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not be blacklisted. After nine months, however, necessity forced employees to return to work with their demands partially unmet, though they returned with the promise that the state House of
Representatives—controlled by Democrats for the first time since 1914—would consider enacting a 48-hour law. The Republican-controlled Senate defeated the bill, however. Technically, Amoskeag won, but it would prove a
992:
440:. In April 1826, Dr. Dean moved to the site and oversaw construction of the new Bell Mill, which was named for the bell on its roof to summon workers. Also erected was the Island Mill, located on an island in the Merrimack. Boarding houses and stores were built, creating the factory village of Amoskeag. The three-mill complex prospered, becoming known for its excellent "sheetings, shirtings and
36:
913:, were replacing water power. Cotton could be processed and woven where it grew, saving transportation costs to New England. With aging technology, it became increasingly difficult for Amoskeag to compete. Northern labor costs were higher than in the South, which had new factories, layouts, and automatic looms. The South did not have New Hampshire's inventory tax, which levied
559:
475:, was completed, together with six blocks of boarding houses for employees. Throughout the company's history, its engineering department designed and built all mill facilities, whether for use by Amoskeag or others, giving the complex a unity of design. It had unity of color as well, the warm red brick made at the firm's
653:
and, of course, textile machinery. Following the rebellion, the country's rapid industrialization resumed, with
Manchester becoming a textile center greater than its namesake. Company engineers built more factories, lining both sides of the Merrimack. Mill No. 11 was the world's largest cotton mill,
1014:
recreation of the
Millyard, with approximately 8,000 minifigures and an estimated five million bricks. It was built in phases between October 2004 and November 2006. The Manchester Historic Association gave research materials and awarded the center with a Historic Preservation Award for the project
893:
persuaded millworkers to strike when the new arrangements were to take effect. They did, and the city's entire economy suffered. After
Amoskeag restored the pre-strike wage scale in August, workers continued to strike for a return to the 48-hour week, as well as assurances that strike leaders would
317:
In the early 20th century, changing economic and social conditions occurred as the New
England textile industry shifted to the Southern U.S., and the business went bankrupt in 1935. Many decades later, the original mills were refurbished and renovated, and now house offices, restaurants,
400:
and others incorporated the
Amoskeag Cotton & Woolen Manufacturing Company. He and three brothers—Ephraim, David and Robert Stevens—had purchased land and water power rights the year before on the west bank of the Merrimack near Amoskeag Bridge, where they built a mill. From
662:, and ticking were company specialties, although numerous other fabrics in cotton and wool were produced. The noise from thousands of looms running simultaneously in the weave rooms was deafening, so workers had to communicate by shouting in each other's ears or
874:. In the early 1920s, orders for Amoskeag products slackened, and various mills stopped production for days, weeks or even months. Without steady work or pay, the employees' bond with their once paternalistic employer weakened. That bond had kept Manchester a "
881:
Then Parker Straw, agent and grandson of
Ezekiel A. Straw, posted a notice that as of February 13, 1922, all departments would receive a pay reduction of 20 percent, with running hours increased from 48 to 54 hours per week. This was alongside similar notices
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the company planned. Consequently, most of the land on the east side was purchased in 1835, where property holdings would eventually encompass 15,000 acres (61 km). It would also purchase all nearby water power rights to prevent competition. A
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shortly followed, one daily shift was increased to three, with management again trying to increase hours and reduce pay—particularly for women, the majority of its workforce. Violent strikes in 1933 and 1934 required the intervention of the
674:. It employed up to 17,000 workers in 74 textile departments, with 30 mills weaving 50 miles (80 km) of cloth per hour. Defense patronage brought workers an increase in pay combined with a reduction in hours, from 54 to 48 per week.
444:," especially the latter. Success attracted investors. With capital of 1 million dollars, the business was incorporated on July 1, 1831, as the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company. Offices were established in Boston, where the treasurer
483:. Towers containing bells and stairwells added decorative flourishes to utilitarian factories. To take advantage of natural light, workshops were long but narrow, pierced with rows of windows. The Concord Railroad (later
1003:(who had begun buying and refurbishing mill buildings in the 1980s) led the work of the Amoskeag mills to build offices, restaurants, software companies, branches of local colleges, art studios and the Millyard Museum.
536:("reserved for public promenades") graced by fine schools, churches, hospitals, fire stations and a library. Row houses (called corporations) were built and rented to workers with families after years on a waiting list.
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and cotton. In an attempt to remain competitive, Amoskeag made the mistake of adding more mills and spindles to reduce the costs of making fabric, at a time when the textile industry had excess productive capacity.
