Amphicyon - Knowledge (XXG)

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muscle, which fixes the shoulder joint, and prevents the head of the humerus from being dislocated by the struggles of a prey animal trying to break free. The anatomy of its humerus also supports this, as it showcases the presence of a strong pronator teres muscle, and thereby pronation of the forearm, and powerful flexors of digits and wrists, which are integral to the prey-grasping ability of both extant bears and big cats. Indeed, the trochlea of its humeral condyle is shallower than that of a tiger, suggesting that the pronation/supination of its forearms might have been even greater than in large felids, although it likely lacked the ability of cats to retract their claws. Its small infraorbital foramina indicates that it lacked the well-developed vibrissae of cats, which provides them with the sensory information needed to place a precise killing bite. Therefore, it may have killed its prey by tearing open the preys ribcage, as thylacines did, or by biting into its neck to sever major blood vessels. Just like modern predators, it likely did not target its preys abdomen, as wounds in that area do not kill quickly. As the elongation of its distal limb segments was more similar to that of the solitary tiger than to the social lion,

1936: 994: 687: 1338:, corresponding to the MN4-MN7/8. Most remains were found in Western Europe, although the youngest known record of the species is from Turkey, possibly suggesting the species survived in Anatolia after it had already gone extinct in Europe. Fossils from this species are also known from Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as the locality Arrisdrift in Namibia. It has also been referred to fossil specimens from Moghra in Egypt, but the referral of these fossils remains controversial. It has furthermore been reported from Pakistans lower Vihowa Formation. It differs from 1213:. Some authors state that locality of where it was found has been considered to date to MN11-12, which would make it one of the youngest known amphicyonids, although its exact dating is unclear. However, the terrestrial assemblage of the sandpit generally points towards an Early Pannonian (Vallesian) age, as which is in agreement with Kretzoi's original description. This species is potentially hypercarnivorous, and only known from a single, fragmentary tooth, which is smaller, more slender and gracile than that of 6266: 2085: 1731: 1098:, which was named by De Blainville in 1841, is both the type species of the genus but also the best known, as various cranial and even postcranial remains have been discovered across Western and Central Europe as well as Turkey. It first appeared in MN4 and lasted until at least MN6. Amphicyonid remains from La Grive Saint-Alban, dating back to MN7/8, have also been assigned to this species. Others point out the differences between these fossils and the type material of 678: 669: 6407: 1283: 131: 873: 107: 1465:. Over time, the diet of the species adapted towards omnivory as it moved towards more southern and humid areas, where greater amounts of plant material were available. The Lagou specimen showing greater adaptions to omnivory than the older one from Ningxia, which lived farther to the north, in a more arid terrain. This trend likely continued, with 2299:. Further remains from this species have also been reported from the slightly older locality Moghra in Egypt, and it has been suggested that a mandible from Gebel Zelten, which is of similar age, in Libya indicates the presence of another, smaller species of the genus in the early Miocene of Africa. However, other authors assign these fossils to 1547: 2221:, although the two species were likely ecologically or environmentally separated. While common throughout the continent during the Middle Miocene, amphicyonid diversity decreased following the Vallesian Turnover, with the last known European species of the genus surviving in Central Europe until MN11, which dates from 8.7 to 7.75 Ma. 2031:

and mobile shoulder joints as well as flexible wrists. The upper limb bones are comparatively long in comparison to the lower ones, and it did not possess any adaption towards cursoriality. Its posture was more similar to plantigrade taxa such as ursids than to digitgrade ones like felids, and their claws were not retractable.

4613: 2255:, with the lineage immigrating from Northern China to Southern Asia. Further remains showcasing affinities with these species are also known from Yunnan, and their dispersal might be linked to the uplifting of the Tibetan Plateau and the strengthening of the Asian Monsoon. The attribution of the various 2267:

date to the latest Miocene (~7-5 Ma), making it one of the youngest amphicyonids known. A very large humerus from the Manchar formation indicates that a gigantic species was present in the Siwaliks during the early parts of the Middle Miocene. South East Asian reports include a large incisor from the

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were originally discovered at the locality Eppelsheim in Germany, and described by Weitzel in 1930. Other remains have since been found at Gau-Weinheim, which is located in close proximity to Eppelsheim, and the Spanish Valles de Fuentidueña. All these localities date to MN9-10. The taxonomic status

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from the middle Miocene of China. Other, tentatively assigned, species of this genus are known from China throughout the early Middle Miocene, but disappear by the late Miocene. It has been suggested that there were at least three dispersal events from European Amphicyon into Eastern Asia, with the

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did the same. It has been proposed that it pursued its prey for longer distances, and at a speed notably slower than modern wolves. After catching up to its victim, it was likely able to immobilize it with its powerful forelimbs. Its postscapular fossa indicates a well-developed subscapularis minor

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possessed a powerful skull, with a long snout and high sagittal crests. The canines are robust, and the posterior molars are enlarged, whereas the anterior premolars are reduced. Its neck is wide, similar to that of a bear. Its postcranial skeleton is stout and robust, with massive, powerful limbs,

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are negligible, with the former being a junior synonym of the latter. Other authors consider the differences distinct enough for the separation of the two genera. Fossils from Yuanmou in Yunnan, and the Lower Irrawaddy Formation in Myanmar, show affinities to this species, and have been assigned to

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is known from the early Langhian in the Halamagai Formation, near the Ulungur River from which it derives its name. Due to the lack of observation on the characteristics of the upper molars, there is neither evidence for including it nor for excluding it from the genus, in which it is placed mostly

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lineage appeared shortly afterwards, and are common in Europe until MN6, which corresponds to 13.7 to 12.75 Ma. However, this species is also known from Turkey, where it was found in the Karacalar locality, which dates to 11.6 ± 0.25 Ma, indicating that it survived in Anatolia after it had already

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in 1876 on the basis of an isolated M2 collected at Kushalgarh in the Potwar Plateau. Later authors referred a fragmentary mandible from Chinji, isolated teeth from the Chinji and the Nagri zones, and the Dang Valley, to this species. The exact age of the Chinji specimens cannot be defined, as the

1978:

was considerably larger, with females weighing 157 kg and males 317 kg, although they may have grown considerably larger. The mass of several other European species has been estimated craniodental measurements, which generally falls into the range of estimations derived from postcranial

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This species is only definitely known from its holotype, a single m1, discovered in rocks of the Bugi Hills probably dating to the early Miocene, although possible remains have been reported from the zones 4 and 6 of the Dera Bugti synclinal. It was described by Pilgrim in 1932. He noted that the

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was described by Antunes and Ginsburg in 1977 on the basis of a mandible discovered near Lisbon. Isolated teeth belonging to this species have also been reported from Buñol in Spain. Both these localities date to MN4, although there is a possible report from La Retama, which dates to MN5, but the

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was described in 2018 based on a maxillary fragment from the Zhang’enbao Formation in Ningxia, China. The Yinziling subfauna to which it belongs dates to the late Shanwangian, roughly corresponding to MN5. It has also been reported from the slightly younger locality Lagou, part of the Hujialiang

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to be a valid genus. The highest point of its hypoconid is located more posterior than in other members of this genus, and a line drawn from the posterolingual corner to the posterobuccal corner possesses a greater angle on the buccal side, due to the extended posterobuccal corner. Both of these

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was described by Pilgrim in 1910 on the basis of two poorly preserved mandibular fragments from the Bugti Hills. the exact age of these fossils is not known, but other fragmentary remains assigned to this species, discovered in the upper Chitarwata Formation and lower Vihowa Formation, which

1973:

is 212 kg, while females are smaller, at only 122 kg, indicating significant sexual dimorphism. The shoulder height of a young female, which has been estimated to have weighed 125 kg, has been reconstructed as 65 cm. As the largest Old World species of the genus,

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features are similar to those seen in thaumastocyonines. Its type locality Mannersdorf, in Austria, is of uncertain age, but the presence of hipparionine horses shows that it is no older than MN9. Viranta also tentatively assigns molars from Kohfidisch, previously referred to cf.

