The curative process commences the instant the patient is put in to the carriage; time is saved which can be given to the care of the patient; the patient may be driven to the hospital so speedily that the hospitals may be less numerous and located at greater distances from each other". This tenet of ambulances providing instant care, allowing hospitals to be spaced further apart, displays itself in modern emergency medical planning.
1674:, as ALS is performed by physicians. In the German-speaking countries, paramedics are assistants to ambulance physicians (called Notarzt). In these countries, if a physician is present, paramedics require permission from the physician to administer treatments such as defibrillation and drugs. If there is no physician on scene and a life-threatening condition is present, they may administer treatments that follow the physician's instructions.
1469:
1617:. ECPs are university graduates in Emergency Medical Care or qualified paramedics who have undergone further training, and are authorized to perform specialized techniques. Additionally some may prescribe medicines for longer-term care, such as antibiotics and in the United Kingdom they can prescribe a broad range of medicines. With respect to a Primary Health Care setting, they are also educated in a range of Diagnostic techniques.
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793:
54:
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6153:
838:
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784:.Their key feature is that all personnel are trained not only in ambulance (EMT) care, but as a firefighter and a peace officer (police function). They may be found in smaller towns and cities, where demand or budget is too low to support separate services. This multi-functionality allows to make the most of limited resource or budget, but having a single team respond to any emergency.
1294:
689:
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261:, and was distressed by the fact that wounded soldiers were not picked up by the numerous ambulances (which Napoleon required to be stationed two and half miles back from the scene of battle) until after hostilities had ceased, and set about developing a new ambulance system. Having decided against using the Norman system of horse litters, he settled on two- or four-wheeled
420:, taking delivery of the first automobile ambulance, donated by 500 prominent local businessmen, in February 1899. This was followed in 1900 by New York City, who extolled its virtues of greater speed, more safety for the patient, faster stopping and a smoother ride. These first two automobile ambulances were electrically powered with 2 hp motors on the rear axle.
1795:
1537:, which are more likely to be dispatched to emergencies requiring advanced care skills. They may also work on land ambulances. The training, permitted skills, and certification requirements vary from one jurisdiction to the next. It also varies to whether they are trained externally by a university or professional body or 'in house' by their EMS agency.
162:. Historically, ambulances only transported patients to care, and this remains the case in parts of the developing world. The term "emergency medical service" was popularised when these services began to emphasise emergency treatment at the scene. In some countries, a substantial portion of EMS calls do not result in a patient being taken to hospital.
1094:
539:. The report concluded that ambulance services in the US varied widely in quality and were often unregulated and unsatisfactory. These studies placed pressure on governments to improve emergency care in general, including the care provided by ambulance services. The government reports resulted in the creation of
1780:. Therefore, medical first responders in a helicopter can provide both a higher level of care at the scene, faster transport to a specialist hospital and critical care during the journey. A disadvantage is that it can be dangerous and potentially not possible for them to fly at night or in bad weather.
1845:
or the regional-responding
Appalachian Search and Rescue Conference (USA based). Like traditional EMS providers, all wilderness emergency medical (WEM) providers must still operate under on-line or off-line medical oversight. To assist physicians in the skills necessary to provide this oversight, the
804:
Hospitals or larger hospital systems may provide their own ambulance service as a service to the community, or where ambulance care is unreliable or chargeable. Many hospital-based EMS departments operate solely with their hospital, though some operate more independently and can transport patients to
470:
Prior to World War II, hospitals provided ambulance service in many large cities. With the severe manpower shortages imposed by the war effort, it became difficult for many hospitals to maintain their ambulance operations. City governments in many cases turned ambulance services over to the police or
1850:
and the
National Association of EMS Physicians jointly supported the development in 2011 of a unique "Wilderness EMS Medical Director" certification course, which was cited by the Journal of EMS as one of the Top 10 EMS Innovations of 2011. Skills taught in WEMT courses exceeding the EMT-Basic scope
1427:
are of a frontline under both emergency and non-emergency conditions to incidents. Their role is to assist the clinician that they are working with, either a
Technician or Paramedic, in their duties, whether that be drawing up drugs, setting up fluids (but not attaching), doing basic observations or
1301:
Ambulance personnel are generally professionals and in some countries their use is controlled through training and registration. While these job titles are protected by legislation in some countries, this protection is by no means universal, and anyone might, for example, call themselves an 'EMT' or
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The most basic emergency medical services are provided as a transport operation only, simply to take patients from their location to the nearest medical treatment. This was historically the case in all countries. It remains the case in much of the developing world, where operators as diverse as taxi
600:
In the United States, ambulance services provided by a local government are often referred to as "third service" EMS (the fire department, police department, and EMS department forming an emergency services trio) by the members of said service, as well as other city officials and residents. The most
572:
Depending on country, area within country, or clinical need, emergency medical services may be provided by one or more different types of organization. This variation may lead to large differences in levels of care and expected scope of practice. Some countries closely regulate the industry (and may
1199:
The aim in "Scoop and Run" treatment is generally to transport the patient within ten minutes of arrival, hence the birth of the phrase, "the platinum ten minutes" (in addition to the "golden hour"), now commonly used in EMT training programs. The "Scoop and Run" is a method developed to deal with
1047:
in this role. Additionally
Advanced Life Support includes administering therapeutic doses of electrical shock to those who are in cardiac arrest or using drugs to stimulate the heart, Airway therapy, and so on and so forth. Most ambulances are equipped with advanced Life Support equipment and have
1273:
in this model tend to be better equipped with more advanced medical devices, in essence, bringing the emergency department to the patient. High-speed transport to hospitals is considered, in most cases, to be unnecessarily unsafe, and the preference is to remain and provide definitive care to the
1051:
Critical Care
Transport (CCT), also known as medical retrieval or rendez vous MICU protocol in some countries (Australia, NZ, Great Britain, and Francophone Canada) refers to the critical care transport of patients between hospitals (as opposed to pre-hospital). Such services are a key element in
1685:
acting as the most senior medical adviser to the ambulance service. In the United States, EMS became an officially recognized subspecialty by the
American Board of Emergency Medicine in 2010, and the first examinations were held in 2013. Many states now recommend EMS board certifiction for newly
771:
In some areas, private companies may provide only the patient transport elements of ambulance care (i.e. non-urgent), but in some places, they are contracted to provide emergency care, or to form a 'second tier' response, where they only respond to emergencies when all of the full-time emergency
704:, though many also have paid personnel. These may be linked to a volunteer fire service, and some volunteers may provide both services. Some ambulance charities specialize in providing cover at public gatherings and events (e.g. sporting events), while others provide care to the wider community.
547:
In 1971 a progress report was published at the annual meeting, by the then president of
American Association of Trauma, Sawnie R. Gaston M.D. Dr. Gaston reported the study was a "superb white paper" that "jolted and wakened the entire structure of organized medicine." This report is created as a
1637:
In North
America, and to a lesser extent elsewhere in the English-speaking world, some jurisdictions use specially trained nurses for medical transport work. These are mostly air-medical personnel or critical care transport providers, often working in conjunction with a technician, paramedic or
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may be an autonomous medical professional, and does not require the permission of a physician to administer interventions or medications from an agreed list, and can perform roles such as suturing or prescribing medication to the patient. Recently "Telemedicine" has been making an appearance in
1322:
An emergency medical dispatcher is also called an EMD. An increasingly common addition to the EMS system is the use of highly trained dispatch personnel who can provide "pre-arrival" instructions to callers reporting medical emergencies. They use carefully structured questioning techniques and
974:
Many systems have tiers of response for medical emergencies. For example, a common arrangement in the United States is that fire engines or volunteers are sent to provide a rapid initial response to a medical emergency, while an ambulance is sent to provide advanced treatment and transport the
767:
In the U.S., private ambulance companies provide emergency medical services in large cities and rural areas by contracting with local governments. In areas where the local county or city provide their own emergency services, private companies provide discharges and transfers from hospitals and
596:
Operating separately from (although alongside) the fire and police services of the area, these ambulances are funded by local, provincial or national governments. In some countries, these only tend to be found in big cities, whereas in countries such as the United Kingdom, almost all emergency
648:
In countries such as the United States, Japan, France, South Korea and parts of India, ambulances can be operated by the local fire or police services. Fire-based EMS is the most common model in the United States, where nearly all urban fire departments provide EMS and a majority of emergency
1397:
Some agencies separate the 'driver' and 'attendant' functions, employing ambulance driving staff with no medical qualification (or just a first aid and CPR certificates), whose job is to drive ambulances. While this approach persists in some countries, such as India, it is generally becoming
1260:
provide all medical interventions for the patient. Other ambulance personnel are not non-medically trained and only provide driving and heavy lifting. In other applications of this model, as in Germany, a paramedic equivalent does exist, but is an assistant to the physician with a restricted
1670:-led EMS model, such as France, Italy, the German-speaking countries (Germany, Switzerland, Austria), and Spain, physicians respond to all cases that require more than basic first aid. In some versions of this model (such as France, Italy, and Spain), there is no direct equivalent to a
1274:
patient until they are medically stable, and then accomplish transport. In this model, the physician and nurse may actually staff an ambulance along with a driver, or may staff a rapid response vehicle instead of an ambulance, providing medical support to multiple ambulances.
617:. Government ambulance services also have to take civil service exams just like government fire departments and police. In the United States, certain federal government agencies employ emergency medical technicians at the basic and advanced life support levels, such as the
169:
levels for members and employees of emergency medical services vary widely throughout the world. In some systems, members may be present who are qualified only to drive ambulances, with no medical training. In contrast, most systems have personnel who retain at least basic
273:
in 1794. Larrey subsequently entered Napoleon's service during the Italian campaigns in 1796, where his ambulances were used for the first time at Udine, Padua and Milan, and he adapted his ambulances to the conditions, even developing a litter which could be carried by a
1406:
Many countries employ ambulance staff who only carry out non-emergency patient transport duties (which can include stretcher or wheelchair cases). Dependent on the provider (and resources available), they may be trained in first aid or extended skills such as use of an
1729:) often complement a land ambulance service. In some remote areas, they may even form the primary ambulance service. Like many innovations in EMS, medical aircraft were first used in the military. One of the first recorded aircraft rescues of a casualty was in 1917 in
548:"prime mover" and made the "single greatest contribution of its kind to the improvement of emergency medical services". Since this time a concerted effort has been undertaken to improve emergency medical care in the pre-hospital setting. Such advancements included Dr.