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the following year ended any chance of revival. Per order of the presiding judge, the vast complex was liquidated. By 1937, half the buildings were occupied by other businesses under the aegis of
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seemed influenced by the benevolent paternalistic management—including the moral and physical habits of the help. Women in particular were monitored both at work and home in accordance with the
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In 1925, treasurer
Frederic C. Dumaine made the decision to split the firm in two, diverting accumulated profits from the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company's years of plenty into a newly created
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615:, attempted to prevent unionizing activities and promoted the "Americanization" of the workforce through benevolence activities and the construction of Textile Field (now
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Caption on back reads: "A few of the small girls and boys (not the smallest ones) that I found working in the spinning room of one of the
Amoskeag Mfg. Co. mill..." -1909
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purchased the company, using money and equipment borrowed from Samuel Slater and Larned
Pitcher. Robinson proved incompetent, however, and the business passed to his
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53:
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were established to make and maintain mill machinery. In 1838, Manchester was laid out and founded. In 1839, Stark Mill No. 1, an Amoskeag affiliate with 8,000
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mansions accommodated the company elite. Parks provided employees with fresh air, recreation and rest. Twenty acres were donated by Amoskeag Mills to create
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for local women, who earned between 2 and 7 cents per yard, depending on the type of fabric. A good weaver could average 10 to 12 yards (11 m) per day.
938:. Capital was thereby protected for owners of the holding company, at the expense of denying it to the mills to modernize and survive fluctuations in the
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A large crowd gathers in Jutras Square jeering at company operatives as they attempt to leave Amoskeag’s Coolidge Mill during the strike. - June 7, 1922
619:) in 1913. When tower bells rang at the end of the day's one shift, thousands of employees changed from work clothes and swarmed out the iron gates.
603:, with each nationality claiming a neighborhood in the city. The company, worried about labor movements within the company in the wake of the 1912
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384:, opening the region to development and connecting it to a network linking it to Boston. Blodget envisioned a "Manchester of America" arising, a
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552:. The city's main thoroughfare, Elm Street, ran atop a ridge parallel to the mills below, but at a remove to lessen their clamor. Bostonian
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machines and products. The stricken business closed mill buildings one by one, laying off scores of employees when few jobs existed.
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The Amoskeag millyard complex was considered "one of the most remarkable manifestations of our urban and industrial culture by
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But the mill was unprofitable. Indeed, after September 1815, "little or nothing was done in it." In 1822, Olney Robinson of
487:) entered Manchester in 1842. Freight cars ran on spurs beside the mills to supply raw materials, particularly cotton from
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The strike cost Amoskeag not only the loyalty of employees, but customers as well. And it occurred when new sources of
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they bought second-hand mill machinery, but it didn't work well. In 1811, new machinery was built to spin cotton into
343:"The excellence of the complex has made it an acknowledged monument of American industrial history and urban design."
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Engineers determined that the east bank of the Merrimack River was best for the extensive mills, tiered canals and
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Foner, Philip Sheldon; Foner, Philip Sheldon (January 1, 1991). "Chapter 2: New England Textile Strike, 1922".
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History of the labor movement in the United States. Volume 9: The T.U.E.L. to the end of the Gompers era
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532:, the first Amoskeag agent, influenced the style of Manchester's urban design. It had broad avenues and
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ran the firm, with an agent (manager) in Manchester to oversee personnel and operation of the mills.
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528:- thirty miles down-river - had been. William Amory, the cultured company treasurer, together with
396:. At his apparent suggestion the name Derryfield was changed to Manchester in 1810. That same year,
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575:. At first many came to Manchester from surrounding farms. But as the need for labor increased,
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textile plant in the world. At its peak, Amoskeag had 17,000 employees and around 30 buildings.
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1268:"100 years since Amoskeag strike that marked the beginning of the end for Manchester's mills"
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Length of cotton & worsted cloth woven per annum – 237,000,000 yards (217,000,000 m)
310:, United States. From modest beginnings it grew throughout the 19th century into the largest
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When Baseball Met Big Bill Haywood: The Battle for Manchester, New Hampshire, 1912–1916,
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Franco-American Life & Culture in Manchester, New Hampshire: Vivre la Différence,
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Following the armistice ending World War I in 1918 the national economy slipped into
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The Amoskeag Manufacturing Company: A History of Enterprise on the Merrimack River,
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National Register of Historic Places listings in Hillsborough County, New Hampshire
971:, 1935, the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company abruptly closed its doors and filed for
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900 feet (270 m) long, 103 feet (31 m) wide, and containing 4000 looms.
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1237:"Guns for Billy Yank: The Armory in Windsor Meets the Challenge of Civil War"
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863:. Shown here, strikers outside of a textile mill in Lawrence, Massachusetts.
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432:. Slater and Pitcher then sold three-fifths of the company in 1825 to Dr.
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791:(Table showing amount of wages paid per year at end of 10 year periods)
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The Amoskeag Manufacturing Co. of Manchester, New Hampshire: A History,
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Picturing Class: Lewis W. Hine Photographs Child Labor in New England,
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was the financial manager 1876 to 1898 who made it highly profitable.