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have been reported from South and East Asia, their referral is often problematic, as they're usually known from fragmentary material and all large sized amphicyonids found on the continent are generally placed in this genus. The only species definitely belonging to this genus is

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is one of the most poorly known species assigned to the genus, being only known from a fragmentary right mandible and an isolated molar from the basal beds of the Manchar Formation in Pakistan, dating to the early Middle Miocene. The dimensions of its m2 are similar to those of

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on the basis of its very large size. the holotype of this species is a fragmentary right hemimandible, but postcranial remains belonging to this species have also been described, including a comparatively small calcaneum and cuboid, possibly indicating sexual dimorphism.

2356:, is known from the Thomas Farm Site of Florida, which dates to ca. 18 Ma, and possibly the Pollack Farm Local Fauna of Delaware, as well as the Texan Garvin Gully fauna, which are of similar age. The relationship of this species to the Great Plains lineage is unclear. 2145:

Strong sexual dimorphism is present in a variety of species, known from both Europe and North America, with the males being considerably larger than the females. Although this size difference is present in many amphicyonids, it is more strongly developed in

1857:" is a name used to refer to a dubious species found at Thomas Farm of the Hawthorne Formation in Florida, which was described by White in 1940. However, the name was preoccupied by a different species described by von Meyer in 1849, which is a synonym of 1342:

through its larger size, bigger premolars, shorter diastemata, a P4 that possesses a larger and lingually extended protocone and the presence of a paracone, that is very large and high paracone in comparison with its metacone, on its elongated M1.

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seems to have hunted quite unlike lions and tigers, which approach their prey very closely, before overtaking it after a quick burst of speed. However, as even modern pursuit predators such as wolves stalk and ambush their prey, it is likely that

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This species was originally described by Astre on the basis of a single molar, from the French locality Le Mas d’Auvignon, which dates to MN4/5. Ginsburg referred more material from MN4-5 of France to this species, and assigned it to the subgenus

2181:. They showcase that the animal was semidigitigrade to semiplantigrade, and possessed long and sharp claws. Hiripex means "rake", and references the long, flexible digits of the foot, which reminded the authors of the prongs of leaf rakes. 1702:. The m1 is swollen at the lingual point between the talonid and the trigonid, a feature not seen in European members of the genus. A similar, but currently unpublished, form from Laogou has upper dental characteristics quite unlike 2052:

has proven difficult to reconstruct, as its dentition possesses both crushing and shearing functions. It has been proposed, on the basis of dental wear patterns and morphology, that European species of this genus were bone-crushing

2137:. Bite traces on various mammalian long bones from the Early Miocene of Czechia have also been attributed to Amphicyon. As patterned bones have no immediate benefit for feeding, they likely represent evidence of active predation. 1755:

and includes a complete adult skull, a partial juvenile skull, 3 mandibles and teeth and postcranial elemenents representing least 15 individuals. There is an additional skull fragment from the Troublesome Formation of Colorado.

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lineage, which occurred slightly later. There was generally no closer affinity between the Chinese amphicyonids and those of the Indian Subcontinent during the middle Miocene. However, it has been proposed that the late Miocene

4614:"Morphofunctional analysis of the postcranium of Amphicyon major (Mammalia, Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) from the Miocene of Sansan (Gers, France) compared to three extant carnivores: Ursus arctos, Panthera leo, and Canis lupus" 2010:

are among the biggest members of the genus, with estimated weights of 225 and 246 kg. The North American species of the genus show a considerable size increase over the course of their evolution, with the earliest one,

2077:, whose dentition possesses a high number of large pits and several small pits, and notes that it clearly differs from bone-crushing taxa such as hyaenas. As both its anterior premolars and posterior molars are reduced, 4655: 2065:, as the relative grinding area of its lower molars is similar to that of carnivorous canids, whereas another suggested that the North American species of the genus were omnivores. A dental microwear analysis of 975:

and coming closest to canids based on its dentition and bones. All three genera, Lartet said, had canines that retained finely serrated edges, implying that they were some of the top coexisting predators of the

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Notice sur la colline de Sansan, suivie d'une récapitulation des diverses espèces d'animaux vertébrés fossiles, trouvés soit à Sansan, soit dans d'autres gisements du terrain tertiaire miocène dans le bassin

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are similar to the raccoon while the molars were similar to that of a dog. He confirmed the fossil specimens along with the third tubercle in the upper jaw (of which he said that it only exists in the extant

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fossil-bearing localities in this region stretch from ca. 15 to 9 Ma, although the correlation of the Dang Valley fauna suggests that they're of late middle Miocene age, whereas the Nagri fauna dates to the

2348:, which was also the last North American member of the genus, disappearing around 14.2 Ma. This lineage was probably endemic to North America, and is mostly known from the Great Plains, although remains of 2116:

preyed on cursorial ungulates. However, it has been proposed that its pursuit capabilities were suited to chase mediportal ungulates, such as merycoidodontids and rhinoceroses. A specimen of the rhinoceros

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of this species is controversial, with Kuss and several other authors considering this taxon to be a subspecies or synonym of A. major. Later authors however suggest that the two species are distinct, with

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Prieto, Jerome; Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Made, Jan van der; Metais, Gregoire; Phuc, Laq The; Quan, Quy Truong; Schneider, Simon; Tran, Dang Ngoc; Vasilyan, Davit; Viet, Luong The; Böhme, Madelaine (2018).

865:. Lartet then stated that the genus's most distinct trait was the existence of a third tubercle at the upper jaw, which was not known in any other carnivore. The genus name appears to be derived from the 3058: 3596:"Les Vertébrés des sables continentaux d'âge orléanien inférieur (MN 3) de Mauvières à Marcilly-sur-Maulne (Indre-et-Loire), La Brosse à Meigné-le-Vicomte (Maine-et-Loire) et Chitenay (Loir-et-Cher)" 2208:

are most common in Western and Central Europe, where they were discovered in various countries, including France, Germany, Spain and Hungary, but were also found in Bosnia-Herzegovina and Turkey.

1502:. However, Pilgrim identified the holotype as first m1 and then as M1, despite it actually being a M2, making the diagnosis invalid. It has furthermore been argued that the differences between “ 1242:, known from the MN3 of France and possibly Czechia, is a large species with a confusing taxonomic history. The type material from Chilleurs-aux-Boiwas was originally described a subspecies of 2154:. The males furthermore possess slightly longer and more robust snouts, larger canines and immense sagittal crests. Comparison with other strongly sexually dimorphic carnivorans suggests that 1781:

lived during the late Hemingfordian, 17.5–15.9 Mya. The species was originally described by W. Matthew in 1924 from specimens found in the middle member of the Sheep Creek Formation,

1047:, which was followed by other authors, and suggested that it was ancestral to later species of the genus. Unlike later members of the genus, it did not possess enlarged posterior molars. 3339:"Caught in travertine: computed tomography reveals the youngest record of Amphicyon giganteus from the travertine deposits of Karacalar (late middle Miocene, central Anatolia, Turkey)" 3554:

Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; Métais, Gregoire; Orliac, Maeva J.; Crochet, J.-Y.; Flynn, Lawrence J.; Marivaux, Laurent; Rajpar, Abdul Rahim; Roohi, G.; Welcomme, Jean-Loup (2013-05-14),

1274:, originally described in 2000 on basis of isolated teeth from Beilleaux à Hommes, France, which date to MN3, with further remains reported across France, is likely synonymous with 1322:. Siliceo et al. revived the genus in 2020, a classification that was followed by some authors. Others, however, reject the reclassification in favour of the older classification 2035:

also had a rather flexible back, and a heavy tail, which has been estimated to have possessed as many as 28 caudal vertebrae, and may have been as long as the rest of the spine.

