211:, which is generally thought to be produced exclusively by AOA (specifically Nitrososphaerota), has been proposed as a biomarker for AOA and ammonia oxidation. Crenarchaeol abundance has been found to track with seasonal blooms of AOA, suggesting that it may be appropriate to use crenarchaeol abundances as a proxy for AOA populations and thus ammonia oxidation more broadly. However the discovery of Nitrososphaerota that are not obligate ammonia-oxidizers complicates this conclusion, as does one study that suggests that crenarchaeol may be produced by Marine Group II Euryarchaeota.
2303:
2227:
932:
384:
38:
2365:. Nitrates in groundwater can affect surface water concentrations, either through direct groundwater-surface water interactions (e.g., gaining stream reaches, springs), or from when it is extracted for surface use. As an example, much of the drinking water in the United States comes from groundwater, but most wastewater treatment plants discharge to surface water.
1159:(formerly Crenarchaeota) possess AMO. Thermoproteota are abundant in the ocean and some species have a 200 times greater affinity for ammonia than AOB, contrasting with the previous belief that AOB are primarily responsible for nitrification in the ocean. Furthermore, though nitrification is classically thought to be vertically separated from
1048:
are used as the secondary disinfectant, the presence of free ammonia can act as a substrate for ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms. The associated reactions can lead to the depletion of the disinfectant residual in the system. The addition of chlorite ion to chloramine-treated water has been shown to
354:
In fact, during the serial dilutions ammonia-oxidizers and nitrite-oxidizers were unknowingly separated resulting in pure culture with ammonia-oxidation ability only. Thus
Frankland and Frankland observed that these pure cultures lose ability to perform both steps. Loss of nitrite oxidation ability
1971:
Due to its inherent microbial nature, nitrification in soils is greatly susceptible to soil conditions. In general, soil nitrification will proceed at optimal rates if the conditions for the microbial communities foster healthy microbial growth and activity. Soil conditions that have an effect on
2234:
N-heterocyclic compounds are also highly effective nitrification inhibitors and are often classified by their ring structure. The mode of action for these compounds is not well understood: while nitrapyrin, a widely used inhibitor and substrate of AMO, is a weak mechanism-based inhibitor of said
2025:
ammonia in states in the U.S., like
Illinois. They are usually effective in increasing recovery of nitrogen fertilizer in row crops, but the level of effectiveness depends on external conditions and their benefits are most likely to be seen at less than optimal nitrogen rates.
2122:
This reaction is catalyzed by AMO. Inhibitors of this reaction bind to the active site on AMO and prevent or delay the process. The process of oxidation of ammonia by AMO is regarded with importance due to the fact that other processes require the co-oxidation of
359:. Cultivation of pure nitrite oxidizer happened later during 20th century, however it is not possible to be certain which cultures were without contaminants as all theoretically pure strains share same trait (nitrite consumption, nitrate production).
2235:
enzyme, the effects of said mechanism are unable to correlate directly with the compound's ability to inhibit nitrification. It is suggested that nitrapyrin acts against the monooxygenase enzyme within the bacteria, preventing growth and CH
2021:, which are applied to soil as fertilizers. These inhibitors can help reduce losses of nitrogen in soil that would otherwise be used by crops. Nitrification inhibitors are used widely, being added to approximately 50% of the fall-applied
186:
Prior to the discovery of archaea capable of ammonia oxidation, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) were considered the only organisms capable of ammonia oxidation. Since their discovery in 2005, two isolates of AOAs have been cultivated:
2184:
modification of the product, which ultimately inhibits nitrification. Through the process, AMO is deactivated and one or more proteins is covalently bonded to the final product. This is found to be most prominent in a broad range of
2676:
Treusch AH, Leininger S, Kletzin A, Schuster SC, Klenk HP, Schleper C (December 2005). "Novel genes for nitrite reductase and Amo-related proteins indicate a role of uncultivated mesophilic crenarchaeota in nitrogen cycling".
1956:
303:, proved that nitrification is indeed microbially mediated process by the experiments with liquid sewage and artificial soil matrix (sterilized sand with powdered chalk). Their findings were confirmed soon (in 1878) by
1017:
Nitrification is important in agricultural systems, where fertilizer is often applied as ammonia. Conversion of this ammonia to nitrate increases nitrogen leaching because nitrate is more water-soluble than ammonia.
2368:
Wildlife such as amphibians, freshwater fish, and insects are sensitive to nitrate levels, and have been known to cause death and developmental anomalies in affected species. Nitrate levels also contribute to
2373:, a process in which large algal blooms reduce oxygen levels in bodies of water and lead to death in oxygen-consuming creatures due to anoxia. Nitrification is also thought to contribute to the formation of
342:
and the
Franklands were only able to enrich cultures of nitrifiers. Frankland and Frankland succeeded with a system of serial dilutions with very low inoculum and long cultivation times counting in years.
1331:
1007:
In most environments, organisms are present that will complete both steps of the process, yielding nitrate as the final product. However, it is possible to design systems in which nitrite is formed (the
178:. They contribute to the transformation of ammonia derived from organic matter decomposition or fertilizers into nitrite, which subsequently serves as a substrate for nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB).
1652:
1775:
1546:
1860:
4833:
Singh SN, Verma A (2007). "Environmental Review: The
Potential of Nitrification Inhibitors to Manage the Pollution Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizers in Agricultural and Other Soils: A Review".
164:. They are known for their ability to utilize ammonia as an energy source and are prevalent in a wide range of environments, such as soils, aquatic systems, and wastewater treatment plants.
1421:
2056:. The process for the latter of the three is not yet widely understood, but is prominent. The presence of AMO has been confirmed on many substrates that are nitrogen inhibitors such as
219:
The second step of nitrification is the oxidation of nitrite into nitrate. This process is sometimes known as nitratation. Nitrite oxidation is conducted by nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (
2279:(MMO) found in methanotrophs, indicating that MMO is a similar catalyst to AMO for the purpose of methane oxidation. Furthermore, methanotrophic bacteria share many similarities to
963:
1004:, and harvest energy by oxidizing ammonia (the other product of urease) to nitrite. This feature may explain enhanced growth of AOB in the presence of urea in acidic environments.
3428:
Poly F, Wertz S, Brothier E, Degrange V (January 2008). "First exploration of
Nitrobacter diversity in soils by a PCR cloning-sequencing approach targeting functional gene nxrA".
2290:. The inhibitor profile of particulate forms of MMO (pMMO) shows similarity to the profile of AMO, leading to similarity in properties between MMO in methanotrophs and AMO in
4302:
Martens-Habbena W, Berube PM, Urakawa H, de la Torre JR, Stahl DA (October 2009). "Ammonia oxidation kinetics determine niche separation of nitrifying
Archaea and Bacteria".
2196:
Sulfur-containing compounds, including ammonium thiosulfate (a popular inhibitor) are found to operate by producing volatile compounds with strong inhibitory effects such as
171:
OH), a crucial intermediate in the process of nitrification. This enzymatic activity is sensitive to environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, and oxygen availability.