223:, in which a man who has been beaten is cared for by a passing Samaritan. Luke 10:34 (NIV) – "He went to him and bandaged his wounds, pouring on oil and wine. Then he put the man on his own donkey, took him to an inn and took care of him." During the Middle Ages, the
1112:. They have specialized medical training, but not to the same level as a physician. In this model it is rare to find a physician actually working routinely in ambulances, although they may be deployed to major or complex cases. The physicians who work in EMS provide
1120:
or 'standing orders' (procedures for treatment). This may also include on-line medical control, in which the physician is contacted via radio or phone to provide advice and authorization for various medical interventions or for a patient's desire to refuse care.
543:
in ambulance construction concerning the internal height of the patient care area (to allow for an attendant to continue to care for the patient during transport), and the equipment (and thus weight) that an ambulance had to carry, and several other factors.
87:
that provide urgent pre-hospital treatment and stabilisation for serious illness and injuries and transport to definitive care. They may also be known as a first aid squad, FAST squad, emergency squad, ambulance squad, ambulance corps, life squad or by other
1302:
a 'paramedic', regardless of their training, or the lack of it. In some jurisdictions, both technicians and paramedics may be further defined by the environment in which they operate, including such designations as 'Wilderness', 'Tactical', and so on.
4498:
1342:
Certified first responders may be sent to provide first aid, sometimes to an advanced level. Their duties include the provision of immediate life-saving care in the event of a medical emergency; commonly advanced first aid, oxygen administration,
1216:
labs, suggests that time to treatment is a clinically significant factor in heart attacks, and that trauma patients may not be the only patients for whom 'load and go' is clinically appropriate. In such conditions, the gold standard is the
1021:(ILS), also known as Limited Advanced Life Support (LALS), is positioned between BLS and ALS but is less common than both. It is commonly a BLS provider with a moderately expanded skill set, but where it is present it usually replaces BLS.
1415:
skills. In some services, they may also provide emergency cover when other units are not available, or when accompanied by a fully qualified technician or paramedic. The role is known as an Ambulance Care Assistant in the United Kingdom.
1007:, some drugs and a few invasive treatments. BLS personnel may either operate a BLS ambulance on their own, or assist a higher qualified crewmate on an ALS ambulance. In English-speaking countries, BLS ambulance crew members are known as
1249:. The physicians will attempt to treat casualties at the scene and will only transport them to hospital if it is deemed necessary. If patients are transported to hospital, they are more likely to go straight to a ward rather than to an
471:
fire department. No laws required minimal training for ambulance personnel and no training programs existed beyond basic first aid. In many fire departments, assignment to ambulance duty became an unofficial form of punishment.
2909:
1244:
Physician-led EMS is also known as the Franco-German model, "stay and play", "stay and stabilize" or "delay and treat". In a physician-led system, doctors respond directly to all major emergencies requiring more than simple
531:
1608:
receive additional university education to become practitioners in their own right, which gives them absolute responsibility for their clinical judgement, including the ability to autonomously prescribe medications. An
3661:
1863:, and simple suturing; however, the scope of practice for the WEMT still falls under BLS level care. A multitude of organizations provide WEM training, including private schools, non-profit organizations such as the
768:
to/from other health related facilities and homes. In most areas private companies are part of the local government emergency disaster plan, and are relied upon for the overall EMS response, treatment and recovery.
1532:
A critical care paramedic, also known as an advanced practice paramedic or specialist paramedic, is a paramedic with additional training to deal with critically ill patients. Critical care paramedics often work on
829:, have emergency medical services provided by employers as a means of protecting their interests and the welfare of their staff. These are often used as first response vehicles in the event of a fire or explosion.
731:, specialise in facilitating training medical professionals to volunteer to assist the statutory ambulance services in the care of patients, through their attendance at those with serious illnesses or injuries.
638:
3942:
1327:
by a first responder measured in minutes, some medical emergencies evolve in seconds. Such a system provides, in essence, a "zero response time," and can have an enormous impact on positive patient outcomes.
4505:
559:
The developments were paralleled in other countries. In the United Kingdom, a 1973 law merged the municipal ambulance services into larger agencies and set national standards. In France, the first official
4477:"Real Decreto 836/2012, de 25 de mayo, por el que se establecen las características técnicas, el equipamiento sanitario y la dotación de personal de los vehículos de transporte sanitario por carretera"
764:
Some ambulances are operated by commercial companies with paid employees, usually on a contract to the local or national government, Hospital Networks, Health Care Facilities and Insurance Companies.
1323:
provide scripted instructions to allow callers or bystanders to begin definitive care for such critical problems as airway obstructions, bleeding, childbirth, and cardiac arrest. Even with a fast
2360:
3001:
4234:
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patient. In France, fire service and private company ambulances provide basic care, while hospital-based ambulances with physicians on board provide advanced care. In many countries, an
1841:
Wilderness EMS-like systems (WEMS) have been developed to provide medical responses in remote areas, which may have significantly different needs to an urban area. Examples include the
1204:, rather than strictly medical situations (e.g. cardiac or respiratory emergencies), however, this may be changing. Increasingly, research into the management of S-T segment elevation
146:
When EMS is dispatched, they will initiate medical care upon arrival on scene. If it is deemed necessary or a patient requests transport, the unit is then tasked with transferring the
2946:
2901:
2594:
1355:. First responders are commonly dispatched by the ambulance service to arrive quickly and stabilize the patient before the ambulance arrives, and to then assist the ambulance crew.
734:
A few charities provide ambulances for taking patients on trips or vacations away from hospitals, hospices or care homes where they are in long-term care. Examples include the UK's
412:, reflecting the competing automotive technologies then in existence. However, the first motorized ambulance was brought into service in the last year of the 19th century, with the
4479:[Royal Decree 836/2012, of 25 May, which establishes the technical characteristics, the sanitary equipment and the staffing of the vehicles of sanitary transport by road].
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National Academy of Sciences (US) National Research Council (US) Committee on Trauma; National Academy of Sciences (US) National Research Council (US) Committee on Shock (1966).
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from 1947 to 1985, and is currently operated by the New Orleans Health Department and the New Orleans Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness, separate from the
6202:
1642:
60% of ambulance teams are led by nurse. Ambulance nurses can do almost all emergency procedures and administer medicines pre-hospital such as physicians in Estonia. In the
723:, as well as small local volunteer/paid departments. In the United States, volunteer ambulances are rarer, but can still be seen in both metropolitan and rural areas (e.g.
5183:
3422:
Nallamothu BK, Bates ER (October 2003). "Percutaneous coronary intervention versus fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction: is timing (almost) everything?".
1382:
708:
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2007:
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to name just a few. Some examples of skills include, but not limited to, life support systems normally restricted to the ICU or critical care hospital setting such as
857:
shown here, where each of the 'arms' to the star represent one of the six points, are used to represent the six stages of high quality pre-hospital care, which are:
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5676:
2012:
602:
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in Scotland. This level of care is likely to involve traditional healthcare professionals (in addition to or instead of critical care-trained paramedics), meaning
711:
is the largest charity in the world that provides emergency medicine. (in some countries, it operates as a private ambulance service). Other organisations include
5993:
5524:
4446:
3352:
1176:, especially penetrating trauma such as gunshot or stab wounds. Thus, minimal time is spent providing prehospital care (spine immobilization; "ABCs", i.e. ensure
882:– the emergency medical service provides appropriate and timely interventions to treat the patient at the scene of the incident without doing further harm.
660:
It is rare for a police department in the United States to provide EMS or ambulance services, although many police officers have basic medical training (such as
5616:
4154:
1947:
6009:
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2406:
Skandalakis PN, Lainas P, Zoras O, Skandalakis JE, Mirilas P (August 2006). "'To afford the wounded speedy assistance': Dominique Jean Larrey and Napoleon".
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In countries where EMS is led by paramedics, the ambulance service may still employ physicians. They may serve on specialist response vehicles, such as the
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381:
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A major advance was made (which in future years would come to shape policy on hospitals and ambulances) with the introduction of a transport carriage for
95:
In most places, EMS can be summoned by members of the public (as well as medical facilities, other emergency services, businesses and authorities) via an
5656:
2590:
1992:
1864:
780:
These are full service emergency service agencies, which may be found in places such as airports or large colleges and universities like for example the
3830:
1378:
who are on duty for another emergency service may also be deployed in this role, though some firefighters are trained to a more advanced medical level.
888:-– the emergency medical service load the patient in to suitable transport and continue to provide appropriate medical care throughout the journey
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2643:
2355:
5981:
5621:
1952:
3886:
3005:
2972:
1646:, all ambulances are staffed by a registered nurse with additional training in emergency nursing, anaesthesia or critical care, and a driver-EMT. In
1358:
Some EMS agencies have set up volunteer schemes, who can be dispatched to a medical emergency before the ambulance arrives. Examples of this include
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5203:
4530:
1158:
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suggested that rapid transport was a better strategy for trauma cases, while stabilization at the scene was a better strategy for cardiac arrests.
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1997:
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1972:
1962:
894:– the patient is handed over to an appropriate care setting, such as the emergency department at a hospital, in to the care of physicians
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610:
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require anyone working on an ambulance to be qualified to a set level), whereas others allow quite wide differences between types of operator.
1003:(BLS) is often the lowest level of training that can be held by those who treat patients on an ambulance. Commonly, it includes administering
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2002:
1977:
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1902:
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regionalized systems of hospital care where intensive care services are centralized to a few specialist hospitals. An example of this is the
870:– the first persons on scene make a call to the emergency medical services (911) and provide details to enable a response to be mounted
2950:
2617:
2542:
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and the Wilderness EMS Institute, military branches, community colleges and universities, EMS-college-hospital collaborations, and others.
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5841:
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5636:
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5606:
5581:
5571:
4778:
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1982:
1967:
1957:
1937:
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1351:(AED) usage. The first responder training is considered a bare minimum for emergency service workers who may be sent out in response to an
561:
1520:
1366:
operated by the fire services in France. In some countries such as the US, there may be autonomous groups of volunteer responders such as
1048:
paramedics on board. While some fire departments have ambulances, first aid and squads utilize ambulances for emergency medical services.