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to this species. Colbert considered it a synonym of that species, although later authors considered it distinct due to its larger metacone and stronger buccal cingulum on the M2.

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in 1939, on the basis of a left hemimandible with heavily worn teeth discovered in the Inner Mongolian Tunggur Formation. It is a wolf-sized predator, considerably smaller than

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Osteographie, ou, Description iconographique comparee du squelette et du systeme dentaire des mammiferes recents et fossiles pour servir de base a la zoologie et a la geologie

1605:

Pilgrim erected this species in 1932 on basis of an isolated m2 from Chinji. He furthermore assigned two fragmentary mandibles, from Chinji and Nurpur, previously referred to

2272:. Scarce dental remains have also been reported from the Saudi Arabian Dam Formation, which dates to ca 17-15 Ma, in 1982. These remains show morphological differences to 1025:). The species was originally described by Kuss in 1962, however, he also noted that its features do not completely match any known genus, and later moved it to the genus 2212:

is the oldest known species, and may have been the ancestor of the later members of the genus, and is known from the earliest Miocene of France. Species belonging to the

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found in the localities of Germany and France that is not closely related to the taxon found in Florida. The species as referred to White were attributed additionally to

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locomotion similar to extant bears with few differences in form. Blainville was mentioned as speculating that it must have had a long and very strong tail. The species "

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Emry, Robert J.; Eshelman, Ralph E. (1998). "The Early Hemingfordian (Early Miocene) Pollack Farm Local Fauna: First Tertiary Land Mammals Described From Delaware".

6358: 5125:"Large-sized pentadactyl carnivore footprints from the early Miocene fossil track site at Ipolytarnóc (Hungary): 3D data presentation and ichnotaxonomical revision" 2162:, with territorial males competing with each other for females during the mating season. This may have contributed to the size increase observed within the genus. 1935: 1373:

lineage, with both its type locality Laugnac and possible remains from Gérand-le-Puy and Grépiac dating to MN2. Its holotype is a maxilla, previously referred to

5080:

The Amphicyonidae (Mammalia: Carnivora) from Ulm-Westtangente (MN 2, Early Miocene), Baden-Württemberg, Germany: systematics and ecomorphology; with 14 tables

2598:"Intercontinental Migration of Large Mammalian Carnivores: Earliest Occurrence of the Old World Beardog Amphicyon (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) in North America" 3457:

Morales, J.; Pickford, M.; Fraile, S.; Salesa, M. J.; Soria, D. (2003). "Creodonta and Carnivora from Arrisdrift, early Middle Miocene of southern Namibia".

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remains from there are as of yet undescribed. Differences in dentition, most notably the reduction of its premolars, led Viranta to erect the separate genus

894:, a peer who Lartet had regularly discussed his fossil findings with, had sketched mammal skeletons and fossils in 1841, where he recognized the 2 species " 6458: 1187:, to this species. As this locality dates to MN11, this would make it one of the youngest members of the family. This species is likely closely related to 3822:"A new amphicyonid (Mammalia, Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) from the late middle Miocene of northern Thailand and a review of the amphicyonine record in Asia" 2073:, consuming meat as well as plants and hard items, which presumably included bone. Another dental microwear analysis also supports an omnivorous diet for 880: 2375:

Lartet, Édouard (1836). "Nomenclature des mammifères et des coquilles qu'il a trouvés dans un terrain d'eau douce près de Simorre et de Sansan (Gers)".

6453: 4744:"Comparative Anatomy of the Shoulder Region in the Late Miocene Amphicyonid Magericyon anceps (Carnivora): Functional and Paleoecological Inferences" 6345: 3525:"The taxonomic status of "Ysengrinia" ginsburgi Morales et al. 1998 (Amphicyonidae, Carnivora) from the basal middle Miocene of Arrisdrift, Namibia" 5095: 5655: 3279:"A middle Miocene vertebrate assemblage from the Czech part of the Vienna Basin: Implications for the paleoenvironments of the Central Paratethys" 2127:, although it remains unclear if this was the result of active predation or merely scavenging of remains. Other bitemarks referred to the species 3654: 3869:"Diversity of Amphicyonidae (Carnivora, Mammalia) in the Middle Miocene Halamagai formation in Ulungur River area, Xinjiang, Northwestern China" 2319:, dating to 7.4 ± 0.1 – 6.5 ± 0.1 Ma, which represents one of the youngest amphicyonids known. Others tentatively refer this taxon to the genus 6473: 6468: 2234:

first one being the ancestors of the North American species, the second one dating to the Early Miocene or earliest Middle Miocene, leading to

5503: 3780: 3573: 3012: 2447: 1961:

was a large to very large predator, although the various species differ considerably in size, ranging from moderately sized species such as

4851:"Relationships between dental microwear and diet in Carnivora (Mammalia) — Implications for the reconstruction of the diet of extinct taxa" 1166:

was described by Kittl in 1891 on the basis of a single, robust and low-crowned lower carnassial. Kuss considered it to be a subspecies of

5032:"Three New Ichnogenera of Biting and Gnawing Traces on Reptilian and Mammalian Bones: A Case Study from the Miocene of the Czech Republic" 3479:

Morlo, Michael; Miller, Ellen R.; Bastl, Katharina; Abdelgawad, Mohamed K.; Hamdan, Mohammed; El-Barkooky, Ahmed N.; Nagel, Doris (2019).

3128:"New data on carnivores from the Middle Miocene (Upper Aragonian, MN 6) of Arroyo del Val area (Villafeliche, Zaragoza Province, Spain)" 6428: 4414: 891: 700: 118: 5622: 1904: 4564:

Olsen, Stanley J. (1960). "The fossil carnivore Amphicyon longiramus from the Thomas farm Miocene. Part II: postcranial skeleton".

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Aquitanian (~23-21 Ma) of Vietnam, and a species from the Lower Irrawaddy Formation of Myanmar, which is likely closely related to

2259:

species described from the South Asian Siwaliks is similarly questionable. They are found throughout the whole Miocene epoch, with

4320:

Wang; Ye; Meng; Wu; Liu; Bi (1998). "Carnivora from middle Miocene of northern Junggar Basin, Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China".

993: 6448: 5603:"The Arikareean Land Mammal Age in Texas and Florida: Southern extension of Great Plains faunas and Gulf Coastal Plain endemism" 3925:"New material of Amphicyon zhanxiangi from laogou, linxia basin suggests a possible southern dispersal with increasing omnivory" 3438:

Morales, J.; Pickford, M.; Soria, D.; Fraile, S. (1998). "New carnivores from the basal Middle Miocene of Arrisdrift, Namibia".

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M. T. Antunes; et al. (2006). "Ichnological evidence of a Miocene rhinoceros bitten by a bear-dog (Amphicyon giganteus)".