2180:
Mechanism based inhibitors can be defined as compounds that interrupt the normal reaction catalyzed by an enzyme. This method occurs by the inactivation of the enzyme via
356:
335:
316:
304:
4281:
3957:
Marsh KL, Sims GK, Mulvaney RL (2005). "Availability of urea to autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria as related to the fate of C- and N-labeled urea added to soil".
323:
in 1886. Although at that time, it was believed that two-step nitrification is separated into distinct life phases or character traits of a single microorganism.
4086:
McGuire MJ, Wu X, Blute NK, Askenaizer D, Qin G (2009). "Prevention of nitrification using chlorite ion: Results of a demonstration project in
Glendale, Calif".
2556:"Phylogeny of all recognized species of ammonia oxidizers based on comparative 16S rRNA and amoA sequence analysis: implications for molecular diversity surveys"
3132:
Mussmann M, Brito I, Pitcher A, Sinninghe Damsté JS, Hatzenpichler R, Richter A, Nielsen JL, Nielsen PH, Müller A, Daims H, Wagner M, Head IM (October 2011).
2723:
Könneke M, Bernhard AE, de la Torre JR, Walker CB, Waterbury JB, Stahl DA (September 2005). "Isolation of an autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing marine archaeon".
3017:"Archaeal dominated ammonia-oxidizing communities in Icelandic grassland soils are moderately affected by long-term N fertilization and geothermal heating"
2991:
2434:
4230:
1121:, and in the second step nitrite is oxidized to nitrate. Diverse microbes are responsible for each step in the marine environment. Several groups of
479:
472:
1874:
2330:
of about 300 times greater than carbon dioxide and contributes 6% of planetary warming due to greenhouse gases. This compound is also notable for
3762:
1060:
process that refers to the complete decomposition of organic material, with the release of available nitrogen compounds. This replenishes the
949:
167:
AOB possess enzymes called ammonia monooxygenases (AMOs), which are responsible for catalyzing the conversion of ammonia to hydroxylamine (NH
3557:
915:
4470:
1167:
is inhibited by light, nitrification by AOA does not appear to be light inhibited, meaning that nitrification is occurring throughout the
347:
claimed pure culture isolation in the same year (1890), but his culture was still co-culture of ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria.
1084:
in the ocean is of particular interest. The nitrification step of the cycle is of particular interest in the ocean because it creates
440:
1178:
In the second step, nitrite is oxidized to nitrate. In the oceans, this step is not as well understood as the first, but the bacteria
2385:, and other undesirable processes. In addition, nitrification inhibitors have also been shown to suppress the oxidation of methane (CH
2223:, where the S atom is the primary site of oxidation by AMO. This is most strongly correlated to the field of competitive inhibition.
2207:
In particular, thiophosphoryl triamide has been a notable addition where it has the dual purpose of inhibiting both the production of
2044:
The inhibition of the nitrification process is primarily facilitated by the selection and inhibition/destruction of the bacteria that
891:
511:
3108:
2048:
ammonia compounds. A multitude of compounds inhibit nitrification, which can be divided into the following areas: the active site of
2029:
The environmental concerns of nitrification also contribute to interest in the use of nitrification inhibitors: the primary product,
4721:"Effects of Nitrapyrin [2-Chloro-6-(Trichloromethyl) Pyridine] on the Obligate Methanotroph Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b"
4621:"Effects of Nitrapyrin [2-Chloro-6-(Trichloromethyl) Pyridine] on the Obligate Methanotroph Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b"
4537:"Health risk assessment of nitrate and fluoride toxicity in groundwater contamination in the semi-arid area of Medchal, South India"
267:. A pure culture of the organism was obtained in 2017, representing a revolution in our understanding of the nitrification process.
4928:
2263:). This suggests that the presence of ring N atoms is directly correlated with the inhibition effect of this class of compounds.
2255:) tend to have a significantly higher inhibition effect than compounds containing non-adjacent N atoms or singular ring N atoms (
1216:
996:, as well as populations of soil-dwelling AOB, have been shown to assimilate the carbon dioxide released by the reaction to make
956:
2405:
are shown to be especially strong suppressors of both processes, although the modes of action distinguishing them are unclear.
1106:
could lead to decreasing rates of nitrification. Nitrification could potentially become a "bottleneck" in the nitrogen cycle.
1093:
548:
2460:
1552:
261:
Ammonia oxidation to nitrate in a single step within one organism was predicted in 2006 and discovered in 2015 in the species
4956:
1677:
4255:
2173:. The binding and oxidation can occur on two sites on AMO: in competitive substrates, binding and oxidation occurs at the NH
1451:
3656:
Fortsetzung der
Vorarbeiten zu einer zukünftigen Wasser-Versorgung der Stadt Berlin ausgeführt in den Jahren 1868 und 1869.
80:
bacteria. The transformation of ammonia to nitrite is usually the rate limiting step of nitrification. Nitrification is an
936:
3134:"Thaumarchaeotes abundant in refinery nitrifying sludges express amoA but are not obligate autotrophic ammonia oxidizers"
2314:
Nitrification inhibitors are also of interest from an environmental standpoint because of the production of nitrates and
594:
2128:
1781:
616:
608:
521:
1790:
1010:
4500:
Ferguson R, Lark R, Slater G (2003). "Approaches to management zone definition for use of nitrification inhibitors".
2611:
Wright, Chloë L.; Schatteman, Arne; Crombie, Andrew T.; Murrell, J. Colin; Lehtovirta-Morley, Laura E. (2020-04-17).
76:. The process of complete nitrification may occur through separate organisms or entirely within one organism, as in
2033:, leaches into groundwater, producing toxicity in both humans and some species of wildlife and contributing to the
1350:
1122:
4786:"Physiology, biochemistry, and specific inhibitors of CH4, NH4+, and CO oxidation by methanotrophs and nitrifiers"
3785:"LIX.—The formation and destruction of nitrates and nitrates in artificial solutions and in river and well waters"
3373:"Nitrite oxidation in the upper water column and oxygen minimum zone of the eastern tropical North Pacific Ocean"
2833:
Karner MB, DeLong EF, Karl DM (January 2001). "Archaeal dominance in the mesopelagic zone of the
Pacific Ocean".
2170:
992:, which catalyzes the conversion of the urea molecule to two ammonia molecules and one carbon dioxide molecule.
288:
280:
2327:
684:
679:
435:
2944:
4191:
2338:. Nitrates, a toxic compound for wildlife and livestock and a product of nitrification, are also of concern.
292:
4961:
838:
4412:"Nitric oxide is an obligate bacterial nitrification intermediate produced by hydroxylamine oxidoreductase"
3066:
Pitcher, Angela; Wuchter, Cornelia; Siedenberg, Kathi; Schouten, Stefan; Sinninghe Damsté, Jaap S. (2011).