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Floor space in buildings – 5,844,340 sq ft (542,957 m)
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Amoskeag Manufacturing Company, looking downriver (south) in 1911
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Leader, Josie Albertson-Grove New Hampshire Union (2022-02-12).
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Power developed by generators – 41,175 hp (30,704 kW)
689:
Amoskeag Manufacturing Company, looking upriver (north) in 1911
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Incorporated in 1846, Manchester was intended to be a model of
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Amoskeag Manufacturing Company buildings, facing north in 2010
392:, which he had recently visited, then at the forefront of the
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at Derryfield. His enterprise allowed boats traveling between
29:
1415:
at Baker Library Special Collections, Harvard Business School
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Power furnished by turbines – 26,678 hp (19,894 kW)
1129:
McFarland and Company, Inc., Publishers, Jefferson, NC, 2018
826:
Total amount paid in wages from 1831 to 1911: $ 114,753,340
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Power furnished by engines – 15,100 hp (11,260 kW)
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Power furnished by wheels – 16,290 hp (12,147 kW)
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The Amoskeag Manufacturing Company, Manchester, NH, 1915
670:, supplying the federal government with military-related
1320:. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. p. 329.
1170:"New Hampshire's Immigration Story - Come to Amoskeag!"
682:(Data recorded on panoramic postcard reproduced above)
1489:
Defunct manufacturing companies based in New Hampshire
1139:
Alan R. Sweezy, "The Amoskeag Manufacturing Company,"
1078:
Works Projects Administration, Philadelphia, PA, 1939
1076:
Labor and the Shutdown of the Amoskeag Textile Mills,
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Industrial buildings and structures in New Hampshire
1459:
Industrial archaeological sites in the United States
1115:
University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, MA, 2015
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Amoskeag: Life and Work in an American Factory-City,
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by most other major textile mills across New England
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Manchester: The Mills and the Immigrant Experience,
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
782:Floor space in buildings – 137 acres (0.6 km)
637:, Southern cotton became scarce, so the company's
413:with which factory wages and dividends were paid.
173:Amoskeag Cotton & Woolen Manufacturing Company
766:Power of motors – 27,702 hp (20,657 kW)
1343:"A Brief History and Overview of Amoskeag Falls"
1006:The SEE Science Center houses a large permanent
859:The dispute was a part of a larger strike, the
1474:Defunct textile companies of the United States
1454:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1936
1105:St. Anselm College Press, Goffstown, NH, 1997
499:were made with cloth from the Amoskeag Mills.
757:Number of alternating current generators – 14
8:
1439:Companies based in Manchester, New Hampshire
1406:, Catalog Record – Mss 442 1831–1936 at the
1341:Long, Tom; Milbouer, Stacy (April 1, 2010).
983:, established in 1936 by local businessmen.
132:
1449:Manufacturing companies established in 1831
955:ended and work resumed, vengeful agitators
1393:History of Manchester, Hillsborough County
1219:"Manchester, New Hampshire, United States"
1125:Scott C. Roper and Stephanie Abbot Roper,
730:Number of bags woven per annum – 1,500,000
131:
1404:Amoskeag Manufacturing Company Collection
1103:Dumaine's Amoskeag: Let the Record Speak,
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1484:1936 disestablishments in New Hampshire
1395:, Chapter XXIII (archived, 27 Mar 2016)
1295:. New York: Intl Publ. pp. 19–31.
1193:"Manchester, N.H.: Lessons in Urbicide"
1153:
1122:The History Press, Charleston, SC, 2010
1085:The History Press, Charleston, SC, 2015
1035:New Hampshire Historical Marker No. 124
144:The renovated space of Amoskeag Mills,
1469:American companies established in 1831
1413:Amoskeag Manufacturing Company records
1163:
1161:
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769:Oil consumed per annum – 75,000 US gal
436:, Lyman Tiffany and Willard Sayles of
454:Founding of Manchester, New Hampshire
7:
1479:1831 establishments in New Hampshire
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1259:
1136:Arcadia Press, Charleston, SC, 2000.
1074:Daniel Creamer and Charles Coulter,
742:Rated horsepower of boilers – 27,750
506:Amoskeag Manufacturing Co.'s Mills,
341:Manchester, NH: Lessons in Urbicide.
58:adding citations to reliable sources
733:Number of turbine water wheels – 30
1047:Head v. Amoskeag Manufacturing Co.
25:
1434:Cotton mills in the United States
891:United Textile Workers of America
339:in her December 22, 1968 article
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838:
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69:"Amoskeag Manufacturing Company"
34:
1318:Family Time and Industrial Time
1168:Shields, Keith (May 23, 2012).