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is known from the Early Miocene sites Gardouch and Paulhiac in France, which date to MN1 (or "Mammal Neogene 1" as part of the

4388:

W. D. Matthew. 1924. Third contribution to the Snake Creek Fauna. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 50:59-210

3182:"The Carnivora (Mammalia) from the middle Miocene locality of Gračanica (Bugojno Basin, Gornji Vakuf, Bosnia and Herzegovina)" 639:

epoch. Members of this family received their vernacular name for possessing bear-like and dog-like features. They ranged over

6463: 6443: 4587: 2112:

was likely solitary as well. Due to its comparatively slow maximum speed and lack of rapid acceleration, it is unlikely that

1751:. Described by Robert M. Hunt Jr. in 2003, it is mostly known from fossils found in the Runningwater Formation of western 686: 3524: 6438: 3764:

Chapter 1. Neogene Land Mammal Stages/Ages of China: Toward the Goal to Establish an Asian Land Mammal Stage/Age Scheme

3761:

Qiu, Zhan-Xiang; Qiu, Zhu-Ding; Deng, Tao; Li, Chuan-Kui; Zhang, Zhao-Qun; Wang, Ban-Yue; Wang, Xiaoming (2013-05-14),

2806:"Evolution of the carnivoran (Carnivora, Mammalia) guild structure across the Middle/Upper Miocene boundary in Germany" 1819:, 15.8–14.0 Mya. It was originally described by W. Matthew in 1924 from specimens found in the Olcott Formation, 5648: 5521:"Systematics of African Amphicyonidae, with descriptions of new material from Napak (Uganda) and Grillental (Namibia)" 2336:

faunal exchange between the two continents during the Early Miocene. The oldest North American member of the genus is

1001: 5301:"Biochronological and palaeobiogeographical significance of the earliest Miocene mammal fauna from Northern Vietnam" 4656:"Body Mass Estimation in Amphicyonid Carnivoran Mammals: A Multiple Regression Approach from the Skull and Skeleton" 4407:

Evolution of tertiary mammals of North America, volume 1: Terrestrial carnivores, ungulates and ungulatelike mammals

3044:

Programme, Abstracts and Field Trip Guidebook of the 6th Workshop on the Neogene of Central and South-Eastern Europe

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for this species. This proposal of a separate genus is followed by some authors. Others, however, do not recognize "

2276:, and several of the species to which it had been compared, mostly because of their similar, small size, including 130: 1102:, suggesting that they may belong to a separate species. It is likely closely related to the geologically younger 4505:

Morales, Jorge; Fejfar, Oldřich; Heizmann, Elmar; Wagner, Jan; Vaquero, Alberto Valenciano; Abella, Juan (2019).

2439:

Revision der europäischen Amphicyoninae: (Canidae, Carnivora, Mamm.) ausschließlich der voroberstampischen Formen

2288:(which also shares the apomorphic features present in the Arabian taxon), have since been moved to other genera. 1519:

was found, has been dated to the latest Miocene (7-5 Ma), this species is one of the youngest amphicyonids known.

4898:"Palaeodietary traits of large mammals from the middle Miocene of Gračanica (Bugojno Basin, Bosnia-Herzegovina)" 3692:"The last Anthracothere Brachyodus onoideus (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from westernmost Europe and its extinction" 3087:"The Amphicyoninae (Amphicyonidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) Of The Early Miocene From Tuchořice, The Czech Republic" 1170:, but Kretzoi argued for its validity, based on the contour of its talonid, and even erected the separate genus 1066:. Its M2 is peculiar, as it is anteroposteriorly shortened but transversely elongated. Kuss synonymized it with 3127: 2217:

disappeared in Europe. Throughout the Middle Miocene of Europe, it was sympatric with the considerably smaller

3595: 2295:

are from Arrisdrift in Namibia, which has variously been dated to 17.5 Ma or 16 Ma, and belong to the species

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that was discovered in Sansan in 1835. He recalled that its single-lobed incisors and its canines of serrated

4990:"Revision Of The European Species Of Prosantorhinus Heissig, 1974 (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae)" 4507:"A New Thaumastocyoninae (Amphicyonidae, Carnivora) from the Early Miocene of Tuchořice, the Czech Republic" 3622:"Les Grands Mammifères du Burdigalien (MN3; Miocène) d'Estrepouy (Gers, France): liste faunique actualisée" 2722:"New carnivore material from the Middle Miocene of Turkey. Implications on biochronology and palaeoecology" 2613: 6433: 6285: 5641: 3236:"New fossils of Amphicyonidae (Carnivora) from the middle Miocene (MN6) site of Carpetana (Madrid, Spain)" 3059:"Les faunes de mammifères terrestres du Miocène moyen des Faluns du bassin de Savigné-sur-Lathan (France)" 2084: 1820: 1794: 1782: 1178:

as type species. Viranta followed his arguments for the distinction of this species, but did not consider

4341:"Paleobiogeographic implications of additional Felidae (Carnivora, Mammalia) specimens from the Siwaliks" 4249:"Preliminary report on the geology and vertebrate fauna of the Miocene Manchar Formation, Sind, Pakistan" 3820:

Peigné, Stéphane; Chaimanee, Yaowalak; Yamee, Chotima; Tian, Pannipa; Jaeger, Jean-Jacques (2006-04-01).

6384: 5106: 2992: 1790: 1258:

distinct enough for it to be classified as a separate species. Adding to the confusion is the status of

733: 725: 798: 5171: 4850: 4485:"Zur systematischen Stellung von "Amphicyon" intermedius H. v. Meyer, 1849 (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae)" 4193: 4018: 3821: 3278: 2867: 2805: 2721: 6332: 5450: 5382: 5371:"A New Amphicyonine (Carnivora: Amphicyonidae) from the Upper Miocene of Batallones-1, Madrid, Spain" 5183: 4962: 4862: 4402: 4260: 4205: 4030: 3833: 3722: 3711:"A New Amphicyonine (Carnivora: Amphicyonidae) from the Upper Miocene of Batallones-1, Madrid, Spain" 3290: 2879: 2817: 2733: 2535: 2311:, respectively. Much younger remains of large, African amphicyonids have previously been referred to 1022: 4896:

Xafis, Alexandros; Saarinen, Juha; Bastl, Katharina; Nagel, Doris; Grímsson, Friðgeir (2020-06-01).

3762: 3555: 3337:

van der Hoek, Julien; Karabaşoğlu, Aslı; Mayda, Serdar; van den Hoek Ostende, Lars W. (2022-06-01).

1669:

is part of the Shanwang Local Fauna, which dates to ca. 16 Ma. It is a large species, comparable to

6412: 6228: 6096: 5840: 2966: 2159: 1730: 5947: 5884: 3480: 2918: 5968: 5833: 5791: 5583: 5474: 5400: 5328: 5277:"The Anatomical Characteristics of a Giant Miocene Amphicyonid (Carnivora) Humerus from Pakistan" 5257: 5207: 5152: 5059: 5012: 4989: 4831: 4781: 4742:

Siliceo, Gema; Salesa, Manuel J.; Antón, Mauricio; Pastor, Juan F.; Morales, Jorge (2015-06-01).

4724: 4677: 4633: 4528: 4462: 4368: 4229: 4174: 4135: 3999: 3952: 3896: 3740: 3502: 3417: 3314: 3211: 3108: 3018: 2841: 2559: 2307: 1491: 789: 741: 557: 125: 6221: 5989: 5954: 5812: 5805: 5493: 1629: 869:

terms ἀμφί ("on both sides") and κύων ("dog"), but Lartet did not define the genus's etymology.

677: 668: 6389: 6214: 6170: 6105: 5933: 5926: 5912: 5826: 4296:"Carnivora of the Tung Gur Formation of Mongolia. Bulletin of the AMNH ; v. 76, article 2" 3277:

Březina, Jakub; Alba, David M.; Ivanov, Martin; Hanáček, Martin; Luján, Àngel H. (2021-08-01).

1859: 1282: 1039: 6371: 6363: 6235: 6191: 5618: 5575: 5544: 5499: 5466: 5320: 5249: 5199: 5144: 5123:

Botfalvai, Gábor; Magyar, János; Watah, Veronika; Szarvas, Imre; Szolyák, Péter (2022-08-16).