788:
2414:
2358:
2271:
Some enzymatic nitrification inhibitors, such as nitrapyrin, can also inhibit the oxidation of methane in
2166:
1172:
1089:
320:
4966:
2276:
2212:
2161:
The mechanism of inhibition is complicated by this requirement. Kinetic analysis of the inhibition of NH
2053:
2049:
1668:
1659:
1144:
1057:
531:
319:
made also the first observation that nitrification is a two-step process in 1879 which was confirmed by
4732:
4685:
4585:
4509:
4423:
4366:
4311:
4145:
4095:
4052:
4009:
3966:
3591:
3484:
3437:
3384:
3324:
3261:
3204:
3145:
3082:
2959:
2897:
2842:
2787:
2732:
2686:
2624:
2567:
2510:
2061:
871:
700:
452:
445:
375:
263:
2613:"Inhibition of Ammonia Monooxygenase from Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea by Linear and Aromatic Alkynes"
2424:
2362:
859:
669:
560:
308:
149:
121:
120:). This first stage is sometimes known as nitritation. It is performed by two groups of organisms,
81:
2884:
Wuchter C, Abbas B, Coolen MJ, Herfort L, van
Bleijswijk J, Timmers P, et al. (August 2006).
195:. When comparing AOB and AOA, AOA dominate in both soils and marine environments, suggesting that
4889:
4850:
4701:
4658:
4601:
4355:"Uncultured Nitrospina-like species are major nitrite oxidizing bacteria in oxygen minimum zones"
4335:
4222:
4169:
4111:
4068:
4025:
3982:
3529:
2983:
2866:
2756:
2010:
1160:
1073:
798:
348:
344:
339:
327:
275:
The idea that oxidation of ammonia to nitrate is in fact a biological process was first given by
160:
145:
3068:"Crenarchaeol tracks winter blooms of ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota in the coastal North Sea"
2774:
Tourna M, Stieglmeier M, Spang A, Könneke M, Schintlmeister A, Urich T, et al. (May 2011).
1180:
108:
The process of nitrification begins with the first stage of ammonia oxidation, where ammonia (NH
4535:
Duvva, Laxman Kumar; Panga, Kiran Kumar; Dhakate, Ratnakar; Himabindu, Vurimindi (2021-12-21).
4907:
4815:
4766:
4748:
4650:
4558:
4451:
4392:
4327:
4214:
4161:
3920:
3844:
3804:
3754:
3712:
3617:
3549:
3510:
3453:
3410:
3350:
3289:
3250:"Planktonic Euryarchaeota are a significant source of archaeal tetraether lipids in the ocean"
3230:
3173:
3100:
3048:
2975:
2925:
2858:
2815:
2748:
2702:
2658:
2640:
2593:
2554:
Purkhold U, Pommerening-Röser A, Juretschko S, Schmid MC, Koops HP, Wagner M (December 2000).
2536:
2429:
2382:
1077:
997:
828:
674:
526:
462:
3015:
Daebeler A, Abell GC, Bodelier PL, Bodrossy L, Frampton DM, Hefting MM, Laanbroek HJ (2012).
4897:
4881:
4842:
4805:
4797:
4756:
4740:
4693:
4640:
4632:
4593:
4548:
4517:
4482:
4441:
4431:
4382:
4374:
4319:
4271:
4206:
4153:
4103:
4060:
4017:
3974:
3910:
3900:
3834:
3796:
3746:
3704:
3607:
3599:
3578:
Kits KD, Sedlacek CJ, Lebedeva EV, Han P, Bulaev A, Pjevac P, et al. (September 2017).
3541:
3500:
3492:
3445:
3400:
3392:
3340:
3332:
3279:
3269:
3220:
3212:
3163:
3153:
3090:
3038:
3028:
2967:
2915:
2905:
2850:
2805:
2795:
2740:
2694:
2648:
2632:
2583:
2575:
2526:
2518:
2307:
2302:
2197:
845:
833:
543:
406:
296:
197:
175:
247:. NOB are typically present in soil, geothermal springs, freshwater and marine ecosystems.
1030:
823:
778:
642:
625:
331:
287:, noted that ammonium was stable in sterilized solutions but nitrified in natural waters.
4157:
4136:
Zehr JP, Kudela RM (2011). "Nitrogen cycle of the open ocean: from genes to ecosystems".
4043:
McGuire MJ, Lieu NI, Pearthree MS (1999). "Using chlorite ion to control nitrification".
3067:
976:
Both steps are producing energy to be coupled to ATP synthesis. Nitrifying organisms are
17:
4736:
4689:
4589:
4513:
4427:
4370:
4315:
4149:
4099:
4056:
4013:
3970:
3595:
3488:
3441:
3388:
3328:
3265:
3208:
3149:
3086:
2963:
2943:
Leininger S, Urich T, Schloter M, Schwark L, Qi J, Nicol GW, et al. (August 2006).
2901:
2846:
2791:
2736:
2690:
2628:
2571:
2514:
4902:
4869:
4446:
4411:
4387:
4354:
4192:"Nitrification and Denitrification: Probing the Nitrogen Cycle in Aquatic Environments"
4107:
4064:
3915:
3888:
3612:
3579:
3505:
3472:
3405:
3372:
3284:
3249:
3225:
3192:
3168:
3133:
3043:
3016:
2920:
2885:
2810:
2775:
2653:
2531:
2498:
2390:
2370:
2272:
2226:
2034:
1156:
1151:) which, as its name implies, is responsible for the oxidation of ammonia. Subsequent
1096:
1081:
1061:
1053:
981:
850:
793:
748:
738:
733:
708:
647:
630:
506:
501:
493:
237:
69:
41:
4810:
4785:
4761:
4720:
4645:
4620:
1037:(bringing oxygen in the reactor) and the addition of an external carbon source (e.g.,
4950:
4854:
4115:
3471:
Spieck E, Spohn M, Wendt K, Bock E, Shively J, Frank J, et al. (February 2020).
3449:
3345:
3336:
3308:
2698:
2588:
2579:
2555:
2419:
2374:
2315:
2072:
2057:
1664:
1139:
783:
773:
728:
723:
713:
661:
584:
276:
243:
4705:
4662:
4605:
4226:
4173:
4072:
4029:
144:
Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) are typically Gram-negative bacteria and belong to
4339:
3986:
3654:
Müller A (1875). "Ammoniakgehalt des Spree- und Wasserleitungs wassers in Berlin".
2987:
2870:
2760:
2468:
2335:
2287:
2037:
of standing water. Some inhibitors of nitrification also inhibit the production of
1335:
1168:
1127:
1001:
758:
743:
589:
555:
538:
430:
422:
326:
The first pure nitrifier (ammonia-oxidizing) was most probably isolated in 1890 by
231:
225:
208:
154:
4934:
4744:
1109:
Nitrification, as stated above, is formally a two-step process; in the first step
4801:
4471:"An Educational Program on the Proper Timing of Fall-applied Nitrogen Fertilizer"
3669:
Schloesing T, Muntz A (1877). "Sur la nitrification pas les ferments organisés".
2211:
and nitrification. In a study of inhibitory effects of oxidation by the bacteria
2165:
oxidation has shown that the substrates of AMO have shown kinetics ranging from
2018:
1425:
1186:
1152:
1045:
718:
635:
467:
457:
401:
393:
4553:
4536:
4486:
4416:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4353:
Sun X, Kop LF, Lau MC, Frank J, Jayakumar A, Lücker S, Ward BB (October 2019).