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increasingly rare. Ambulance drivers may be trained in radio communications, ambulance operations and emergency response driving skills.
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6109:
6039:
6014:
5651:
5611:
5196:
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3611:"Bundesärztekammer - Notfall: Notkompetenz I (German Federal Board of Physicians: Directives regarding emergency powers for Paramedics)"
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1987:
1942:
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1053:
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1172:, with the goal of having the patient in surgery within an hour of the traumatic event. This appears to be true in cases of internal
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633:
606:
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Some EMS agencies have set up specialist teams to help those injured in a major incident or a dangerous situation. These include
1408:
1348:
2568:
2049:, a programme that enables EMS workers to identify victims and contact their next of kin to obtain important medical information
1480:
has a high level of pre-hospital medical training and usually involves key skills not performed by technicians, often including
919:
approaches are used in the provision of EMS care around the world, they can generally be placed into one of two categories; one
6103:
6043:
5816:
5720:
4286:
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1704:
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These providers have a vast array of and medications to handle complex medical and trauma patients. Examples of medication are
876:– the first professional (EMS) rescuers are dispatched and arrive on scene as quickly as possible, enabling care to begin
519:
1233:
6091:
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1932:
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Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society, (1966), National Academy of Sciences (White Paper)
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Aircraft can travel faster and operate in a wider coverage area than a land ambulance. They have a particular advantage for
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Gaston, Sawnie R. (1971). "'Accidental death and disability: the neglected disease of modern society'. A progress report".
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1798:
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In some cases in this model, such as France, there is no direct equivalent to a paramedic. Physicians and (in some cases)
990:
673:
665:
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220:
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1149:, or advanced care resources are taken to the patient where they lie. The "scoop and run" approach is exemplified by the
6097:
6079:
6062:
5811:
5283:
5273:
5059:
4338:
Melby V, Ryan A (October 2005). "Caring for older people in prehospital emergency care: can nurses make a difference?".
1830:
1444:
1282:
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179:
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Besides first responders who are deployed to an emergency, there are others who may be stationed at public events. The
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5739:
5471:
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5361:
5351:
5346:
5278:
5250:
5172:"Emergency Medical Services in the European Union: report of an assessment project co-ordinated by the European Union"
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2713:
1750:
1610:
677:
464:
108:
5110:
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1613:
or paramedic practitioner is a position that is designed to bridge the link between ambulance care and the care of a
1137:
is in the process of evaluating a payment model to enable reimbursement for patients evaluated and treated on-scene.
1104:
The Anglo-American model is also known as "load and go" or "scoop and run". In this model, ambulances are staffed by
700:
Charities or non-profit ambulance departments operate some emergency medical services. They are primarily staffed by
269:
they had received early treatment in the field. Larrey's projects for 'flying ambulances' were first approved by the
3053:
2215:
1847:
1525:
954:
942:
Studies have been inconclusive as to whether one model delivers better results than the other. A 2010 study in the
518:
the first experimental mobile coronary care ambulance successfully resuscitated patients using these technologies.
270:
166:
96:
31:
4260:
4126:
1572:
monitoring. Depending on the service medical direction, these providers are trained on placement and use of UVCs (
103:) which puts them in contact with a dispatching centre, which will then dispatch suitable resources for the call.
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58:
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2241:
2189:
1424:
1012:
479:
4875:
Meier, B, Saul, S. Fatal crashes provoke debate on safety of sky ambulances. New York Times, 28 February 2005.
1253:. Countries that use this model include Austria, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, Spain, Brazil and Chile.
215:
Emergency care in the field has been rendered in different forms since the beginning of recorded history. The
4208:
4076:
4047:
3967:
Editors of Salem Press (2008). Paramedics. Magill's Medical Guide, 4th Rev. ed.. Salem Press. Retrieved from
3837:
3079:
5695:
5142:, (Washington, D.C.: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, US Department of Transportation, 1995).
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2057:
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in 1881. Named the "Vienna Voluntary Rescue Society," it served as a model for similar societies worldwide.
43:
351:
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1860:
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transport ambulance services in large cities are part of fire departments. Examples of this model are the
413:
400:
was being developed, and in addition to horse-drawn models, early 20th century ambulances were powered by
124:
5184:
World Health Organization: Department of Violence and Injury Prevention "Prehospital Trauma Care Systems"
4990:
6297:
6222:
6137:
5908:
5881:
5705:
5240:
5171:
4946:
3109:
2481:
2331:
1806:
1484:(and with it the ability to use a range of drugs to relieve pain, correct cardiac problems, and perform
1266:
1024:
618:
246:
198:
may also provide pre-hospital care to varying degrees in certain countries, a model which is popular in
187:
3459:"Applying the new STEMI guidelines: 1. Reperfusion in acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction"
1269:(ALS) procedures if authorized by the physician, or in cases of immediate life-threatening conditions.
3031:
451:, there were some areas where a modern ambulance carried advanced medical equipment, was staffed by a
6312:
6292:
5914:
5791:
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5700:
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5356:
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The essential decision in prehospital care is whether the patient should be immediately taken to the
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1098:
1074:
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754:
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155:
116:
112:
1772:
injuries, especially when they occur in rural or isolated areas. The well-established theory of the
1043:
commonly provide ALS, but some countries require it to be a higher level of care and instead employ
6398:
6362:
6327:
6247:
5893:
5887:
5875:
5491:
5298:
5016:
3636:
2078:
2035:
1842:
1699:
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1028:
459:, the only available vehicle that could carry a recumbent patient, and were thus frequently run by
224:
3693:
3637:"EMTs and Paramedics : Occupational Outlook Handbook: : U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics"
2382:
2274:
1116:
for the work of the ambulance crews. This may include off-line medical control, where they devise
6067:
5971:
5762:
5481:
5409:
5235:
4679:
3346:
3159:
2772:
2546:
2431:
2041:
1825:. In the US, these are often known as Tactical EMS teams and are often deployed alongside police
1776:
suggests that major trauma patients should be transported as quickly as possible to a specialist
1726:
1489:
1000:
849:, which are to Preserve Life, Prevent Further Injury, and Promote Recovery. This common theme in
250:
175:
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6352:
6277:
6242:
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5801:
5786:
5502:
5486:
5466:
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5032:
4858:
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4355:
4029:
3563:
3488:
3439:
3334:
3324:
3277:
3254:
3219:
3151:
2857:
2815:
2805:
2764:
2678:
2522:
2519:
The ambulance: the story of emergency transportation of sick and wounded through the centuries
2423:
1631:
1589:
1386:
1324:
1306:
1262:
1117:
1036:
864:– members of the public, or another agency, find the incident and understand the problem
712:
336:
332:
308:
230:
140:
128:
84:
3862:
2791:
2621:
327:(now the Cincinnati General) by 1865. This was soon followed by other services, notably the
6337:
6252:
5376:
5303:
4848:
4807:
4794:
Branas CC, MacKenzie EJ, Williams JC, Schwab CW, Teter HM, Flanigan MC, et al. (2005).
4661:
4417:
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3209:
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1738:
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903:
746:
515:
328:
136:
62:
5088:
4884:
Levin, A, Davis, R. Surge in crashes scars air ambulance industry. USA Today, 18 July 2005.
3984:
3510:
1468:
6287:
6227:
5476:
5419:
5404:
5366:
5178:
4731:
4703:
3806:
2494:
1818:
1653:
1218:
1212:) occurring outside of the hospital, or even inside community hospitals without their own
1201:
963:
728:
540:
428:
350:
Another early ambulance service was founded by Jaromir V. Mundy, Count J. N. Wilczek, and
265:-drawn wagons, which were used to transport fallen soldiers from the (active) battlefield
120:
4609:
2744:
5140:
Planning Emergency Medical Communications: Volume 2, Local/Regional Level Planning Guide
4316:
4008:"Advanced life support in the wilderness: 5-year experience of the Reach and Treat team"
3711:
2465:
2116:
792:
53:
39:
5898:
5860:
5849:
4696:
4476:
3214:
3189:
1856:
1810:
1581:
1557:
1505:
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1448:
1436:
1371:
1352:
1238:
1169:
1032:
1004:
959:
818:
814:
797:
758:
549:
522:
was the first civilian emergency medical service in the United States to be staffed by
507:
503:
499:
241:
The first use of the ambulance as a specialized vehicle, in battle came about with the
4853:
4836:
4006:
Schmidt TA, Federiuk CS, Zechnich A, Forsythe M, Christie M, Andrews C (August 1996).
3558:
3533:
3483:
3458:
3435:
3134:
Dick WF (2003). "Anglo-American vs. Franco-German emergency medical services system".
319:
The first known hospital-based ambulance service operated out of Commercial Hospital,
34:, also known as the Emergency Medical Service, which operated in World War II Britain.
6387:
6347:
6302:
6282:
5826:
5336:
4422:
4405:
4351:
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are usually able to perform a wide range of emergency care skills, such as automated
1287:
1193:
614:
487:
440:
312:
216:
151:
100:
5150:
4683:
4290:
3163:
2435:
1851:
of practice include catheterization, antibiotic administration, use of intermediate
1164:
The strategy developed for prehospital trauma care in North America is based on the
989:
consists of basic skills that are commonly taught to members of the public, such as
581:
6357:
6332:
6307:
6267:
5821:
5445:
5399:
5263:
5230:
3388:
3237:
BS Roudsari (2007). "International comparison of prehospital trauma care systems".
2776:
2073:
1769:
1758:
1712:
1681:
in the UK. They may also provide advice and devise protocols for treatment, with a
1501:
1367:
854:
826:
701:
642:
460:
448:
132:
4103:
837:
3250:
2569:"How EMS Services Including Ambulances Went from Punishment to Prestige - IA MED"
6367:
5956:
5920:
4968:
4650:"The First Recorded Aeromedical Evacuation in the British Army - the True Story"
4586:
3784:
3297:
1762:
1643:
1375:
1078:
490:
ambulance. Note the raised roof, with more room for the attendants and patients.