5051: 4935: 4917: 4878: 4773: 4716: 4410: 4360: 4276: 4221: 4166: 4127: 4046: 3991: 3944: 3888: 3849: 3776: 3669: 3569: 3376: 3358: 3306: 3259: 3203: 3159: 3008: 2895: 2833: 2749: 2679: 2661: 2551: 2443: 1864: 841:

based on two half-jaws and bones that he sent to a museum. He described it as having unilobed

729: 228: 6376: 2524:"Amphicyon zhanxiangi, sp. nov., a new amphicyonid (Mammalia, Carnivora) from northern China" 1871:

remains found in 1992 in the lower part of the Calvert Formation at the Pollack Farm Site in

6061: 5610: 5536: 5528: 5458: 5390: 5312: 5241: 5191: 5136: 5043: 5004: 4970: 4925: 4909: 4870: 4823: 4763: 4755: 4708: 4667: 4625: 4518: 4454: 4352: 4268: 4213: 4119: 4038: 3983: 3936: 3880: 3841: 3768: 3730: 3633: 3561: 3492: 3407: 3396:"Systematics and paleobiology of Carnivora and Hyaenodonta from Buluk, Early Miocene, Kenya" 3366: 3350: 3298: 3251: 3243: 3193: 3149: 3139: 3098: 3000: 2887: 2825: 2741: 2699:"Temporal and spatial distribution of Miocene mammals in the Western Carpathians (Slovakia)" 2669: 2651: 2640:"A new gigantic carnivore (Carnivora, Amphicyonidae) from the late middle Miocene of France" 2609: 2543: 1915:

based on the similarities of the two in the localities of Florida and Delaware. The species

1695: 1575: 2782:

Viranta, Suvi (1996). "European Miocene Amphicyonidae –taxonomy, systematics and ecology".

703:

in his 1841 iconography of living mammal skeletons and fossil mammal fossils. (1) and (2):

6024: 3867:

Jiangzuo, Qigao; Li, Chunxiao; Zhang, Xiaoxiao; Wang, Shiqi; Ye, Je; Li, Yu (2020-02-07).

1665:

It is only known from a single, fragmentary right hemimandible, which includes p3 and m1.

783: 6323: 4295: 3923:

Sun, Zhiqian; Han, Aili; Li, Yan; Jiangzuo, Qigao; Wang, Shiqi; Li, Shijie (2022-05-04).

2192:

from the Hungarian Early Miocene locality Ipolytarnóc. The footprints were attributed to

2023:, was among the largest of all amphicyonids, with an estimated body mass of 550 kg. 747:. Lartet described his finds of fossil taxons that he found within the sites, including " 5454: 5386: 5187: 5078: 4966: 4866: 4484: 4264: 4209: 4034: 3837: 3726: 3294: 2883: 2868:"The Vallesian Mammal Turnover: A Late Miocene record of decoupled land-ocean evolution" 2821: 2737: 2638:

Solé, Floréal; Lesport, Jean-François; Heitz, Antoine; Mennecart, Bastien (2022-06-15).

2539: 1369:

was elevated to species level by Ginsburg in 1999. It is the oldest known member of the

6156: 6133: 6126: 6010: 5763: 5701: 4930: 3371: 2674: 2639: 2119: 2062: 2019:

was considerably larger, at 432 kg. Finally, the terminal North American species,

911: 858: 846: 809: 794: 5103:

Between the Basins: Exploring the Western Mojave and Southern Basin and Range Province

4042: 4019:"Mise en évidence de l'Oligocène sur le territoire des Bugti (Balouchistan, Pakistan)" 2597: 1453:

Formation, in the Linxia Basin, dating to the Tunggurian, which is equivalent to MN6.

1314:. Subsequent authors generally disregarded this assignment, with Ginsburg considering 902:." In 1851, Lartet reviewed the fossil carnivoran genera from Sansan. Among them were 6422: 6147: 5861: 5819: 5798: 5738: 5722: 5602: 5478: 5419: 5395: 5370: 5332: 5211: 5172:"Chronological framework and palaeoecology of Carnivora from the Linxia Basin, China" 5156: 5063: 5016: 4785: 4637: 4532: 4431: 4372: 4233: 4003: 3956: 3735: 3710: 3621: 3506: 3421: 3318: 3215: 3112: 3022: 2938: 2845: 2698: 2054: 1969:, which was one of the biggest carnivorans of all time. The estimated weight of male 1951: 1941: 1876: 1748: 916: 866: 854: 804: 767: 640: 632: 625: 208: 195: 64: 5404: 5261: 5229: 4835: 4803: 4728: 4681: 4466: 4023:

Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences - Series IIA - Earth and Planetary Science

3900: 3744: 3497: 2563: 2315:. Most notable among these are a molar and fragmentary postcranial remains from the 1879:(or early Miocene) based on the past referral of the Hawthorne Formation fossils to 6068: 6054: 5665: 4272: 2340:, which first appeared between 18.8 and 18.2 Ma. It likely gave rise to the larger 2026:

Its skeleton showcases a variety of features resembling canids, ursids and felids.

1335: 813: 777: 758: 744: 237: 5462: 5140: 5083:. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde / B, 343. Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde. 4356: 4247:

Raza, S. Mahmood; Barry, John C.; Meyer, Grant E.; Martin, Lawrence (1984-12-01).

3940: 3884: 2891: 2745: 2547: 5347: 5195: 4974: 4874: 4248: 4217: 4087: 4070: 3845: 3302: 3180:

Bastl, Katharina; Nagel, Doris; Morlo, Michael; Göhlich, Ursula B. (2020-06-01).

2829: 2437: 821:" species of which he said that the largest ones were the size of extant deer in 732:, which provided details of his exploits in palaeontological sites in the French 6317: 6200: 6075: 6045: 6031: 6003: 5982: 5940: 5919: 5784: 5777: 5756: 5438: 5124: 4340: 3924: 3868: 3557:

Chapter 16. Mammalian Neogene Biostratigraphy of the Sulaiman Province, Pakistan

3234:

Siliceo, Gema; Morales, Jorge; Antón, Mauricio; Salesa, Manuel J. (2020-06-18).

2523: 1498:

and was described by Pilgrim in 1910, who later attributed it to its own genus,

1331: 1310:

for this species, based on differences in its dentition and size between it and

968: 932: 763: 621: 39: 5096:"Fossil Creodont and Carnivore Footprints from California, Nevada, and Wyoming" 4913: 3354: 1306:

was originally described by Schinz in 1825, and in 1965 Kuss erected the genus

6402: 6242: 6207: 6017: 5961: 5905: 5891: 5847: 5770: 5614: 5520: 5316: 5047: 5030:

Mikuláš, Radek; Kadlecová, Eva; Fejfar, Oldřich; Dvořák, Zdeněk (2006-09-01).

4827: 4759: 4712: 4458: 3987: 3235: 3198: 3181: 3004: 2171: 2133: 1832: 1824: 1816: 1072: 963: 872: 754: 84: 49: 6308: 5579: 5548: 5470: 5369:

Peigne, Stephane; Salesa, Manuel J.; Anton, Mauricio; Morales, Jorge (2008).

5324: 5253: 5203: 5148: 5055: 4921: 4897: 4882: 4777: 4720: 4566:

Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College in Cambridge

4364: 4280: 4225: 4170: 4131: 4050: 3995: 3948: 3892: 3853: 3673: 3362: 3338: 3310: 3263: 3207: 3163: 2899: 2837: 2753: 2665: 2555: 6177: 6163: 6119: 6082: 5707: 5695: 5031: 4743: 4696: 3972:"Cervid remains from the middle Siwaliks of Hasnot (Late Miocene), Pakistan" 3971: 3638: 2177:

were discovered in the Californian Barstow Formation, and match the feet of

1580: 1542:

lacks an external cingulum, and that it may actually belong to that species.

958: 954: 834: 830: 629: 182: 142: 106: 89: 33: 4939: 4153:

West, Robert M.; Lukacs, John R.; Munthe, Jens; Hussain, S. Taseer (1978).

3412: 3395: 3380: 2683: 5532: 4672: 3772: 3709:

Peign, Stphane; Salesa, Manuel J.; Antn, Mauricio; Morales, Jorge (2008).