3254:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3138:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2890:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2780:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2499:"Diversity, physiology, and niche differentiation of ammonia-oxidizing archaea"
2127:
for a supply of reducing equivalents. This is usually supplied by the compound
383:
4846:
4378:
4021:
4000:
Zhang Y, Love N, Edwards M (2009). "Nitrification in Drinking Water Systems".
3978:
3545:
3496:
3095:
2398:
2291:
2244:
2220:
2216:
2190:
2065:
1951:{\displaystyle {\ce {{nitrite}+acceptor<=>{nitrate}+reduced\ acceptor}}}
1431:
1133:
1044:
Nitrification can also occur in drinking water. In distribution systems where
1026:
977:
803:
768:
763:
753:
576:
291:
put forward, that nitrification is thus performed by microorganisms. In 1877,
4752:
4562:
4276:
3905:
3848:
3808:
3758:
3716:
3104:
3033:
2644:
4436:
3580:"Kinetic analysis of a complete nitrifier reveals an oligotrophic lifestyle"
3274:
3248:
Lincoln SA, Wai B, Eppley JM, Church MJ, Summons RE, DeLong EF (July 2014).
3216:
3158:
2910:
2800:
2402:
2378:
2346:
2342:
2331:
2045:
2022:
896:
864:
312:
85:
37:
31:
4911:
4770:
4654:
4521:
4455:
4396:
4331:
4165:
3924:
3839:
3822:
3621:
3553:
3514:
3457:
3414:
3354:
3293:
3234:
3177:
3052:
2979:
2929:
2862:
2819:
2752:
2706:
2662:
2597:
2540:
4940:
4819:
4697:
4597:
4218:
3473:"Extremophilic nitrite-oxidizing Chloroflexi from Yellowstone hot springs"
3396:
2612:
205:) may be greater contributors to ammonia oxidation in these environments.
3800:
3784:
3750:
3734:
3708:
3692:
3307:
Daims H, Nielsen JL, Nielsen PH, Schleifer KH, Wagner M (November 2001).
2636:
2522:
2439:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2201:
2181:
1868:
The third step (nitrite to nitrate) is completed in a distinct organism.
1437:
1341:
1203:
1164:
1114:
1038:
1034:
1022:
256:
88:
77:
4323:
3603:
2971:
2744:
2322:
O), although its atmospheric concentration is much lower than that of CO
1780:
The second step (hydroxylamine to nitrite) is catalyzed by two enzymes.
174:
AOB play a vital role in soil nitrification, making them key players in
4893:
4870:"Nitrogen pollution: an assessment of its threat to amphibian survival"
4636:
4210:
3313:-like nitrite-oxidizing bacteria active in wastewater treatment plants"
2260:
2038:
2030:
2014:
1118:
1110:
1085:
129:
92:
65:
61:
57:
2854:
2718:
2716:
2208:
2186:
1207:
989:
985:
284:
4885:
2776:"Nitrososphaera viennensis, an ammonia oxidizing archaeon from soil"
2243:
oxidation. Compounds containing two or three adjacent ring N atoms (
2177:
site, while in noncompetitive substrates it occurs at another site.
4185:
4183:
1865:
Another currently unknown enzyme converts nitric oxide to nitrite.
4676:
McCarty GW (1998). "Modes of action of nitrification inhibitors".
4576:
McCarty GW (1999). "Modes of action of nitrification inhibitors".
2945:"Archaea predominate among ammonia-oxidizing prokaryotes in soils"
2301:
2225:
1199:
905:
307:
who was investigating nitrification ability of garden soil at the
300:
53:
36:
2349:, generally has a net anionic charge. Consequently, ammonium (NH
910:
73:
3938:
Winogradsky S (1891). "Sur les organisms de la nitrification".
3865:
Winogradsky S (1890). "Sur les organisms de la nitrification".
3193:"Lipids as paleomarkers to constrain the marine nitrogen cycle"
283:, while conducting a quality assessment of water from wells in
3889:"It Takes a Village: Discovering and Isolating the Nitrifiers"
1021:
Nitrification also plays an important role in the removal of
3823:"V. The nitrifying process and its specific ferment.—Part I"
1326:{\displaystyle {\ce {2NH4+ + 3O2 -> 2NO2- + 4H+ + 2H2O}}}
3827:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B
1210:
atoms), and is catalyzed step-wise by a series of enzymes.
1155:
studies and cultivation approaches have revealed that some
1103:
1805:
1760:
1741:
1708:
1692:
1647:{\displaystyle {\ce {NO2- + H2O -> NO3- + 2H+ + 2e-}}}
1585:
1482:
1466:
1387:
1316:
1257:
1029:. The conventional removal is nitrification, followed by
4002:
Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology
1770:{\displaystyle {\ce {NH3 + O2 + 2H+ -> NH2OH + H2O}}}
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
1541:{\displaystyle {\ce {NH3 + O2 -> NO2- + 3H+ + 2e-}}}
2275:
bacteria. AMO shows similar kinetic turnover rates to
2013:
are chemical compounds that slow the nitrification of
1911:
1877:
1793:
1680:
1555:
1454:
1353:
1219:
1125:(AOB) are known in the marine environment, including
334:, two English scientists from Scotland. Before that,
2052:(AMO), mechanistic inhibitors, and the process of N-
3530:"Why is metabolic labour divided in nitrification?"
2318:
from the process of nitrification. Nitrous oxide (N
27:
Biological oxidation of ammonia/ammonium to nitrate
3371:Beman JM, Leilei Shih J, Popp BN (November 2013).
1950:
1855:{\displaystyle {\ce {NH2OH -> NO + 3H+ + 3e-}}}
1854:
1769:
1646:
1540:
1415:
1325:
4941:Nitrification Basics for Aerated Lagoon Operators
2079:represents a range of potential electron donors.
1919:
1918:
1901:
1900:
1092:. Furthermore, as the ocean becomes enriched in
2353:) binds tightly to the soil but nitrate ions (NO
2219:resulted in the oxidation of these compounds to
1198:Nitrification is a process of nitrogen compound
988:source for growth. Some AOB possess the enzyme,
152:including the commonly studied genera including
4868:Rouse JD, Bishop CA, Struger J (October 1999).
1784:(HAO), converts hydroxylamine to nitric oxide.
1190:are known to carry out this step in the ocean.
1088:, the primary form of nitrogen responsible for
4719:Topp, Edward; Knowles, Roger (February 1984).
3635:Pasteur L (1862). "Etudes sur les mycoderme".
1416:{\displaystyle {\ce {2NO2- + O2 -> 2NO3-}}}
299:, two French agricultural chemists working in
2357:) do not. Because nitrate is more mobile, it
1033:. The cost of this process resides mainly in
957:
8:
4256:"Nutrient cycles and marine microbes in a CO
2075:is the first step in nitrification, where AH
68:. Nitrification is an important step in the
1171:, challenging the classical definitions of
4937:at University of Aberdeen · King's College
4088:Journal - American Water Works Association
4045:Journal - American Water Works Association
2435:Simultaneous nitrification-denitrification
2017:, ammonium-containing, or urea-containing
1663:, the first step of oxidation (ammonia to
964:
950:
366:
4901:
4809:
4760:
4644:
4552:
4445:
4435:
4386:
4275:
3914:
3904:
3838:
3611:
3504:
3404:
3344:
3283:
3273:
3224:
3191:Rush D, Sinninghe Damsté JS (June 2017).