424:
409:
390:
369:
was established to provide first aid and ambulance services at public events in
359:
1757:, when time to reach a medical facility was reduced from 8 hours to 3 hours in
1293:
688:
431:
were introduced during the war and were found to have a positive effect on the
17:
6342:
6132:
5941:
5855:
5341:
3147:
2879:
2419:
1754:
1593:
1541:
1497:
1493:
1412:
1305:
A unique aspect of EMS is that there are two hierarchies of authority, as the
1270:
1222:
1189:
1154:
1113:
1069:
735:
523:
443:
became available shortly after World War I, enabling for more efficient radio
397:
386:
320:
294:
patients in London during 1832. The statement on the carriage, as printed in
5188:
4837:"Variation in air medical outcomes by crew composition: a two-year follow-up"
4812:
4795:
3338:
1060:
and/or physicians working in the pre-hospital setting and even on ambulances.
6322:
6317:
6257:
6237:
6180:
6051:
5936:
5903:
5686:
5414:
5324:
5293:
4666:
4649:
3389:"Emergency Triage, Treat, and Transport (ET3) Model | CMS Innovation Center"
1742:
1671:
1667:
1605:
1569:
1477:
1246:
1125:
1105:
1044:
1040:
986:
928:
920:
846:
822:
452:
432:
427:, further advances were made in providing care before and during transport;
296:
227:
were known for rendering assistance to wounded soldiers in the battlefield.
191:
183:
171:
104:
47:
4821:
4431:
4359:
4033:
3567:
3492:
3443:
3258:
3223:
3155:
2819:
2768:
2721:
2682:
2427:
455:, and was dispatched by radio. In many locations, however, ambulances were
4862:
4675:
2861:
2328:"Motorcycle Ambulance Trailer Project Gets Off The Ground With MAN ERF UK"
2300:
1794:
335:
which started in 1869 with ambulances carrying medical equipment, such as
253:'s chief surgeon. Larrey was present at the battle of Spires, between the
5961:
5951:
5946:
5424:
5114:
4923:
Hawkins, SC (21 January 2012). "Wilderness EMS Medical Director Course".
3549:
3474:
2030:
1549:
1545:
1173:
1146:
1039:. The scope of this higher tier response varies considerably by country.
850:
781:
724:
720:
661:
553:
484:
405:
340:
159:
3457:
Bogaty P, Buller CE, Dorian P, O'Neill BJ, Armstrong PW (October 2004).
3205:
3057:
2793:
Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society
2219:
1512:), and Critical Care Emergency Medical Transport Program certification.
532:
Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society
373:. It was modelled on a military-style command and discipline structure.
127:, and others may be used. EMS agencies may also operate a non-emergency
6272:
4264:
1746:
1639:
1168:
theory, i.e., that a trauma victim's best chance for survival is in an
1157:, whereas the "stay and play" is exemplified by the French and Belgian
1150:
1093:
994:
967:
908:
590:
511:
417:
291:
258:
147:
89:
4560:
4406:"A new profession in the pre-hospital care field: the ambulance nurse"
3274:
The Emergency Medical Responder: Training and Succeeding as an EMT/EMR
5831:
5731:
5166:
4160:. The Board for Critical Care Transport Certification. Archived from
4155:"Report of a National Study of the Certified Critical Care Paramedic"
3083:
2098:
1730:
1647:
1257:
1057:
845:
Emergency medical services exists to fulfill the basic principles of
693:
456:
370:
355:
344:
254:
199:
2245:
2193:
672:, which was formed as a hospital-based service, was operated by the
2138:
923:-led and the other led by pre-hospital allied health staff such as
639:
District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Services Department
5710:
5601:
4212:
4080:
4051:
2801:
2669:
Bledsoe, B.; Barnes, D. (2004). "Traction splint. An EMS relic?".
1793:
1698:
1553:
1519:
1467:
1435:
1292:
1281:
1232:
1221:
time. The longer the time interval, the greater the damage to the
1209:
1161:
or the German "Notarzt"-System (preclinical emergency physician).
1092:
1068:
953:
902:
836:
791:
745:
687:
632:
580:
478:
463:. These vehicles, which could serve either purpose, were known as
436:
401:
380:
302:
279:
275:
262:
229:
195:
52:
38:
3323:. Zigmont, Jason J. (Third ed.). Burlington, Massachusetts.
3190:"Models of International Emergency Medical Service (EMS) Systems"
2167:
1741:. In 1928, the first civilian air medical service was founded in
4125:. International Association Of Flight Paramedics. Archived from
1826:
1814:
1509:
1124:
In some cases, such as in the UK, South Africa and Australia, a
586:
324:
6184:
5735:
5506:
5192:
3968:
2038:, a rapid-response emergency unit in Chicago disbanded in 2005.
4771:
International Trauma Life Support for Emergency Care Providers
1745:
to provide healthcare to people living in remote parts of the
4994:
2356:"Do not take all your patients to hospital, paramedics told"
1711:
often have staff who are specially trained for dealing with
4025:
10.1580/1080-6032(1996)007[0208:ALSITW]2.3.CO;2
3272:
Ventura, Christian (20 January 2021). "1: The EMS System".
2842:
The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care
813:
Many large factories and other industrial centers, such as
2458:"The Revolutionary Flying Ambulance of Napoleon's Surgeon"
2268:"EU document on European adoption of 112 emergency number"
1737:
who had been shot in the ankle was flown to hospital in a
1085:
drivers and undertakers may transport people to hospital.
1027:(ALS) has a considerably expanded range of skills such as
979:
provides a higher level of care than a regular ambulance.
796:
An ambulance belonging to the Ogawa Red Cross Hospital in
4211:. University Of Maryland Baltimore County. Archived from
4186:
3662:"Fire/EMS Merger: An Examination of Cultural Differences"
1192:) and the victim is transported as fast as possible to a
601:
notable examples of this model in the United States are
178:(BLS). In English-speaking countries, they are known as
2743:
Kouwenhoven WB, Jude JR, Knickerbocker GG (July 1960).
2593:. West Virginia Department of Education. Archived from
1411:, oxygen therapy, pain relief and other live-saving or
552:
creating the country's first statewide EMS program, in
4746:
Atls, Advanced Trauma Life Support Program for Doctors
2973:"IAFC Position: Fire-based Emergency Medical Services"
5147:
Medicine at the Margins: EMS Workers in Urban America
4189:. The Board for Critical Care Transport Certification
3981:"HPC - Health Professions Council - Protected titles"
2330:. Transport News Network. 4 July 2006. Archived from
1604:
In the United Kingdom and South Africa, some serving
529:
One well-known report in the US during that time was
494:
Advances in the 1960s, especially the development of
186:, with the latter having additional training such as
3298:"What Does a Super Paramedic Do? (BBC News website)"
1829:
teams. The equivalent in UK ambulance services is a
510:, led to changes in the tasks of the ambulances. In
107:
are the primary vehicles for delivering EMS, though
6125:
6038:
5980:
5929:
5840:
5769:
5685:
5541:
5459:
5433:
5375:
5312:
5249:
2070:, a model for organizing Emergency Medical Services
5085:"University of Utah Wilderness and EMS Fellowship"
4105:The Feasibility of the Advanced Practice Paramedic
3613:(in German). Bundesaerztekammer.de. Archived from
2354:
4610:"EMS officially recognized as an EM subspecialty"
4499:"Infermier Sapeur-Pompiers (French govt website)"
2902:"Royal Commission on the National Health Service"
1504:, and other skills such as performing a surgical
1383:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
709:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement
597:ambulances are part of a national health system.
502:as the standard form of care for out-of-hospital
4892:
4890:
3106:"Design, Origin and Meaning of the Star of Life"
3030:. Order of Malta Ambulance Corps. Archived from
2644:"St John Ambulance in the Industrial Revolution"
2008:Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom
61:emergency medical services unit responding to a
5990:International Federation for Emergency Medicine
4835:Burney RE, Hubert D, Passini L, Maio R (1995).
4796:"Access to trauma centers in the United States"
2591:"A Brief History of Emergency Medical Services"
2456:Ortiz, Captain Jose M (October–December 1998).
2013:Emergency medical services in the United States
1097:Ambulances parked outside an emergency room in
931:. These models are commonly referred to as the
603:Pittsburgh Bureau of Emergency Medical Services
5994:International Conference on Emergency Medicine
1753:. The use of helicopters was pioneered in the
6196:
5747:
5518:
5204:
5019:. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012
4720:40 Years Retrospective: It's Been a Wild Ride
2931:Geneviève Barrier (1992). Odile Jacob (ed.).
1948:Emergency medical services in the Netherlands
1362:schemes run by ambulance services the UK and
805:whichever hospital may be needed or desired.
8:
6010:Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians
4991:"Appalachian Center for Wilderness Medicine"
4773:(8th Global ed.). Pearson. p. 12.
4633:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4187:"Board Of Critical Care Transport Paramedic"
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2322:
2320:
2318:
6116:Care of the Critically Ill Surgical Patient
6005:Australasian College for Emergency Medicine
4313:"South Western Ambulance Service NHS Trust"
3355:) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1621:Traditional healthcare professionals in EMS
993:, bandaging wounds and saving someone from
853:is demonstrated by the "star of life". The
577:Municipal "third service" ambulance service
6203:
6189:
6181:
5754:
5740:
5732:
5525:
5511:
5503:
5211:
5197:
5189:
3351:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1993:Emergency medical services in South Africa
1865:Appalachian Center for Wilderness Medicine
1821:situations, building collapses, fires and
1389:both provide first aiders in these roles.
4852:
4811:
4665:
4447:"International EMS system Design: Sweden"
4421:
4149:
4147:
4071:
4069:
4023:
3557:
3482:
3213:
3056:. Jumbulance Travel Trust. Archived from
2697:Prehospital Systems and Medical Oversight
1953:Emergency medical services in New Zealand
1686:hired medical directors of EMS agencies.
6000:American College of Emergency Physicians
5053:"Roane State Wilderness First Responder"
4969:"WILDERNESS EMT: TO TAKE OR NOT TO TAKE"
4375:"EMS in the Netherlands: A Dutch Treat?"
4120:"Critical Care Paramedic Position Paper"
4108:(MPH thesis). University of Connecticut.