3565: 3481:"New Amphicyonids (Mammalia, Carnivora) from Moghra, Early Miocene, Egypt" 3247: 3144: 2939:"Nuevos datos sobre los carnivoros de Los Valles de Fuentiduena (Segovia)" 1448:

The only Asian amphicyonid which definitely belongs to the genus Amphicyon

6302: 6112: 5996: 5870: 5683: 5633: 5300: 5008: 4523: 4506: 4155:"Vertebrate Fauna from Neogene Siwalik Group, Dang Valley, Western Nepal" 3970:

Khan, Muhammad Akbar; Akhtar, Muhammad; Iliopoulos, George (2014-09-01).

3103: 2333: 2316: 2301: 1872: 1828: 1752: 1583:. It has been suggested that none of the Siwalik species truly belong to 1495: 941: 906:, in which it was reconfirmed as a carnivorous mammal the size of extant 850: 842: 826: 728:

wrote of a letter in April that he requested from French palaeontologist

713: 162: 79: 74: 59: 54: 44: 5540: 5245: 4768: 3255: 2656: 1270:, a subgenus of the former or a separate genus altogether. Furthermore, 1205:

The molar of this species was discovered in the Danitzpuszta sandpit in

6350: 5975: 5898: 5587: 5563: 5348:"The lower Miocene fauna of Al-Sarrar (Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia)" 4178: 4154: 4139: 4107: 3691: 3394:

Morlo, M.; Friscia, A.; Miller, E.; Locke, Ellis M.; Nengo, I. (2021).

3154: 3041:

Gasparik, Mihály (2015). "Neogene stratigraphy in the Mecsek region.".

2720:

Mayda, Serdar; Koufos, George D.; Kaya, Tanju; Gul, Arzu (2015-01-01).

2321: 2070: 1921: 1206: 977: 928: 636: 94: 69: 4629: 2522:

Jiangzuo, Qigao; Li, Chunxiao; Wang, Shiqi; Sun, Danhui (2018-11-02).

1546: 1254:. The subspecies was discarded later on, but other authors considered 1077:

although later authors generally consider it to be a valid species of

5689: 5677: 1994:

were somewhat larger, at ~130 kg and 132 kg, respectively.

1747:

in North America, approximately 18.8–17.5 Mya during the early

822: 749: 652: 644: 172: 152: 6279: 5276: 4194:"Siwalik-age faunas from the Himalayan Foreland Basin of South Asia" 4123: 3086: 3042: 2352:

were also discovered in California and New Mexico. Another species,

1677:

remains unclear, although it probably does not belong to this genus.

4849:

Goillot, Cyrielle; Blondel, Cécile; Peigné, Stéphane (2009-01-01).

2247:

from Pakistan, which is sometimes attributed to the separate genus

1209:, southern Hungary, and originally described by Kretzoi in 1985 as 1545: 1281: 907: 871: 617: 3655:"Los carnívoros del Mioceno Inferior de Buñol (Valencia, España)" 2081:

may have been more hypercarnivorous than other European species.

2069:

recovers the diet of this species as mesocarnivorous, similar to

1377:, possesses a parastyle and a more posteriorly located protocone. 1266:

is referred, which is variously considered to be synonymous with

6337: 4697:"Ecomorphology of the giant bear-dogs Amphicyon and Ischyrocyon" 3126:

Peigné, S.; Salesa, M. J.; Antón, M.; Morales, J. (2006-12-30).

2131:

were found on a metapodial belonging to the large anthracothere

1926:(White, 1942), which was also found in the Thomas Farm locality. 1823:. Specimens attributed to this species have since been found in 946: 862: 818: 737: 648: 6283: 5720: 5637: 4409:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 196–227. 1347:

is generally considered to be a junior synonym of this species.

3085:

Morales; Fejfar; Heizmann; Wagner; Valenciano; Abella (2021).

1891:, which Heizmann and Kordikova acknowledged in 2000 as making 1706:, and it has been proposed that it is more closely related to 1651:

correlate with MN2-3, suggests they date to the Early Miocene.

2804:

Morlo, Michael; Nagel, Doris; Bastl, Katharina (2020-09-01).

1979:

remains, although it may slightly overestimate their weight.

1330:

was a widespread European species that lived during the late

753:" (species assigned to it were later reclassified to another 2866:

Agustí, Jordi; Cabrera, Lluís; Garcés, Miguel (2013-01-01).

4339:

Jiangzuo, Qigao; Sun, Danhui; Flynn, John J. (2021-09-02).

4108:"Siwalik Mammals in the American Museum of Natural History" 3653:

García, Margarita Belinchón; Romero, Jorge Morales (1989).

2967:"Neuer Amphicyonide aus dem Altpannon von Pécs (Südungarn)" 2920:

Vösendorf: ein Lebensbild aus dem Pannon des Wiener Beckens

1760:

is considered ancestral to the late Hemingfordian species,

945:, which he described as a carnivore larger than a European 808:" (the referred equid species now known as belonging to an 5519:

Morales, Jorge; Pickford, M.; Valenciano, Alberto (2016).

5094:

Sarjeant; Reynolds; Kissell-Jones (2002). Reynolds (ed.).

4192:

Nanda, A. C.; Sehgal, R. K.; Chauhan, P. R. (2018-08-15).

2993:"17. Carnivoran Ecomorphology: A Phylogenetic Perspective" 2263:

being known from the earliest Miocene, whereas remains of

1145:

lineage. Notably, the p4 is more strongly reduced than in

1983:

is the smallest species, estimated at 112 kg, while

1114:, the first two of which had previously been assigned to 2123:

was discovered with bitemarks corresponding to those of

1919:

is said to have coexisted with the smaller amphicyonine

1710:

because of its size and the lingual convexity of its m1.

5420:"Suidae from the Middle Miocene of Arrisdrift, Namibia" 4200:. Emergence and Evolution of Himalayan Foreland Basin. 1037:(which has since then been moved to the separate genus 724:

In a note dated back to May 16, 1836, French geologist

5230:"The last amphicyonid (Mammalia, Carnivora) in Africa" 5170:

Jiangzuo, Qigao; Wang, Shiqi; Deng, Tao (2023-04-01).

4405:. In Janis, C. M.; Scott, K.M.; Jacobs, L. L. (eds.). 2614:

10.1206/0003-0090(2003)279<0077:C>2.0.CO;2

4017:

Welcomme, Jean-Loup; Ginsburg, Léonard (1997-12-01).

2098:

As it lacked the adaptations for rapid acceleration,

1250:, and considered ancestral to the nominal subspecies 1217:, as well as considerably more brachydont. Just like 927:. The palaeontologist described it as also having an 6188: 6144: 6093: 6042: 5858: 5735: 695:

Sketches of fossil bones determined as belonging to

244: 6292: 6187: 6143: 6092: 6041: 5857: 5733: 5437:Van Couvering, John A.; Delson, Eric (2020-12-01). 5275:Viranta, S.; Hussein, S. T.; Bernor, R. L. (2004). 1815:This huge species lived during the early to middle 4654:Figueirido; Pérez-Claros; Hunt; Palmqvist (2011). 4112:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 4092:. Office of Superintendent of Government Printing. 4075:. Government of India, Central Publication Branch. 3532:Communications of the Geological Survey of Namibia 2602:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2332:from Eurasia to North America was part of a trans- 1839:possessed the largest canines of any amphicyonine. 5176:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 4855:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 3283:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2810:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 775:" (its species eventually reclassified as either 5495:Lothagam: The Dawn of Humanity in Eastern Africa 4551:Delaware Geological Society, Special Publication 4294:Expeditions, Central Asiatic; Colbert, Edwin H. 3594:Ginsburg; Cheneval; Janvier; Pouit; Sen (2000). 2196:on the basis of their size and short phalanges. 5492:Leakey, Meave G.; Harris, John Michael (2003). 3690:Antunes, M. Telles; Ginsburg, L. (2010-12-30). 3560:, Columbia University Press, pp. 400–422, 1132:A mandible and a mandibular fragment belong to 1043:). Ginsburg and Antunes later reassigned it to 829:. The palaeontologist noted that the "peaceful 825:while the smallest ones were the size of small 29:Temporal range: Early Miocene to Late Miocene ~ 4384: 4382: 2999:, Cornell University Press, pp. 582–624, 1797:. It was considerably bigger than the earlier 1141:possibly being the last representative of the 5649: 3767:, Columbia University Press, pp. 29–90, 886:Despite the initial status of the genus name 8: 4478: 4476: 4302:. American Museum of Natural History Library 2466:Rössner; Heissig (1999). "Order Carnivora". 2394:de Blainville, Henri Marie Ducrotay (1841). 1883:. However, a 1960 source by Olsen refers to 1789:specimens have since been found at sites in 1673:in size. The attribution of this species to 1403:" as a distinct genus and instead still use 1221:, it is considered to be closely related to 5352:ATLAL, Journal of Saudi Arabian Archaeology 4396: 4394: 3459:Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Namibia 2971:Annales Musei historico-naturalis hungarici 2377:Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 6280: 5748: 5744: 5730: 5717: 5656: 5642: 5634: 5228:Werdelin, Lars; Simpson, Scott W. (2009). 3976:Journal of the Geological Society of India 2997:Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution 2015:, being estimated at 187 kg, whereas 881:National Museum of Natural History, France 105: 20: 5564:"Miocene Carnivores, Texas Coastal Plain" 5424:Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences 5394: 5305:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 4929: 4902:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 4797: 4795: 4767: 4671: 4522: 4089:Molar Teeth and Other Remains of Mammalia 3734: 3637: 3523:Morales, Jorge; Pickford, Martin (2022). 3496: 3411: 3370: 3197: 3186:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 3153: 3143: 3102: 2673: 2655: 2344:, which itself was ancestral to the huge 2414:(in French). J. - A. Portes. p. 16. 2370: 2368: 2083: 1934: 1729: 992: 5223: 5221: 2364: 2291:The only definitive African remains of 1033:, and considered it to be ancestral to 1017:The oldest known species of the genus, 939:" was reclassified as a separate genus 4804:"Ecomorphology of the giant bear-dogs 4607: 4605: 4581: 4579: 4544: 4542: 4432:"Ecomorphology of the giant bear-dogs 4101: 4099: 4064: 4062: 4060: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3756: 3754: 3685: 3683: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3474: 3472: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3229: 3227: 3225: 3175: 3173: 3080: 3078: 3076: 2986: 2984: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2799: 2797: 2709:(4): 269–279 – via researchgate. 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 1899:name. Additionally, a 2012 article on 1361:Originally described as subspecies of 949:that was closer in form to a dog than 833:" coexisted with a "formidable" large 4649: 4647: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3518: 3516: 3433: 3431: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2461: 2459: 2224:While various remains and species of 628:(known colloquially as "bear-dogs"), 265: 7: 2697:Sabol, Martin; Holec, Peter (2002). 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 971:and described as being smaller than 817:). He also recalled finding fossil " 4590:. Florida Museum of Natural History 2184:Another ichnotaxon associated with 1743:represents the first occurrence of 6459:Aquitanian genus first appearances 5443:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4586:Morse, Paul E. (October 5, 2012). 4253:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3538:: 1–16 – via Google Scholar. 2528:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 2470:. Munich: Pfeil. pp. 109–148. 2468:The Miocene Land Mammals of Europe 967:, which he misidentified as being 961:. He also described a newer genus 892:Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville 890:as nonpermanent, French anatomist 701:Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville 119:American Museum of Natural History 14: 5601:Albright, L. Barry (1998-01-01). 2937:Ginsburg; Morales; Soria (1981). 1905:Florida Museum of Natural History 1591:should be referred to this genus. 1534:tooth is very similar to that of 1149:, and it is also slightly larger. 6454:Miocene mammals of North America 6405: 6264: 5396:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00788.x 3736:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00788.x 3662:Spanish Journal of Palaeontology 1998:is estimated at 147 kg and 1587:, although others suggests that 1556:Paläontologisches Museum München 1515:. As the locality Hasnot, where 1070:, which has since been moved to 923:")) as belonging to the species 685: 676: 667: 129: 4198:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 3826:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 3498:10.5252/geodiversitas2019v41a21 1469:being the probable ancestor of 1457:is medium-sized, comparable to 4748:Journal of Mammalian Evolution 4273:10.1080/02724634.1984.10012034 2442:(in German). Springer-Verlag. 2238:and the last one, that of the 1211:Hubacyon (Kanicyon) pannonicus 1002:Site paléontologique de Sansan 1: 6474:Prehistoric carnivoran genera 6469:Fossil taxa described in 1836 5607:Geological Society of America 5498:. Columbia University Press. 5463:10.1080/02724634.2020.1803340 5141:10.1080/08912963.2022.2109967 4660:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 4357:10.1080/08912963.2020.1737683 4300:Biodiversity Heritage Library 4072:The Fossil Carnivora of India 4069:Pilgrim, Guy Ellcock (1932). 4043:10.1016/S1251-8050(97)82381-6 3941:10.1080/08912963.2021.1949009 3885:10.1080/08912963.2018.1477142 3400:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 2991:Werdelin, Lars (2019-05-15), 2892:10.1016/j.geobios.2012.10.005 2746:10.1016/j.geobios.2014.11.001 2548:10.1080/02724634.2018.1539857 2436:Kuss, Sigfried Ernst (1965). 711:," which was reclassified to 483:Antunes & Ginsburg, 1977 5562:Wilson, John Andrew (1960). 5196:10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111463 4988:Heissig, Kurt (2017-12-31). 4975:10.1016/j.annpal.2005.10.002 4875:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.09.004 4483:Heizmann; Kordikova (2000). 4218:10.1016/j.jseaes.2017.10.035 3846:10.1016/j.jseaes.2004.11.003 3440:Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 3303:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110473 2830:10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109801 2398:(in French). J.B. Baillière. 2044:Diet and predatory behaviour 1895:the valid name over White's 1801:, and possessed a larger M2. 