3167:
3157:
3094:
3042:
3032:
2919:
2909:
2809:
2799:
2652:
2587:
2530:
2467:. Oregon State University. Archived from
1930:
1920:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1845:
1840:
1828:
1823:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1759:
1754:
1740:
1735:
1722:
1717:
1707:
1702:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1637:
1632:
1620:
1615:
1603:
1598:
1584:
1579:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1531:
1526:
1514:
1509:
1497:
1492:
1481:
1476:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1386:
1381:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1293:
1288:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1202:(effectively, loss of electrons from the
4929:Nitrification at the heart of filtration
4410:Caranto JD, Lancaster KM (August 2017).
4131:
4129:
4127:
4125:
2282:
1990:Soil moisture content (availability of H
4254:Hutchins D, Mulholland M, Fu F (2009).
3528:Costa E, Pérez J, Kreft JU (May 2006).
2451:
1894:
1068:Nitrification in the marine environment
374:
351:succeeded just one year later in 1891.
4725:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
4625:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
3317:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2617:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2560:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2503:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1976:Substrate availability (presence of NH
3882:
3880:
3860:
3858:
3728:
3726:
3686:
3684:
3366:
3364:
2886:"Archaeal nitrification in the ocean"
2230:Examples of N-heterocyclic molecules.
1962:Factors Affecting Nitrification Rates
84:process performed by small groups of
7:
4158:10.1146/annurev-marine-120709-142819
3735:"XLIX.—On nitrification. (Part II.)"
2131:(HAO) which catalyzes the reaction:
1163:because the oxidation of nitrate by
4619:Topp E, Knowles R (February 1984).
4469:Czapar GF, Payne J, Tate J (2007).
1143:. All contain the functional gene
872:Biogeochemical planetary boundaries
4784:Bédard C, Knowles R (March 1989).
4108:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2009.tb09970.x
4065:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1999.tb08715.x
2361:into groundwater supplies through
25:
4874:Environmental Health Perspectives
2497:Hatzenpichler R (November 2012).
3450:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00404.x
3337:10.1128/AEM.67.11.5273-5284.2001
2699:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2005.00906.x
2580:10.1128/aem.66.12.5368-5382.2000
2306:Nitrification process tank at a
931:
930:
382:
116:) get converted into nitrite (NO
4284:from the original on 2018-10-18
4236:from the original on 2017-10-19
4138:Annual Review of Marine Science
3765:from the original on 2021-06-12
3560:from the original on 2020-10-19
3114:from the original on 2023-05-22
2997:from the original on 2016-06-11
1667:) is carried out by the enzyme
1173:"new" and "recycled" production
309:Rothamsted experimental station
4678:Biology and Fertility of Soils
4578:Biology and Fertility of Soils
1921:
1896:
1811:
1728:
1591:
1485:
1390:
1260:
1:
4745:10.1128/aem.47.2.258-262.1984
3309:"In situ characterization of
2071:The conversion of ammonia to
1972:nitrification rates include:
4802:10.1128/MMBR.53.1.68-84.1989
2334:the breakup of ozone in the
2267:Methane oxidation inhibition
2129:hydroxylamine oxidoreductase
1782:Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase
1102:, the resulting decrease in
617:Marine biogeochemical cycles
2005:Inhibitors of nitrification
1983:Aeration (availability of O
1041:) for the denitrification.
4983:
4554:10.1007/s13201-021-01557-4
4487:10.1094/CM-2007-0510-01-RS
3887:Sedlacek CJ (2020-08-11).
3197:Environmental Microbiology
3075:Limnology and Oceanography
2679:Environmental Microbiology
2377:smog, ground level ozone,
1123:ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
254:
251:Complete ammonia oxidation
140:Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria
122:ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
29:
4847:10.1017/S1466046607070482
4379:10.1038/s41396-019-0443-7
4190:Ward BB (November 1996).
4022:10.1080/10643380701631739
3979:10.1007/s00374-005-0004-2
3893:Frontiers in Microbiology
3546:10.1016/j.tim.2006.03.006
3497:10.1038/s41396-019-0530-9
3430:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
3096:10.4319/lo.2011.56.6.2308
3021:Frontiers in Microbiology
193:Nitrososphaera viennensis
182:Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea
18:Ammonia-oxidizing archaea
4277:10.5670/oceanog.2009.103
3906:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01900
3034:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00352
2465:nitrificationnetwork.org
2328:global warming potential
1194:Chemistry and enzymology
1076:, nitrogen is often the
1056:, nitrification forms a
685:Arctic methane emissions
680:clathrate gun hypothesis
595:Carbonate–silicate cycle
355:was observed already by
279:in 1862. Later in 1875,
189:Nitrosopumilus maritimus
128:) and ammonia-oxidizing
30:Not to be confused with
4790:Microbiological Reviews
4437:10.1073/pnas.1704504114
3833:: 107–128. 1890-12-31.
3275:10.1073/pnas.1409439111
3217:10.1111/1462-2920.13682
3159:10.1073/pnas.1106427108
2911:10.1073/pnas.0600756103
2801:10.1073/pnas.1013488108
2459:Nitrification Network.
1049:control nitrification.
839:environmental chemistry
293:Jean-Jacques Schloesing
4835:Environmental Practice
4522:10.2136/sssaj2003.0937
3840:10.1098/rstb.1890.0005
3693:"IV.—On nitrification"
3534:Trends in Microbiology
2461:"Nitrification primer"
2311:
2298:Environmental concerns
2231:
2054:heterocyclic compounds
1952:
1856:
1771:
1648:
1542:
1417:
1327:
44:
4957:Biochemical reactions
4698:10.1007/s003740050518
4598:10.1007/s003740050518
4541:Applied Water Science
3397:10.1038/ismej.2013.96
2305:
2277:methane monooxygenase
2229:
2213:Nitrosomonas europaea
2050:ammonia monooxygenase
1953:
1857:
1772:
1669:ammonia monooxygenase
1660:Nitrosomonas europaea
1649:
1543:
1418:
1328:
1145:ammonia monooxygenase
994:Nitrosomonas europaea
376:Biogeochemical cycles
64:via the intermediary
40:
4943:at lagoonsonline.com
4502:Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J
3801:10.1039/CT8864900632
3789:J. Chem. Soc., Trans
3751:10.1039/CT8793500429
3739:J. Chem. Soc., Trans
3733:Warington R (1879).
3709:10.1039/CT8783300044
3697:J. Chem. Soc., Trans
3691:Warington R (1878).
2637:10.1128/aem.02388-19
2523:10.1128/aem.01960-12
2341:Soil, consisting of
2191:acetylenic compounds
2062:ammonium thiosulfate
2041:, a greenhouse gas.