1652:
1440:EMTs loading a patient into an ambulance
1159:SMUR emergency mobile resuscitation unit
1135:Center to Medicare and Medicaid Services
684:Charity/not-for-profit ambulance service
6020:European Society for Emergency Medicine
4654:Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
4012:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
2996:
2994:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2401:
2399:
2090:
1998:Emergency medical services in Sri Lanka
1918:Emergency medical services in Hong Kong
1883:Emergency medical services in Australia
1188:irculation; external bleeding control;
46:paramedics transporting a patient on a
6030:American Academy of Emergency Medicine
5030:
4726:, August 2007. Accessed: 8 June 2014.
4626:
3831:"North Dakota EMT-B Scope of Practice"
3344:
2947:"UK NHS Ambulance Service Information"
2701:National Association of EMS Physicians
2646:. St John Ambulance UK. Archived from
2490:
2479:
1973:Emergency medical services in Portugal
1963:Emergency medical services in Pakistan
670:New Orleans Emergency Medical Services
611:New Orleans Emergency Medical Services
447:of ambulances in some areas. Prior to
5289:Advanced emergency medical technician
4744:American College of Surgeons (2008).
4608:PA-C, Fred Wu, MHS (5 October 2010).
4379:Journal of Emergency Medical Services
3605:
3603:
3276:. Springer International Publishing.
3129:
3127:
2671:Journal of Emergency Medical Services
2299:. Town of Colonie EMS. Archived from
2003:Emergency medical services in Ukraine
1978:Emergency medical services in Romania
1933:Emergency medical services in Ireland
1923:Emergency medical services in Iceland
1913:Emergency medical services in Germany
1903:Emergency medical services in Finland
1888:Emergency medical services in Belgium
1878:Emergency medical services in Austria
1500:, pericardiocentesis, cardioversion,
1265:. They are only permitted to perform
526:, all of whom were African-American.
27:Services providing acute medical care
7:
6025:Asian Society for Emergency Medicine
5111:"Carolina Wilderness EMS Externship"
3781:"Dept. of Labor EMT Job Description"
3319:J., Walz, Bruce (2 September 2016).
3082:. First Aid Services. Archived from
2363:from the original on 12 January 2022
2353:Donnelly, Laura (10 November 2013).
2216:"Valhalla Volunteer Ambulance Corps"
2113:"Long Hill Township First Aid Squad"
1983:Emergency medical services in Russia
1968:Emergency medical services in Poland
1958:Emergency medical services in Norway
1938:Emergency medical services in Israel
1908:Emergency medical services in France
1898:Emergency medical services in Canada
1893:Emergency medical services in Brazil
1428:performing 12 lead ECG assessments.
651:New York City Fire Department (FDNY)
347:, reflecting contemporary medicine.
6110:Advanced Life Support in Obstetrics
6015:Royal College of Emergency Medicine
3532:Cantor WJ, Morrison LJ (May 2005).
3372:"CT Statewide EMS Protocols 2017.2"
3004:. British Red Cross. Archived from
3002:"BritishRedCross Ambulance Support"
2616:Nicholas Genes (2 September 2005).
1988:Emergency medical services in Spain
1943:Emergency medical services in Italy
1871:Organization in different countries
1790:Tactical emergency medical services
1054:Emergency Medical Retrieval Service
982:Examples of level of care include:
742:Private/corporate ambulance service
396:Also in the late 19th century, the
3670:. 1 September 1998. Archived from
3424:The American Journal of Cardiology
2618:"Disasters and Emergency Medicine"
1928:Emergency medical services in Iran
1309:is separate to medical authority.
1286:EMT staff at an emergency call in
25:
5149:(Fordham University Press, 2022)
3911:"Colorado EMT-B IV Certification"
3136:Prehospital and Disaster Medicine
2164:"Hennepin County Emergency Squad"
358:after the disastrous fire at the
6163:
6152:
6151:
5807:International emergency medicine
4945:. Journal of EMS. Archived from
4423:10.1111/j.1362-1017.2005.00129.x
4373:Wulterkens D (6 December 2005).
4352:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2005.01222.x
4048:"Flight Paramedic Certification"
3509:. Ottawaheart.ca. Archived from
3028:"Order of Malta Ambulance Corps"
2912:from the original on 21 May 2015
2854:10.1097/00005373-197103000-00001
2761:10.1001/jama.1960.03020280004002
2053:List of EMS provider credentials
1657:Prehospital anaesthesia training
1349:automated external defibrillator
1297:A patient arriving at a hospital
915:Although a variety of differing
585:A government-owned ambulance in
439:of patients with leg fractures.
6164:
6104:Pediatric Advanced Life Support
5817:Pre-hospital emergency medicine
4235:"Cleveland Clinic CICP program"
4102:Paquette, Anthony John (2005).
3863:"NHTSA EMT-B Scope of Practice"
3544:(11): 1425, author reply 1426.
2620:. Medgadget.com. Archived from
520:Freedom House Ambulance Service
6092:Acute Care of at-Risk Newborns
6086:Neonatal Resuscitation Program
4900:. 31 July 2013. Archived from
4697:"Royal Flying Doctor Service."
2745:"Closed-chest cardiac massage"
2521:. New York: Exposition Press.
2139:"FAST Squad | Town of Lyme NH"
1853:Blind Insertion Airway Devices
1761:, and again to 2 hours by the
1725:Air ambulances (also known as
1492:, 12-lead ECG interpretation,
1451:, care of spinal injuries and
1345:cardio-pulmonary resuscitation
899:Strategies for delivering care
841:Six points on the Star of Life
717:Order of Malta Ambulance Corps
692:A volunteer ambulance crew in
655:Baltimore City Fire Department
629:Fire- or police-linked service
1:
6074:Advanced cardiac life support
6057:Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
4854:10.1016/s0196-0644(95)70322-5
3436:10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00891-9
3142:(1): 29–35, discussion 35–7.
1799:New York City Fire Department
1472:A girl treated by a paramedic
1445:Emergency medical technicians
1110:emergency medical technicians
1009:emergency medical technicians
991:cardiopulmonary resuscitation
958:Bags of medical supplies and
925:emergency medical technicians
674:New Orleans Police Department
234:A drawing of one of Larrey's
221:parable of the Good Samaritan
180:emergency medical technicians
6098:Pediatric basic life support
6080:Advanced trauma life support
6063:Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation
5812:Pediatric emergency medicine
5284:Emergency medical technician
5274:Emergency medical dispatcher
4748:. Amer College of Surgeons.
3969:http://elibrary.bigchalk.com
3943:"Paramedic: Job description"
3251:10.1016/j.injury.2007.03.028
2949:. NHS Direct. Archived from
2906:Socialist Health Association
2190:"Nottingham Ambulance Squad"
1831:Hazardous Area Response Team
1432:Emergency medical technician
1318:Emergency medical dispatcher
5472:Critical emergency medicine
5390:Kendrick extrication device
5362:Nontransporting EMS vehicle
5352:Light horse field ambulance
5279:Emergency medical responder
4898:"Tactical EMS: an overview"
4709:Retrieved: 4 December 2010.
4504:(in French). Archived from
4487:: 41589–41595. 8 June 2012.
4340:Journal of Clinical Nursing
3807:"NYS EMT-B Job Description"
2695:Kuehl, Alexander E. (Ed.).
2517:Barkley, Katherine (1978).
1751:Royal Flying Doctor Service
1611:emergency care practitioner
1600:Emergency care practitioner
1578:Umbilical Arterial Catheter
1459:Advanced life support (ALS)
892:Transfer to definitive care
678:New Orleans Fire Department
564:were founded in the 1970s.
6415:
6394:Emergency medical services
6263:Emergency medical services
5782:Emergency medical services
5543:Emergency medical services
5534:Emergency medical services
5220:Emergency medical services
5163:Emergency Medical Services
5017:"Wilderness EMS Institute"
4481:Boletín Oficial del Estado
3321:Foundations of EMS systems
2571:. IA MED. 22 February 2021
1848:Wilderness Medical Society
1807:tactical police operations
1787:
1749:. This service became the
1718:
1526:Toronto Paramedic Services
1335:
966:Logistics Headquarters in
776:Combined emergency service
668:). One notable example is
271:Committee of Public Safety
97:emergency telephone number
69:Emergency medical services
32:Emergency Hospital Service
29:
6218:
6212:Allied health professions
6146:
5259:Certified first responder
5226:
5037:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3887:"EMT-B additional skills"
3188:Sultan Al-Shaqsi (2010).
3148:10.1017/s1049023x00000650
2935:(in French). p. 141.
2878:. Umm.edu. Archived from
2420:10.1007/s00268-005-0436-8
1784:Tactical (hazardous area)
1574:Umbilical Venous Catheter
1566:Intra-aortic balloon pump
1425:Emergency care assistants
1364:similar volunteer schemes
1360:Community First Responder
1338:Certified first responder
1019:Intermediate Life Support
1013:emergency care assistants
751:American Medical Response
623:Federal Bureau of Prisons
367:St John Ambulance Brigade
286:Early civilian ambulances
59:New South Wales Ambulance
6303:Music and arts therapist
5957:Epinephrine / Adrenaline
5269:Emergency care assistant
4813:10.1001/jama.293.21.2626
4410:Nursing in Critical Care
3582:"SAMU de France website"
2408:World Journal of Surgery
2297:"EMS Special Operations"
1733:, when a soldier in the
1420:Emergency care assistant
1313:Basic life support (BLS)
880:Good on-scene/field care
331:service provided out of
174:certifications, such as
30:Not to be confused with
6268:Hemodialysis technician
4769:Campbell, John (2018).
4667:10.1136/jramc-132-01-08
4557:"Londons Air Ambulance"
4445:Bom A (February 2012).
3108:. NHTSA. Archived from
3054:"Questions and Answers"
2714:"Miller-Meteor History"
2464:: 17–25. Archived from
2383:"Knights Hospitaller's"
2058:Mass Gathering Medicine
1528:Critical Care ambulance
1516:Critical care paramedic
1486:endotracheal intubation
1402:Non-emergency attendant
1190:endotracheal intubation
1153:aeromedical evacuation
131:service, and some have
92:such as EMAS or EMARS.
44:Chicago Fire Department
6313:Occupational therapist
5145:Prener, Christopher.