1141:Quarterly Journal of Economics;
1093:University Press of New England
861:1922 New England Textile Strike
763:Number of electric motors – 583
45:needs additional citations for
1429:Amoskeag Manufacturing Company
300:Amoskeag Manufacturing Company
133:Amoskeag Manufacturing Company
1:
1244:Vermonthistory.org/, page 150
926:Creation of a holding company
706:
587:. Other workers arrived from
507:
388:textile center comparable to
322:companies, college branches,
145:
27:American business (1810–1935)
987:Revitalization of mill space
917:supplies at a business like
751:Number of steam turbines – 5
745:Number of steam engines – 12
724:Number of spindles – 662,000
183:; 214 years ago
949:New Hampshire State Militia
485:Boston & Maine Railroad
326:, apartments and a museum.
306:manufacturer which founded
209:; 89 years ago
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1143:Vol. 52, No. 3 (May, 1938)
631:Amoskeag Locomotive Works
308:Manchester, New Hampshire
291:Amoskeag Locomotive Works
248:Manchester, New Hampshire
137:
1444:History of New Hampshire
1316:Hareven, Tamara (1982).
721:Number of looms – 24,200
1408:Harvard Business School
1370:. see-sciencecenter.org
1368:"Lego Millyard Project"
1223:Encyclopedia Britannica
739:Number of boilers – 185
1191:Huxtable, Ada Louise.
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605:Bread and Roses Strike
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1118:Robert B. Perreault,
1064:George Waldo Browne,
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666:. Amoskeag peaked by
562:
554:T. Jefferson Coolidge
526:Lowell, Massachusetts
505:
394:Industrial Revolution
1197:conservationtech.com
335:architecture critic
54:improve this article
1101:Arthur M. Kenison,
1095:, Hanover, NH 1978
1088:Tamara K. Hareven,
981:Amoskeag Industries
678:The company in 1911
390:Manchester, England
337:Ada Louise Huxtable
276:Number of employees
134:
997:
822:1911 – $ 6,370,089
819:1910 – $ 6,176,353
816:1900 – $ 2,772,611
813:1890 – $ 2,435,481
810:1880 – $ 1,604,322
807:1870 – $ 1,107,428
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645:and 6,892 Lindner
629:were built by the
579:was promoted from
567:Everything in the
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368:system beside the
1302:978-0-7178-0674-4
1172:. NH Public Radio
1111:Robert Macieski,
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1037:: Amoskeag Mills
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936:Amoskeag Company
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41:
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1372:. Retrieved
1362:
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617:Gill Stadium
569:company town
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469:machine shop
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426:Rhode Island
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360:completed a
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243:Headquarters
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47:verification
44:
1347:NH magazine
951:. When the
942:. When the
907:electricity
716:Statistics:
710: 1912
668:World War I
664:lip reading
623:Locomotives
577:immigration
511: 1875
479:upriver in
434:Oliver Dean
324:art studios
269:locomotives
170:Predecessor
149: 2006
1423:Categories
1374:August 19,
1352:August 19,
1327:0819190268
1277:2023-05-22
1249:2022-09-26
1176:August 19,
1148:References
1008:minifigure
1001:Dean Kamen
973:bankruptcy
963:Bankruptcy
705:Noon Hour
538:Italianate
497:blue jeans
380:to bypass
227:bankruptcy
80:newspapers
1015:in 2006.
957:sabotaged
953:picketing
915:commodity
911:petroleum
872:recession
635:Civil War
477:brickyard
460:mill town
430:creditors
417:became a
286:Divisions
233:Successor
225:Declared
1019:See also
672:materiel
647:carbines
609:Lawrence
520:factory-
481:Hooksett
473:spindles
447:de facto
442:tickings
411:currency
320:software
261:Products
156:Industry
110:May 2023
1225:. 2011.
1203:30 June
1010:-scale
830:Decline
660:flannel
656:Gingham
643:muskets
639:foundry
593:Germany
534:squares
518:utopian
465:foundry
415:Weaving
374:Concord
352:Origins
347:History
304:textile
280:17,000
212: (
204:Defunct
196:Founder
186: (
178:Founded
160:Textile
94:scholar
1324:
1299:
1107:online
1097:online
1070:online
934:, the
903:energy
876:strike
787:Wages:
601:Poland
597:Sweden
589:Greece
585:Quebec
581:Canada
409:, the
378:Nashua
312:cotton
302:was a
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1240:(PDF)
977:flood
774:Size:
524:, as
362:canal
265:Denim
101:JSTOR
87:books
1376:2020
1354:2020
1322:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1205:2023
1178:2020
1012:Lego
919:coal
909:and
889:The
625:and
599:and
544:and
467:and
407:yarn
376:and
366:lock
364:and
298:The
222:Fate
214:1935
207:1935
188:1810
181:1810
73:news
967:On
607:in
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