1875:
1791:
1678:
1553:
1452:
1351:
1217:
522:nitrogen and lichens
264:Nitrospira inopinata
4737:1984ApEnM..47..258T
4690:1999BioFS..29....1M
4590:1999BioFS..29....1M
4514:2003SSASJ..67..937F
4428:2017PNAS..114.8217C
4371:2019ISMEJ..13.2391S
4324:10.1038/nature08465
4316:2009Natur.461..976M
4150:2011ARMS....3..197Z
4100:2009JAWWA.101j..47M
4057:1999JAWWA..91j..52M
4014:2009CREST..39..153Z
3971:2005BioFS..42..137M
3604:10.1038/nature23679
3596:2017Natur.549..269K
3489:2020ISMEJ..14..364S
3442:2008FEMME..63..132P
3389:2013ISMEJ...7.2192B
3329:2001ApEnM..67.5273D
3266:2014PNAS..111.9858L
3209:2017EnvMi..19.2119R
3150:2011PNAS..10816771M
3087:2011LimOc..56.2308P
2972:10.1038/nature04983
2964:2006Natur.442..806L
2902:2006PNAS..10312317W
2847:2001Natur.409..507K
2792:2011PNAS..108.8420T
2745:10.1038/nature03911
2737:2005Natur.437..543K
2691:2005EnvMi...7.1985T
2629:2020ApEnM..86E2388W
2572:2000ApEnM..66.5368P
2515:2012ApEnM..78.7501H
2425:Nitrifying bacteria
2363:agricultural runoff
1907:
1807:
1762:
1743:
1710:
1694:
1608:
1587:
1571:
1502:
1484:
1468:
1411:
1389:
1373:
1318:
1281:
1259:
1239:
860:Ocean acidification
670:Atmospheric methane
370:Part of a series on
150:Gammaproteobacteria
4637:10.1007/BF01576048
4211:10.1007/BF00183061
3940:Ann. Inst. Pasteur
3867:Ann. Inst. Pasteur
2312:
2286:oxidizers such as
2232:
1948:
1926:
1852:
1795:
1767:
1750:
1731:
1698:
1682:
1644:
1594:
1575:
1557:
1538:
1488:
1472:
1456:
1413:
1397:
1377:
1359:
1323:
1306:
1267:
1247:
1225:
1161:primary production
1074:marine environment
345:Sergei Winogradsky
340:Sergei Winogradsky
146:Betaproteobacteria
52:is the biological
45:
4422:(31): 8217–8222.
4365:(10): 2391–2402.
4199:Microbial Ecology
3783:Munro JH (1886).
3590:(7671): 269–272.
2430:Nitrogen fixation
2383:species diversity
1997:pH (near neutral)
1946:
1943:
1940:
1933:
1928:
1889:
1882:
1844:
1827:
1816:
1810:
1798:
1765:
1753:
1746:
1734:
1721:
1701:
1685:
1636:
1619:
1597:
1590:
1578:
1560:
1530:
1513:
1491:
1475:
1459:
1400:
1380:
1362:
1321:
1309:
1292:
1270:
1250:
1228:
1078:limiting nutrient
974:
973:
829:geochemical cycle
675:Methane clathrate
473:mycorrhizal fungi
463:deep carbon cycle
215:Nitrite oxidation
112:) or ammonium (NH
104:Ammonia oxidation
16:(Redirected from
4974:
4931:at fishdoc.co.uk
4916:
4915:
4905:
4865:
4859:
4858:
4830:
4824:
4823:
4813:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4764:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4648:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4556:
4532:
4526:
4525:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4449:
4439:
4407:
4401:
4400:
4390:
4359:The ISME Journal
4350:
4344:
4343:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4279:
4260:-enriched ocean"
4251:
4245:
4244:
4242:
4241:
4235:
4196:
4187:
4178:
4177:
4133:
4120:
4119:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4040:
4034:
4033:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3959:Biol. Fert. Soil
3954:
3948:
3947:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3918:
3908:
3884:
3875:
3874:
3862:
3853:
3852:
3842:
3819:
3813:
3812:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3730:
3721:
3720:
3688:
3679:
3678:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3615:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3565:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3508:
3477:The ISME Journal
3468:
3462:
3461:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3408:
3383:(11): 2192–205.
3377:The ISME Journal
3368:
3359:
3358:
3348:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3287:
3277:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3228:
3203:(6): 2119–2132.
3188:
3182:
3181:
3171:
3161:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3119:
3113:
3098:
3081:(6): 2308–2318.
3072:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3046:
3036:
3012:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2996:
2949:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2913:
2896:(33): 12317–22.
2881:
2875:
2874:
2855:10.1038/35054051
2841:(6819): 507–10.
2830:
2824:
2823:
2813:
2803:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2656:
2623:(9): e02388-19.
2608:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2534:
2494:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2456:
2308:sewage treatment
2285:
2198:carbon disulfide
2156:
2149:
2141:
2118:
2110:
2102:
2095:
2088:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1917:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1814:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1796:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1719:
1709:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1683:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1576:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1511:
1501:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1457:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1388:
1385:
1378:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1332:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1280:
1275:
1268:
1258:
1255:
1248:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1090:"new" production
966:
959:
952:
939:
934:
933:
846:Biosequestration
834:chemical cycling
544:Phosphorus cycle
407:deep water cycle
386:
367:
305:Robert Warington
281:Alexander Müller
223:) from the taxa
198:Nitrososphaerota
176:nutrient cycling
21:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4947:
4946:
4925:
4920:
4919:
4886:10.2307/3454576
4880:(10): 799–803.
4867:
4866:
4862:
4832:
4831:
4827:
4783:
4782:
4778:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4675:
4674:
4670:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4575:
4574:
4570:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4475:Crop Management
4468:
4467:
4463:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4310:(7266): 976–9.
4301:
4300:
4296:
4287:
4285:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4194:
4189:
4188:
4181:
4135:
4134:
4123:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4042:
4041:
4037:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3937:
3936:
3932:
3886:
3885:
3878:
3864:
3863:
3856:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3768:
3766:
3732:
3731:
3724:
3690:
3689:
3682:
3671:C. R. Acad. Sci
3668:
3667:
3663:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3637:C. R. Acad. Sci
3634:
3633:
3629:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3563:
3561:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3370:
3369:
3362:
3323:(11): 5273–84.
3306:
3305:
3301:
3260:(27): 9858–63.
3247:
3246:
3242:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3144:(40): 16771–6.
3131:
3130:
3126:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3070:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2958:(7104): 806–9.
2947:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2731:(7058): 543–6.
2722:
2721:
2714:
2685:(12): 1985–95.
2675:
2674:
2670:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2566:(12): 5368–82.
2553:
2552:
2548:
2509:(21): 7501–10.
2496:
2495:
2484:
2474:
2472:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2411:
2396:
2388:
2356:
2352:
2325:
2321:
2300:
2284:
2280:
2269:
2242:
2238:
2176:
2164:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2126:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2007:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1969:
1967:Soil conditions
1964:
1873:
1872:
1841:
1824:
1789:
1788:
1718:
1676:
1675:
1633:
1616:
1551:
1550:
1527:
1510:
1450:
1449:
1349:
1348:
1289:
1215:
1214:
1196:
1100:
1070:
1031:denitrification
1025:from municipal
978:chemoautotrophs
970:
929:
922:
921:
920:
901:
886:
885:Research groups
878:
877:
876:
855:
824:Biogeochemistry
818:
810:
809:
808:
703:
693:
692:
691:
664:
654:
653:
652:
643:Calcareous ooze
626:Biological pump
621:
611:
601:
600:
599:
579:
569:
568:
567:
496:
486:
485:
484:
425:
415:
414:
413:
396:
365:
332:Grace Frankland
328:Percy Frankland
273:
259:
253:
217:
184:
170:
142:
119:
115:
111:
106:
101:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4980:
4978:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4962:Nitrogen cycle
4959:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4944:
4938:
4932:
4924:
4923:External links
4921:
4918:
4917:
4860:
4841:(4): 266–279.