4718:Kay, Marcia Hillary. "
4583:"Surrey Air Ambulance"
3534:"Guidelines for STEMI"
2933:La vie entre les mains
2908:. HMSO. 17 July 1979.
2489:Cite journal requires
2063:Medical amnesty policy
1861:Nasogastric Intubation
1802:
1716:
1707:helicopter ambulance.
1658:
1562:mechanical ventilators
1529:
1473:
1441:
1298:
1290:
1241:
1206:myocardial infarctions
1101:
1089:Transport-centered EMS
1081:
971:
912:
842:
801:
788:Hospital-based service
761:
753:ambulances staging in
697:
645:
593:
491:
414:Michael Reese Hospital
393:
316:
238:
65:
50:
6363:Respiratory therapist
6298:Medical transcription
6248:Clinical psychologist
6223:Anesthesia technician
6138:Injury Severity Score
5909:Nasopharyngeal airway
5882:Intraosseous infusion
5241:Advanced life support
3755:"ACA job description"
3507:"UOHI - Heart Attack"
2242:"Sardinia Life Squad"
1797:
1702:
1656:
1523:
1471:
1439:
1296:
1285:
1267:Advanced Life Support
1236:
1131:Emergency Departments
1096:
1072:
1025:Advanced Life Support
957:
906:
840:
795:
749:
727:). Charities such as
691:
636:
619:National Park Service
584:
482:
384:
352:Eduard Lamezan-Salins
306:
247:Dominique Jean Larrey
233:
188:advanced life support
56:
42:
6293:Medical technologist
6243:Cardiac physiologist
5915:Oropharyngeal airway
5792:Emergency psychiatry
5777:Emergency department
5357:Motorcycle ambulance
5320:Air medical services
3714:on 29 September 2008
3550:10.1503/cmaj.1041728
3475:10.1503/cmaj.1041417
3194:Oman Medical Journal
3080:"First Aid Services"
2334:on 22 September 2008
2196:on 26 September 2007
2068:Public utility model
2047:In case of emergency
2026:Battlefield medicine
1721:Air medical services
1666:In countries with a
1615:general practitioner
1568:(IABP) and external
1251:emergency department
1099:Binghamton, New York
1075:motorcycle ambulance
1035:and interpreting an
944:Oman Medical Journal
937:Anglo-American model
907:Training for EMS in
755:Tallahassee, Florida
637:An ambulance of the
156:emergency department
99:(such as 911 in the
6353:Radiation therapist
6328:Pharmacy technician
5894:Tracheal intubation
5888:Intravenous therapy
5492:Wilderness medicine
5299:Emergency physician
5177:24 May 2011 at the
4925:Wilderness Medicine
4730:8 June 2014 at the
4385:on 17 February 2015
3761:on 11 February 2009
3617:on 20 November 2010
3588:on 14 November 2008
3206:10.5001/omj.2010.92
2882:on 24 December 2005
2543:"Cholera carriages"
2119:on 22 December 2005
2079:Wilderness medicine
2036:First Aid Care Team
1857:King Laryngeal Tube
1843:National Ski Patrol
1029:intravenous therapy
933:Franco-German model
809:Internal ambulances
243:ambulances volantes
236:ambulances volantes
225:Knights Hospitaller
6068:Basic life support
5972:Sodium bicarbonate
5770:Emergency medicine
5763:Emergency medicine
5482:Emergency medicine
5410:Spinal precautions
5236:Basic life support
5065:on 7 November 2012
4702:2010-05-04 at the
4648:Dolev, E. (1986).
4589:on 10 October 2017
4531:"The SMUR of Nice"
4404:Suserud B (2005).
4293:on 20 October 2013
4167:on 19 January 2012
4132:on 11 January 2012
3987:on 7 November 2018
3949:on 2 February 2009
3393:innovation.cms.gov
3112:on 15 October 2008
3086:on 22 October 2008
3008:on 10 October 2017
2953:on 6 November 2009
2597:on 1 February 2023
2042:Good Samaritan law
1803:
1717:
1659:
1530:
1490:cardiac monitoring
1474:
1442:
1299:
1291:
1242:
1102:
1082:
1001:Basic Life Support
972:
913:
843:
802:
762:
698:
646:
594:
492:
475:Rise of modern EMS
394:
360:Vienna Ringtheater
339:, a stomach pump,
317:
278:for a campaign in
251:Napoleon Bonaparte
239:
176:basic life support
85:emergency services
81:paramedic services
77:ambulance services
66:
51:
6381:
6380:
6288:Medical physicist
6278:Medical assistant
6273:Massage therapist
6228:Aquatic therapist
6178:
6177:
5967:Magnesium sulfate
5876:Electrocardiogram
5802:Medical emergency
5787:Emergency nursing
5729:
5728:
5500:
5499:
5487:Military medicine
5467:Aviation medicine
5451:Search and rescue
5441:Ambulance station
4971:. 15 October 2013
4943:"Blazing a Trail"
4707:flyingdoctor.net.
4261:"Wake County EMS"
4241:on 22 August 2011
4215:on 11 August 2011
3923:on 24 August 2008
3694:"Free Dictionary"
3674:on 29 August 2018
3370:CT DPH and OEMS.
3283:978-3-030-64395-9
3034:on 9 October 2007
2811:978-0-309-07532-9
2528:978-0-682-48983-6
2303:on 8 January 2008
1823:natural disasters
1801:Haz-Tac Ambulance
1632:registered nurses
1626:Registered nurses
1387:St John Ambulance
1263:scope of practice
1237:Ambulance in the
1229:Physician-led EMS
1037:electrocardiogram
713:St John Ambulance
506:, along with new
389:ambulance during
365:In June 1887 the
333:Bellevue Hospital
309:Bellevue Hospital
141:search and rescue
129:patient transport
75:), also known as
16:(Redirected from
6406:
6373:Speech therapist
6253:Dental hygienist
6233:Athletic trainer
6205:
6198:
6191:
6182:
6167:
6166:
6155:
6154:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5733:
5536:around the world
5527:
5520:
5513:
5504:
5377:Casualty lifting
5304:Medical director
5213:
5206:
5199:
5190:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5113:. Archived from
5107:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5091:on 7 August 2019
5087:. Archived from
5081:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5064:
5058:. Archived from
5057:
5049:
5043:
5042:
5036:
5028:
5026:
5024:
5013:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
4997:on 7 August 2019
4993:. Archived from
4987:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4976:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4939:
4933:
4932:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4904:on 7 August 2019
4894:
4885:
4882:
4876:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4856:
4832:
4826:
4825:
4815:
4791:
4785:
4784:
4780:978-1292-17084-8
4766:
4760:
4759:
4741:
4735:
4724:Rotor & Wing
4716:
4710:
4694:
4688:
4687:
4669:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4632:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4585:. Archived from
4579:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4559:. Archived from
4553:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4537:on 15 April 2013
4533:. Archived from
4527:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4510:
4503:
4495:
4489:
4488:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4457:on 30 March 2014
4453:. Archived from
4442:
4436:
4435:
4425:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4381:. Archived from
4370:
4364:
4363:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4315:. Archived from
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4289:. Archived from
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4267:on 8 August 2019
4263:. Archived from
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4237:. Archived from
4231:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4166:
4159:
4151:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4131:
4124:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4088:
4079:. Archived from
4073:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4050:. Archived from
4044:
4038:
4037:
4027:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3983:. Archived from
3977:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3945:. Archived from
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3922:
3916:. Archived from
3915:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3891:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3867:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3842:
3836:. Archived from
3835:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3811:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3783:. Archived from
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3757:. Archived from
3751:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3710:. Archived from
3704:
3698:
3697:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3667:Fire Engineering
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3622:
3607:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3584:. Archived from
3578:
3572:
3571:
3561:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3486:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3399:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3342:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3217:
3185:
3168:
3167:
3131:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
2998:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2975:. Archived from
2969:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2724:on 14 March 2007
2720:. Archived from
2710:
2704:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2545:. Archived from
2539:
2533:
2532:
2514:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2453:
2440:
2439:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2358:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2324:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2273:. Archived from
2272:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2244:. Archived from
2238:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2218:. Archived from
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2192:. Archived from
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2166:. Archived from
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2115:. Archived from
2109:
2103:
2102:
2095:
1739:de Havilland DH9
1683:medical director
1582:surgical airways
1393:Ambulance driver
1307:chain of command
886:Care in transit
535:, also known as
516:Northern Ireland
465:combination cars
429:traction splints
137:technical rescue
63:call for service
21:
6414:
6413:
6409:
6408:
6407:
6405:
6404:
6403:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6377:
6338:Physiotherapist
6214:
6209:
6179:
6174:
6142:
6126:Scoring systems
6121:
6034:
5976:
5925:
5836:
5765:
5760:
5730:
5725:
5681:
5537:
5531:
5501:
5496:
5477:Diving medicine
5455:
5429:
5420:Vacuum mattress
5405:Scoop stretcher
5379:
5371:
5367:Water ambulance
5347:Combination car
5308:
5245:
5222:
5217:
5179:Wayback Machine
5159:
5136:
5134:Further reading
5131:
5130:
5120:
5118:
5117:on 2 April 2012
5109:
5108:
5104:
5094:
5092:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5055:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5029:
5022:
5020:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5000:
4998:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4974:
4972:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4952:
4950:
4949:on 18 July 2012
4941:
4940:
4936:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4907:
4905:
4896:
4895:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4874:
4870:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4806:(21): 2626–33.
4793:
4792:
4788:
4781:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4756:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4732:Wayback Machine
4717:
4713:
4704:Wayback Machine
4695:
4691:
4647:
4646:
4642:
4625:
4618:
4616:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4592:
4590:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4566:
4564:
4563:on 23 July 2008
4555:
4554:
4550:
4540:
4538:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4514:
4512:
4511:on 6 March 2012
4508:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4492:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4460:
4458:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4388:
4386:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4322:
4320:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4270:
4268:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4244:
4242:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4218:
4216:
4209:"CCEMTP Course"
4207:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4170:
4168:
4164:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4145:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4086:
4084:
4083:on 21 June 2008
4075:
4074:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4054:on 19 July 2012
4046:
4045:
4041:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3990:
3988:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3966:
3962:
3952:
3950:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3904:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3846:
3844:
3843:on 3 March 2016
3840:
3833:
3829:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3804:
3800:
3790:
3788:
3787:on 25 July 2008
3779:
3778:
3774:
3764:
3762:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3677:
3675:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3645:
3643:
3635:
3634:
3630:
3620:
3618:
3609:
3608:
3601:
3591:
3589:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3397:
3395:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3374:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3343:
3331:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3303:
3301:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3284:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3245:(9): 993–1000.