4825:
4776:
4731:(2): 258–262.
4711:
4668:
4611:
4568:
4527:
4508:(3): 937–947.
4492:
4461:
4402:
4345:
4294:
4270:(4): 128–145.
4257:
4246:
4179:
4121:
4078:
4035:
4008:(3): 153–208.
3992:
3965:(2): 137–145.
3949:
3930:
3876:
3854:
3814:
3775:
3722:
3680:
3661:
3646:
3627:
3570:
3520:
3483:(2): 364–379.
3463:
3420:
3360:
3299:
3240:
3183:
3124:
3058:
3007:
2935:
2876:
2825:
2786:(20): 8420–5.
2766:
2712:
2668:
2603:
2546:
2482:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2410:
2407:
2394:
2391:greenhouse gas
2386:
2371:eutrophication
2354:
2350:
2323:
2319:
2299:
2296:
2273:methanotrophic
2268:
2265:
2240:
2236:
2174:
2171:noncompetitive
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:+ 5 H + 4 e
2153:
2145:
2137:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2076:
2035:eutrophication
2009:Nitrification
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1937:
1923:
1916:
1905:
1898:
1886:
1863:
1862:
1848:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1802:
1778:
1777:
1757:
1749:
1738:
1730:
1725:
1716:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1655:
1654:
1640:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1593:
1582:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1548:
1534:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1487:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1443:
1442:
1409:
1404:
1395:
1392:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1357:
1346:
1313:
1304:
1301:
1296:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1265:
1262:
1254:
1245:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1223:
1195:
1192:
1157:Thermoproteota
1098:
1082:nitrogen cycle
1069:
1066:
1062:nitrogen cycle
1058:mineralization
1054:ammonification
1052:Together with
1011:Sharon process
982:carbon dioxide
972:
971:
969:
968:
961:
954:
946:
943:
942:
941:
940:
924:
923:
919:
918:
913:
908:
902:
900:
899:
894:
888:
887:
884:
883:
880:
879:
875:
874:
869:
868:
867:
856:
854:
853:
851:Deep biosphere
848:
843:
842:
841:
836:
831:
820:
819:
817:Related topics
816:
815:
812:
811:
807:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
705:
704:
699:
698:
695:
694:
690:
689:
688:
687:
682:
672:
666:
665:
660:
659:
656:
655:
651:
650:
648:Siliceous ooze
645:
640:
639:
638:
633:
631:microbial loop
622:
620:
619:
613:
612:
607:
606:
603:
602:
598:
597:
592:
587:
581:
580:
575:
574:
571:
570:
566:
565:
564:
563:
553:
552:
551:
541:
536:
535:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
507:Nitrogen cycle
504:
502:Hydrogen cycle
498:
497:
494:Nutrient cycle
492:
491:
488:
487:
483:
482:
480:Boreal forests
477:
476:
475:
470:
465:
460:
450:
449:
448:
443:
438:
427:
426:
421:
420:
417:
416:
412:
411:
410:
409:
398:
397:
392:
391:
388:
387:
379:
378:
372:
371:
364:
361:
349:S. Winogradsky
272:
269:
255:Main article:
252:
249:
238:Pseudomonadota
216:
213:
203:Thaumarchaeota
183:
180:
168:
141:
138:
117:
113:
109:
105:
102:
100:
97:
70:nitrogen cycle
42:Nitrogen cycle
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4979:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4935:Nitrification
4933:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4913:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4864:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4829:
4826:
4821:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4780:
4777:
4772:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4712:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4672:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4631:(2): 258–62.
4630:
4626:
4622:
4615:
4612:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4572:
4569:
4564:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4531:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4496:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4465:
4462:
4457:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4406:
4403:
4398:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4295:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4261:
4250:
4247:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4205:(3): 247–61.
4204:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4094:(10): 47–59.
4093:
4089:
4082:
4079:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4051:(10): 52–61.
4050:
4046:
4039:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3996:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3934:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3881:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3776:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3662:
3657:
3650:
3647:
3642:
3638:
3631:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3571:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3436:(1): 132–40.
3435:
3431:
3424:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3312:
3303:
3300:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3125:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3011:
3008:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2471:on 2 May 2018
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2452:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2420:Haber process
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2381:, changes in
2380:
2376:
2375:photochemical
2372:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2317:
2316:nitrous oxide
2309:
2304:
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2215:, the use of
2214:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2073:hydroxylamine
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2058:dicyandiamide
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1966:
1961:
1935:
1914:
1903:
1884:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1846:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1820:
1817:
1800:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1755:
1747:
1736:
1723:
1714:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1687:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1665:hydroxylamine
1662:
1661:
1638:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1580:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1549:
1532:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1477:
1469:
1461:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1407:
1402:
1393:
1382:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1355:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1311:
1302:
1299:
1294:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1263:
1252:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1221:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1140:Nitrosococcus
1136:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1094:anthropogenic
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
967:
962:
960:
955:
953:
948:
947:
945:
944:
938:
928:
927:
926:
925:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
898:
895:
893:
890:
889:
882:
881:
873:
870:
866:
863:
862:
861:
858:
857:
852:
849:
847:
844:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
825:
822:
821:
814:
813:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
706:
702:
697:
696:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
676:
673:
671:
668:
667:
663:
662:Methane cycle
658:
657:
649:
646:
644:
641:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
627:
624:
623:
618:
615:
614:
610:
605:
604:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
585:Calcium cycle
583:
582:
578:
573:
572:
562:
559:
558:
557:
554:
550:
547:
546:
545:
542:
540:
537:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
517:nitrification
515:
513:
510:
509:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
495:
490:
489:
481:
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453:Sequestration
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314:
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306:
302:
298:
297:Achille Müntz
294:
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286:
282:
278:
277:Louis Pasteur
270:
268:
266:
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258:
250:
248:
246:
245:
244:Chloroflexota
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49:Nitrification
43:
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4967:Soil biology
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4267:
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4263:
4249:
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4202:
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3533:
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2955:
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2779:
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2671:
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2616:
2606:
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2559:
2549:
2506:
2502:
2473:. Retrieved
2469:the original
2464:
2454:
2389:), a potent
2367:
2340:
2336:stratosphere
2313:
2288:Nitrosomonas
2270:
2233:
2206:
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2179:
2160:
2121:
2070:
2043:
2028:
2008:
1970:
1867:
1864:
1779:
1658:
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1430:
1424:
1340:
1336:Nitrosomonas
1334:
1206:atom to the
1197:
1185:
1179:
1177:
1169:water column
1148:
1138:
1132:
1128:Nitrosomonas
1126:
1108:
1071:
1051:
1043:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1006:
1002:Calvin Cycle
993:
975:
789:ozone–oxygen
701:Other cycles
609:Marine cycle
590:Silica cycle
561:assimilation
556:Sulfur cycle
549:assimilation
539:Oxygen cycle
532:assimilation
516:
512:human impact
423:Carbon cycle
357:R. Warington
353:
325:
317:R. Warington
315:in England.