3236:
3235:
3231:
3187:
3186:
3171:
3133:
3132:
3125:
3115:
3113:
3104:
3103:
3099:
3089:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2992:
2982:
2980:
2979:on 18 June 2016
2971:
2970:
2966:
2956:
2954:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2824:
2822:
2812:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2755:(10): 1064–67.
2742:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2699:, 3rd edition.
2694:
2690:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2650:on 26 June 2007
2642:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2624:on 12 June 2009
2615:
2614:
2610:
2600:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2549:on 22 June 2008
2541:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2516:
2515:
2502:
2488:
2478:
2471:
2469:
2455:
2454:
2443:
2405:
2404:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2364:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2335:
2326:
2325:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2278:
2277:on 20 July 2008
2270:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2248:on 22 June 2007
2240:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2170:on 15 June 2007
2162:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2022:
2017:
1873:
1839:
1811:active shooters
1792:
1786:
1723:
1697:
1692:
1664:
1628:
1623:
1602:
1518:
1466:
1461:
1434:
1422:
1404:
1395:
1372:Police officers
1340:
1334:
1332:First responder
1320:
1315:
1280:
1231:
1219:door to balloon
1143:
1091:
1067:
964:York Region EMS
952:
901:
868:Early reporting
862:Early detection
835:
815:chemical plants
811:
790:
778:
744:
729:BASICS Scotland
686:
631:
579:
570:
537:The White Paper
508:pharmaceuticals
477:
379:
288:
213:
208:
154:, typically an
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Ambulance Corps
15:
12:
11:
5:
6412:
6410:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6386:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6219:
6216:
6215:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6200:
6193:
6185:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6160:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6135:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6119:
6113:
6107:
6101:
6095:
6089:
6083:
6077:
6071:
6065:
6060:
6054:
6048:
6046:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5986:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5933:
5931:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5912:
5906:
5901:
5899:Laryngeal tube
5896:
5891:
5885:
5879:
5873:
5867:
5861:Defibrillation
5858:
5853:
5850:Bag valve mask
5846:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5773:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5759:
5758:
5751:
5744:
5736:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5716:United Kingdom
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5692:
5690:
5683:
5682:
5680:
5679:
5674:
5672:United Kingdom
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5548:
5546:
5539:
5538:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5507:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5463:
5461:
5460:Related fields
5457:
5456:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5386:
5384:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5322:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5255:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5227:
5224:
5223:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5193:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5169:
5158:
5157:External links
5155:
5154:
5153:
5143:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5102:
5076:
5044:
5008:
4982:
4960:
4934:
4915:
4886:
4877:
4868:
4827:
4786:
4779:
4761:
4755:978-1880696316
4754:
4736:
4711:
4689:
4640:
4600:
4574:
4548:
4522:
4490:
4483:(in Spanish).
4468:
4437:
4396:
4365:
4346:(9): 1141–50.
4330:
4319:on 17 May 2007
4304:
4278:
4252:
4226:
4200:
4178:
4143:
4111:
4094:
4065:
4039:
3998:
3972:
3960:
3934:
3902:
3878:
3854:
3822:
3798:
3772:
3746:
3725:
3699:
3685:
3653:
3628:
3599:
3573:
3524:
3498:
3469:(9): 1039–41.
3449:
3414:
3405:
3380:
3362:
3329:
3311:
3300:. 30 June 2005
3289:
3282:
3264:
3229:
3200:(4): 320–323.
3169:
3123:
3097:
3071:
3060:on 2 July 2007
3045:
3019:
2990:
2964:
2938:
2923:
2893:
2867:
2848:(3): 195–206.
2832:
2810:
2782:
2735:
2705:
2688:
2661:
2635:
2608:
2582:
2560:
2534:
2527:
2500:
2491:|journal=
2468:on 14 May 2008
2441:
2414:(8): 1392–99.
2395:
2374:
2345:
2314:
2288:
2259:
2233:
2222:on 6 July 2008
2207:
2181:
2155:
2143:www.lymenh.gov
2130:
2104:
2099:"What is EMS?"
2089:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1838:
1835:
1785:
1782:
1709:Air ambulances
1696:
1695:Air ambulances
1693:
1691:
1690:Specialist EMS
1688:
1679:air ambulances
1663:
1660:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1601:
1598:
1590:arterial lines
1558:blood products
1535:air ambulances
1517:
1514:
1506:cricothyrotomy
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1453:oxygen therapy
1449:defibrillation
1433:
1430:
1421:
1418:
1403:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1353:emergency call
1333:
1330:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1279:
1276:
1239:Czech Republic
1230:
1227:
1170:operating room
1142:
1139:
1090:
1087:
1066:
1065:Transport-only
1063:
1062:
1061:
1049:
1033:cricothyrotomy
1022:
1016:
1005:oxygen therapy
998:
960:defibrillators
951:
950:Levels of care
948:
900:
897:
896:
895:
889:
883:
877:
874:Early response
871:
865:
834:
831:
819:oil refineries
810:
807:
798:Ogawa, Saitama
789:
786:
777:
774:
759:Hurricane Irma
743:
740:
685:
682:
630:
627:
578:
575:
569:
566:
550:R Adams Cowley
504:cardiac arrest
500:defibrillation
476:
473:
441:Two-way radios
378:
375:
307:A horse-drawn
287:
284:
212:
209:
207:
204:
190:(ALS) skills.
125:fire apparatus
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6411:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6368:Social worker
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6348:Public health
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6324:
6321:
6319:
6316:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6283:Medical coder
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6217:
6213:
6206:
6201:
6199:
6194:
6192:
6187:
6186:
6183:
6171:
6170:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6149:
6148:
6145:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6117:
6114:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6102:
6099:
6096:
6093:
6090:
6087:
6084:
6081:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6049:
6047:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5983:
5982:Organisations
5979:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5874:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5839:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5827:Trauma center
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5774:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5757:
5752:
5750:
5745:
5743:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5722:
5721:United States
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5684:
5678:
5677:United States
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5540:
5535:
5528:
5523:
5521:
5516:
5514:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5436:
5432:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5337:Ambulance bus
5335:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5221:
5214:
5209:
5207:
5202:
5200:
5195:
5194:
5191:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5151:online review
5148:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5133:
5116:
5112:
5106:
5103:
5090:
5086:
5080:
5077:
5061:
5054:
5048:
5045:
5040:
5034:
5018:
5012:
5009:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4948:
4944:
4938:
4935:
4930:
4926:
4919:
4916:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4881:
4878:
4872:
4869:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4847:(2): 187–92.
4846:
4842:
4841:Ann Emerg Med
4838:
4831:
4828:
4823:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4790:
4787:
4782:
4776:
4772:
4765:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4747:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4693:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4641:
4636:
4630:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4601:
4588:
4584:
4578:
4575:
4562:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4523:
4507:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4472:
4469:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4441:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4416:(6): 269–71.
4415:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4397:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4331:
4318:
4314:
4308:
4305:
4292:
4288:
4287:"MedStar EMS"
4282:
4279:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4240:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4188:
4182:
4179:
4163:
4156:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4128:
4121:
4115:
4112:
4107:
4106:
4098:
4095:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4053:
4049:
4043:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4018:(3): 208–15.
4017:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3999:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3964:
3961:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3919:
3912:
3906:
3903:
3888:
3882:
3879:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3839:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3808:
3802:
3799:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3773:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3735:
3734:"NHS Careers"
3729:
3726:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3686:
3673:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3642:
3638:
3632:
3629:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3604:
3600:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3525:
3513:on 1 May 2015
3512:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
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3453:
3450:
3445:
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3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3373:
3366:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3330:9781284041781
3326:
3322:
3315:
3312:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3285:
3279:
3275:
3268:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3182:
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3176:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3072:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3020:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2978:
2974:
2968:
2965:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2934:
2927:
2924:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2833:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2802:10.17226/9978
2799:
2795:
2794:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2736:
2723:
2719:
2718:Miller-Meteor
2715:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2662:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2636:
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2612:
2609:
2596:
2592:
2586:
2583:
2570:
2564:
2561:
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2538:
2535:
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2520:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2483:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2452:
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2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2384:
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2375:
2362:
2357:
2349:
2346:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2276:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1778:trauma center
1775:
1771:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1689:
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1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:central lines
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1401:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1368:rescue squads
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1339:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1325:response time
1317:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1295:
1289:
1288:New York City
1284:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1235:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1195:
1194:trauma centre
1191:
1187:
1184:reathing and
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1095:
1088:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
999:
996:
992:
988:
985:
984:
983:
980:
978:
977:air ambulance
969:
965:
961:
956:
949:
947:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
917:philosophical
910:
905:
898:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
866:
863:
860:
859:
858:
856:
852:
848:
839:
832:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
808:
806:
799:
794:
787:
785:
783:
775:
773:
769:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
741:
739:
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
703:
695:
690:
683:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
644:
640:
635:
628:
626:
624:
620:
616:
615:Cleveland EMS
612:
608:
604:
598:
592:
588:
583:
576:
574:
567:
565:
563:
562:SAMU agencies
557:
555:
551:
545:
542:
538:
534:
533:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
489:
488:Miller-Meteor
486:
481:
474:
472:
468:
466:
462:
461:funeral homes
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
392:
388:
383:
376:
374:
372:
368:
363:
361:
357:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
314:
313:New York City
311:ambulance in
310:
305:
301:
299:
298:
293:
285:
283:
281:
277:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:(1766–1842),
248:
244:
237:
232:
228:
226:
222:
219:contains the
218:
217:New Testament
210:
205:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
167:qualification
165:Training and
163:
161:
157:
153:
152:point of care
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
133:rescue squads
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
101:United States
98:
93:
91:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
64:
60:
55:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6358:Radiographer
6333:Phlebotomist
6308:Nutritionist
6262:
6162:
6150:
6044:Life support
5822:Major trauma
5781:
5657:South Africa
5542:
5533:
5446:Rescue squad
5400:Spinal board
5264:Combat medic
5231:Paramedicine
5219:
5146:
5139:
5119:. Retrieved
5115:the original
5105:
5093:. Retrieved
5089:the original
5079:
5067:. Retrieved
5060:the original
5047:
5021:. Retrieved
5011:
4999:. Retrieved
4995:the original
4985:
4973:. Retrieved
4963:
4951:. Retrieved
4947:the original
4937:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4906:. Retrieved
4902:the original
4880:
4871:
4844:
4840:
4830:
4803:
4799:
4789:
4770:
4764:
4745:
4739:
4723:
4714:
4706:
4692:
4660:(1): 34–36.
4657:
4653:
4643:
4617:. Retrieved
4613:
4603:
4591:. Retrieved
4587:the original
4577:
4565:. Retrieved
4561:the original
4551:
4539:. Retrieved
4535:the original
4525:
4513:. Retrieved
4506:the original
4493:
4484:
4480:
4471:
4459:. Retrieved
4455:the original
4450:
4440:
4413:
4409:
4399:
4387:. Retrieved
4383:the original
4378:
4368:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4321:. Retrieved
4317:the original
4307:
4297:29 September
4295:. Retrieved
4291:the original
4281:
4271:29 September
4269:. Retrieved
4265:the original
4255:
4245:29 September
4243:. Retrieved
4239:the original
4229:
4217:. Retrieved
4213:the original
4203:
4193:29 September
4191:. Retrieved
4181:
4171:29 September
4169:. Retrieved
4162:the original
4136:29 September
4134:. Retrieved
4127:the original
4114:
4104:
4097:
4085:. Retrieved
4081:the original
4056:. Retrieved
4052:the original
4042:
4015:
4011:
4001:
3989:. Retrieved
3985:the original
3975:
3963:
3951:. Retrieved
3947:the original
3937:
3925:. Retrieved
3918:the original
3905:
3893:. Retrieved
3881:
3869:. Retrieved
3857:
3845:. Retrieved
3838:the original
3825:
3813:. Retrieved
3801:
3789:. Retrieved
3785:the original
3775:
3763:. Retrieved
3759:the original
3749:
3737:. Retrieved
3728:
3716:. Retrieved
3712:the original
3702:
3688:
3676:. Retrieved
3672:the original
3665:
3656:
3644:. Retrieved
3640:
3631:
3619:. Retrieved
3615:the original
3592:19 September
3590:. Retrieved
3586:the original
3576:
3541:
3537:
3527:
3515:. Retrieved
3511:the original
3501:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3430:(7): 824–6.
3427:
3423:
3417:
3408:
3396:. Retrieved
3392:
3383:
3365:
3320:
3314:
3304:19 September
3302:. Retrieved
3292:
3273:
3267:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3197:
3193:
3139:
3135:
3114:. Retrieved
3110:the original
3100:
3088:. Retrieved
3084:the original
3074:
3062:. Retrieved
3058:the original
3048:
3036:. Retrieved
3032:the original
3022:
3010:. Retrieved
3006:the original
2981:. Retrieved
2977:the original
2967:
2955:. Retrieved
2951:the original
2941:
2932:
2926:
2914:. Retrieved
2905:
2896:
2884:. Retrieved
2880:the original
2870:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2825:17 September
2823:. Retrieved
2792:
2785:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2722:the original
2717:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2652:. Retrieved
2648:the original
2638:
2626:. Retrieved
2622:the original
2611:
2599:. Retrieved
2595:the original
2585:
2573:. Retrieved
2563:
2551:. Retrieved
2547:the original
2537:
2518:
2482:cite journal
2470:. Retrieved
2466:the original
2461:
2411:
2407:
2386:. Retrieved
2377:
2365:. Retrieved
2348:
2336:. Retrieved
2332:the original
2305:. Retrieved
2301:the original
2291:
2279:. Retrieved
2275:the original
2262:
2250:. Retrieved
2246:the original
2236:
2224:. Retrieved
2220:the original
2210:
2198:. Retrieved
2194:the original
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2168:the original
2158:
2146:. Retrieved
2142:
2133:
2121:. Retrieved
2117:the original
2107:
2093:
2074:Star of Life
1840:
1804:
1770:major trauma
1767:
1759:World War II
1724:
1713:major trauma
1676:
1665:
1636:
1629:
1603:
1539:
1531:
1502:thoracostomy
1475:
1443:
1423:
1405:
1396:
1380:
1376:firefighters
1357:
1341:
1321:
1304:
1300:
1255:
1243:
1198:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1163:
1144:
1141:Major trauma
1123:
1103:
1083:
981:
973:
941:
936:
932:
914:
891:
885:
879:
873:
867:
861:
855:Star of Life
844:
827:distilleries
812:
803:
779:
770:
766:
763:
733:
706:
699:
659:
647:
643:fire station
599:
595:
571:
568:Organization
558:
546:
536:
530:
528:
493:
469:
449:World War II
422:
395:
377:Motorization
364:
349:
318:
295:
289:
266:
245:designed by
242:
240:
235:
214:
164:
150:to the next
145:
94:
80:
76:
72:
68:
67:
36:
6343:Prosthetist
6318:Optometrist
6238:Audiologist
5921:Pocket mask
5797:Golden hour
5622:New Zealand
5617:Netherlands
4931:(1): 24–25.
3708:"Union EMS"
3678:15 February
3641:www.bls.gov
2728:23 February
2677:(8): 64–9.
1774:golden hour
1763:Vietnam War
1735:Camel Corps
1703:A Canadian
1644:Netherlands
1630:The use of
1594:chest tubes
1482:cannulation
1347:(CPR), and
1166:Golden Hour
1079:South Sudan
425:World War I
410:electricity
391:World War I
182:(EMTs) and
135:to provide
113:motorcycles
90:initialisms
6399:Lifesaving
6388:Categories
6133:NACA score
5942:Amiodarone
5856:Chest tube
5689:by country
5687:Paramedics
5545:by country
5342:Blood bike
4975:31 October
4908:6 November
2957:1 November
2601:29 October
2575:29 October
2085:References
1837:Wilderness
1788:See also:
1755:Korean War
1719:See also:
1606:paramedics
1542:dobutamine
1498:intubation
1494:ultrasound
1413:palliative
1336:See also:
1271:Ambulances
1223:myocardium
1155:helicopter
1106:paramedics
1045:physicians
1041:Paramedics
929:paramedics
736:Jumbulance
702:volunteers
641:leaving a
607:Boston EMS
524:paramedics
398:automobile
387:Royal Navy
321:Cincinnati
211:Precursors
192:Physicians
184:paramedics
143:services.
109:squad cars
105:Ambulances
6323:Orthotist
6258:Dietitian
6052:First aid
5937:Adenosine
5904:Combitube
5878:(ECG/EKG)
5842:Equipment
5696:Australia
5662:Sri Lanka
5632:Palestine
5592:Hong Kong
5557:Australia
5415:Stretcher
5325:Ambulance
5294:Paramedic
4619:14 August
4541:29 August
4515:29 August
4461:29 August
4323:20 August
4219:11 August
4087:20 August
4058:20 August
3991:20 August
3953:20 August
3927:20 August
3895:20 August
3871:20 August
3847:20 August
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3791:20 August
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3739:20 August
3718:20 August
3398:4 October
3347:cite book
3339:954134197
2876:"History"
2388:20 August
1743:Australia
1672:paramedic
1668:physician
1662:Physician
1576:), UACs (
1570:pacemaker
1478:paramedic
1464:Paramedic
1278:Personnel
1247:first aid
1126:paramedic
1118:protocols
1114:oversight
987:First aid
921:physician
847:first aid
823:breweries
738:project.
541:standards
453:physician
437:mortality
433:morbidity
297:The Times
259:Prussians
172:first aid
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6157:Category
6118:(CCrISP)
5962:Naloxone
5952:Dopamine
5947:Atropine
5642:Portugal
5425:Weevac 6
5382:movement
5313:Vehicles
5175:Archived
5121:30 March
5095:30 March
5069:30 March
5033:cite web
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4953:30 March
4822:15928284
4728:Archived
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4629:cite web
4432:16255333
4360:16164532
4077:"CCEMTP"
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3568:15911845
3493:15505262
3444:14516884
3259:17640641
3224:22043368
3164:31020961
3156:14694898
3116:9 August
3090:31 March
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2361:Archived
2338:7 August
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1833:(HART).
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1550:propofol
1546:dopamine
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970:, Canada
851:medicine
782:UCLA EMS
725:Hatzalah
721:Hatzalah
664:use and
662:Nalaxone
653:and the
621:and the
554:Maryland
485:Cadillac
445:dispatch
406:gasoline
341:morphine
329:New York
160:hospital
117:aircraft
6169:Outline
6094:(ACoRN)
6040:Courses
5711:Ireland
5706:Germany
5667:Ukraine
5602:Ireland
5597:Iceland
5587:Germany
5577:Finland
5562:Belgium
5552:Austria
5330:history
4863:7832345
4676:3517313
4593:18 June
4567:18 June
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3215:3191661
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2226:18 June
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2174:18 June
2123:18 June
1747:Outback
1727:medevac
1640:Estonia
1180:irway,
1151:MEDEVAC
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909:Estonia
833:Purpose
800:, Japan
757:during
696:, Italy
591:Ukraine
512:Belfast
483:A 1973
457:hearses
423:During
418:Chicago
337:splints
292:cholera
206:History
148:patient
6112:(ALSO)
6106:(PALS)
6100:(PBLS)
6082:(ATLS)
6076:(ACLS)
5832:Triage
5701:Canada
5647:Russia
5637:Poland
5627:Norway
5607:Israel
5582:France
5572:Canada
5567:Brazil
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1258:nurses
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613:, and
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255:French
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6059:(CPR)
5930:Drugs
5917:(OPA)
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5852:(BVM)
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5612:Italy
5434:Other
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2432:S2CID
2271:(PDF)
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280:Egypt
276:camel
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4569:2007
4543:2012
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4391:2012
4356:PMID
4325:2008
4299:2011
4273:2011
4247:2011
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4173:2011
4138:2011
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3993:2008
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3873:2008
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3720:2008
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