274:
262:
260:
242:
236:
232:Nitrospinota
230:
226:Nitrospirota
224:
220:
218:
209:Crenarchaeol
207:
202:
196:
192:
188:
185:
173:
166:
159:
155:Nitrosomonas
153:
143:
133:
125:
107:
99:Microbiology
48:
47:
46:
4144:: 197–225.
3795:: 632–681.
3745:: 429–456.
2343:polyanionic
2167:competitive
2019:fertilizers
2000:Temperature
1426:Nitrobacter
1187:Nitrobacter
1153:metagenomic
1046:chloramines
636:viral shunt
468:soil carbon
458:carbon sink
441:terrestrial
436:atmospheric
402:Water cycle
394:Water cycle
161:Nitrococcus
86:autotrophic
4951:Categories
4684:(1): 1–9.
4584:(1): 1–9.
4288:2018-10-18
4240:2018-10-18
3873:: 215–231.
3769:2021-03-12
3677:: 301–303.
3658:: 121–123.
3643:: 265–270.
3564:2021-01-21
3311:Nitrospira
3118:2022-08-27
3001:2016-05-18
2446:References
2399:nitrapyrin
2345:clays and
2332:catalyzing
2292:autotrophs
2245:pyridazine
2221:sulfoxides
2217:thioethers
2066:nitrapyrin
2011:inhibitors
1432:Nitrospira
1181:Nitrospina
1134:Nitrospira
1027:wastewater
980:, and use
577:Rock cycle
321:John Munro
201:(formerly
4855:128612680
4753:0099-2240
4563:2190-5487
4116:101973325
3946:: 92–100.
3849:0264-3839
3809:0368-1645
3759:0368-1645
3717:0368-1645
3703:: 44–51.
3105:0024-3590
2645:0099-2240
2475:21 August
2403:acetylene
2379:acid rain
2347:silicates
2023:anhydrous
1922:⇀
1915:−
1904:−
1897:↽
1847:−
1812:⟶
1729:⟶
1639:−
1605:−
1592:⟶
1568:−
1533:−
1499:−
1486:⟶
1408:−
1391:⟶
1370:−
1278:−
1261:⟶
1200:oxidation
1080:, so the
984:as their
897:GEOTRACES
865:acid rain
779:manganese
336:Warington
313:Harpenden
289:A. Müller
54:oxidation
32:Nitration
4912:10504145
4771:16346465
4706:38059676
4663:34551923
4655:16346465
4606:38059676
4456:28716929
4397:31118472
4332:19794413
4282:Archived
4231:Archived
4227:11550311
4174:23018410
4166:21329204
4073:93321500
4030:96988652
3925:32849473
3899:: 1900.
3763:Archived
3622:28847001
3558:Archived
3554:16621570
3515:31624340
3458:18031541
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3355:11679356
3294:24946804
3235:28142226
3178:21930919
3109:Archived
3053:23060870
2992:Archived
2980:16915287
2930:16894176
2863:11206545
2820:21525411
2753:16177789
2707:16309395
2663:32086308
2598:11097916
2541:22923400
2440:Comammox
2409:See also
2257:pyridine
2253:indazole
2249:pyrazole
2202:thiourea
2182:covalent
1945:acceptor
1888:acceptor
1438:Comammox
1342:Comammox
1204:nitrogen
1165:bacteria
1115:oxidized
1039:methanol
1035:aeration
1023:nitrogen
1000:via the
937:Category
799:vanadium
794:selenium
749:fluorine
739:chromium
734:chlorine
709:aluminum
527:fixation
257:Comammox
89:bacteria
78:comammox
4903:1566592
4894:3454576
4820:2496288
4733:Bibcode
4686:Bibcode
4586:Bibcode
4510:Bibcode
4481:: 1–4.
4447:5547625
4424:Bibcode
4388:6776041
4367:Bibcode
4340:1692603
4312:Bibcode
4219:8849421
4146:Bibcode
4096:Bibcode
4053:Bibcode
4010:Bibcode
3987:6245255
3967:Bibcode
3916:7431685
3613:5600814
3592:Bibcode
3506:6976673
3485:Bibcode
3438:Bibcode
3406:3806268
3385:Bibcode
3325:Bibcode
3285:4103328
3262:Bibcode
3226:5516240
3205:Bibcode
3169:3189051
3146:Bibcode
3083:Bibcode
3044:3463987
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2988:4380804
2960:Bibcode
2921:1533803
2898:Bibcode
2871:6789859
2843:Bibcode
2811:3100973
2788:Bibcode
2761:4340386
2733:Bibcode
2687:Bibcode
2654:7170481
2625:Bibcode
2568:Bibcode
2532:3485721
2511:Bibcode
2415:f-ratio
2397:. Both
2393:, to CO
2359:leaches
2261:pyrrole
2046:oxidize
2039:methane
2031:nitrate
2015:ammonia
1939:reduced
1932:nitrate
1881:nitrite
1671:(AMO).
1119:nitrite
1111:ammonia
1086:nitrate
1072:In the
998:biomass
784:mercury
774:lithium
729:cadmium
724:bromine
714:arsenic
446:oceanic
363:Ecology
271:History
130:archaea
93:archaea
82:aerobic
66:nitrite
62:nitrate
58:ammonia
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4659:S2CID
4602:S2CID
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4336:S2CID
4234:(PDF)
4223:S2CID
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4170:S2CID
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4069:S2CID
4026:S2CID
3983:S2CID
3346:93301
3112:(PDF)
3071:(PDF)
2995:(PDF)
2984:S2CID
2948:(PDF)
2867:S2CID
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916:SOLAS
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719:boron
301:Paris
4908:PMID
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4767:PMID
4749:ISSN
4651:PMID
4559:ISSN
4452:PMID
4393:PMID
4328:PMID
4215:PMID
4162:PMID
3921:PMID
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3755:ISSN
3713:ISSN
3618:PMID
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3351:PMID
3290:PMID
3231:PMID
3174:PMID
3101:ISSN
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2976:PMID
2926:PMID
2859:PMID
2816:PMID
2749:PMID
2703:PMID
2659:PMID
2641:ISSN
2594:PMID
2537:PMID
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2401:and
2200:and
2150:→
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911:NOBM
892:DAAC
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769:lead
764:iron
754:gold
330:and
295:and
241:and
191:and
158:and
148:and
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4757:PMC
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4694:doi
4641:PMC
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1303:2
1300:+
1295:+
1291:H
1286:4
1283:+
1273:2
1264:2
1253:2
1249:O
1244:3
1241:+
1236:+
1231:4
1222:2
1147:(
1099:2
965:e
958:t
951:v
169:2
132:(
124:(
118:2
114:4
110:3
34:.
20:)
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