5281:Pakistan Journal of Zoology 2170:Footprints assigned to the 16:Extinct genus of carnivores 6490: 5525:Journal of Iberian Geology 5439:"African Land Mammal Ages" 4914:10.1007/s12549-020-00435-2 4106:Colbert, Edwin H. (1935). 4086:Lydekker, Richard (1876). 3355:10.1007/s12542-022-00610-0 6429:Miocene mammals of Europe 6262: 5751: 5747: 5729: 5716: 5672: 5615:10.1130/0-8137-2325-6.167 5418:Pickford, Martin (1995). 5317:10.1007/s12549-017-0295-y 5077:Peigné, Stéphane (2003). 5048:10.1080/10420940600850729 4828:10.1080/08912960600618073 4760:10.1007/s10914-014-9270-9 4713:10.1080/08912960600618073 4695:Sorkin, B. (2006-12-01). 4612:Argot, Christine (2010). 4459:10.1080/08912960600618073 3988:10.1007/s12594-014-0139-6 3199:10.1007/s12549-018-0353-0 3005:10.7591/9781501745829-024 1461:, and closely related to 1125:Amphicyon eppelsheimensis 795:aceratherine rhinocerotid 563: 556: 264: 259: 243: 236: 126:Scientific classification 124: 113: 104: 23: 4955:Annales de Paléontologie 4401:Hunt, Robert M. (1998). 2596:Hunt, Robert M. (2003). 2409:Lartet, Édouard (1851). 2120:Prosantorhinus douvillei 2057:. One study argued that 1795:Malheur Counties, Oregon 1000:reconstructed skeleton, 624:belonging to the family 117:reconstructed skeleton, 6449:Miocene mammals of Asia 5568:Journal of Paleontology 4159:Journal of Paleontology 3639:10.3989/egeol.40714.197 2317:Lower Nawatwa Formation 1692:"Amphicyon" tairumensis 1598:Amphicyon pithecophilus 1384:Amphicyon olisiponensis 853:but also a carnivorous 837:he provisionally named 707:, the type genus. (3) " 4588:"Amphicyon longiramus" 4322:Vertebrata PalAsiatica 3413:10.4202/APP.00794.2020 2784:Acta Zoologica Fennica 2095: 2002:as 182 kg, while 1955: 1821:Sioux County, Nebraska 1783:Sioux County, Nebraska 1738: 1715:North American species 1564:Amphicyon palaeindicus 1558: 1550:Skull and mandible of 1423:Amphicyon ulungurensis 1354:Amphicyon laugnacensis 1290: 1004: 980:in modern-day France. 883: 879:cranium and mandible, 793:" (reclassified as an 6464:Tortonian extinctions 6444:Miocene Amphicyonidae 6385:Paleobiology Database 5533:10.13039/501100003329 4673:10.4202/app.2010.0005 3773:10.7312/wang15012-001 3566:10.7312/wang15012-016 3248:10.13039/501100002911 3145:10.3989/egeol.0662131 2251:, is a descendant of 2087: 1942:Hyainailouros sulzeri 1938: 1855:Amphicyon intermedius 1733: 1684:Amphicyon tairumensis 1658:Amphicyon confucianus 1549: 1285: 1054:Amphicyon lactorensis 996: 875: 549:Jiangzuo et al, 2019 5009:10.2478/iF-2017-0014 4524:10.2478/if-2019-0025 3104:10.37520/fi.2021.011 2965:Kretzoi, M. (1985). 2703:Geologica Carpathica 1875:dating to the early 1860:Crassidia intermedia 1846:Amphicyon longiramus 1696:Edwin Harris Colbert 1616:Amphicyon sindiensis 1441:Amphicyon zhanxiangi 1272:Amphicyon lathanicus 1232:Amphicyon carnutense 1198:Amphicyon pannonicus 1023:Mammal Neogene zones 861:conforming those to 740:, in particular the 6439:Oligocene caniforms 6413:Paleontology portal 5455:2020JVPal..40E3340V 5387:2008Palgy..51..943P 5246:10.5252/g2009n4a775 5188:2023PPP...615k1463J 4967:2006AnPal..92...31A 4867:2009PPP...271...13G 4802:Sorkin, B. (2006). 4430:Sorkin, B. (2006). 4265:1984JVPal...4..584R 4210:2018JAESc.162...54N 4035:1997CRASE.325..999W 3838:2006JAESc..26..519P 3727:2008Palgy..51..943P 3626:Estudios Geológicos 3295:2021PPP...575k0473B 3132:Estudios Geológicos 3069:(3): 381–394. 2001. 3047:. pp. 102–124. 2943:Estudios Geológicos 2884:2013Geobi..46..151A 2822:2020PPP...553j9801M 2738:2015Geobi..48....9M 2657:10.7717/peerj.13457 2540:2018JVPal..38E9857J 2200:Fossil distribution 2166:Possible footprints 2134:Brachyodus onoideus 1947:Amphicyon giganteus 1939:Size comparison of 1480:Amphicyon lydekkeri 1296:Amphicyon giganteus 1029:, as subspecies of 5346:H, Thomas (1982). 5129:Historical Biology 4816:Historical Biology 4701:Historical Biology 4447:Historical Biology 4345:Historical Biology 3929:Historical Biology 3873:Historical Biology 2926:(in German). 1954. 2204:Fossil remains of 2152:Cynelos lemanensis 2096: 2004:A. eppelsheimensis 1956: 1771:Amphicyon frendens 1762:Amphicyon frendens 1739: 1722:Amphicyon galushai 1640:Amphicyon shahbazi 1559: 1490:is known from the 1291: 1156:Amphicyon gutmanni 1139:A. eppelsheimensis 1134:A. eppelsheimensis 1104:A. eppelsheimensis 1005: 884: 857:and its first two 726:Alexandre Leymerie 369:A. eppelsheimensis 6400: 6399: 6372:Open Tree of Life 6286:Taxon identifiers 6277: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6260: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6252: 6251: 6192:Thaumastocyoninae 5505:978-0-231-11870-5 4630:10.5252/g2010n1a2 3782:978-0-231-52082-9 3696:Ciências da Terra 3620:Ginsburg (2011). 3575:978-0-231-52082-9 3014:978-1-5017-4582-9 2449:978-3-642-99886-7 2328:The migration of 2286:A. steinheimensis 2190:Platykopus maxima 2141:Sexual dimorphism 1694:was described by 1574:was described by 1526:Amphicyon cooperi 1345:A. eibiswaldensis 1035:P. s. intermedius 799:Hoploaceratherium 609: 608: 603: 593: 583: 573: 550: 539: 528: 517: 506: 495: 484: 479:A. olisiponensis? 473: 462: 451: 440: 429: 418: 407: 396: 385: 374: 363: 352: 341: 330: 319: 308: 297: 286: 275: 232: 6481: 6415: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6393: 6392: 6380: 6379: 6367: 6366: 6354: 6353: 6341: 6340: 6328: 6327: 6326: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6281: 6268: 6190: 6146: 6095: 6062:Brachyrhyncocyon 6044: 5860: 5749: 5745: 5737: 5731: 5718: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5398: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5295: 5289: 5288: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5225: 5216: 5215: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5135:(9): 1709–1725. 5120: 5114: 5113: 5112:on 21 July 2023. 5111: 5105:. Archived from 5100: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5003:(3–4): 236–274. 4994: 4985: 4979: 4978: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4933: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4799: 4790: 4789: 4771: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4675: 4651: 4642: 4641: 4609: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4583: 4574: 4573: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4546: 4537: 4536: 4526: 4517:(3–4): 397–411. 4502: 4496: 4495: 4489: 4480: 4471: 4470: 4444: 4427: 4421: 4420: 4398: 4389: 4386: 4377: 4376: 4351:(9): 1767–1780. 4336: 4330: 4329: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4308: 4307: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4165:(5): 1015–1022. 4150: 4144: 4143: 4103: 4094: 4093: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4066: 4055: 4054: 4029:(12): 999–1004. 4014: 4008: 4007: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3920: 3905: 3904: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3817: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3758: 3749: 3748: 3738: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3687: 3678: 3677: 3659: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3600: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3583: 3582: 3551: 3540: 3539: 3529: 3520: 3511: 3510: 3500: 3476: 3467: 3466: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3435: 3426: 3425: 3415: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3374: 3334: 3323: 3322: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3231: 3220: 3219: 3201: 3177: 3168: 3167: 3157: 3147: 3123: 3117: 3116: 3106: 3082: 3071: 3070: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3038: 3032: 3031: 3030: 3029: 2988: 2979: 2978: 2962: 2951: 2950: 2934: 2928: 2927: 2925: 2915: 2904: 2903: 2863: 2850: 2849: 2801: 2792: 2791: 2779: 2758: 2757: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2677: 2659: 2635: 2618: 2617: 2593: 2568: 2567: 2519: 2472: 2471: 2463: 2454: 2453: 2433: 2416: 2415: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2391: 2385: 2384: 2372: 2129:A. olisiponensis 2079:A. olisiponensis 2063:hypercarnivorous 1996:A. olisiponensis 1911:as a synonym to 1887:as a synonym to 1865:thaumastocyonine 1808:Amphicyon ingens 1576:Richard Lydekker 1405:A. olisiponensis 1392:A. olisiponensis 1248:A. g. carnutense 1010:Amphicyon astrei 989:European species 919:(then known as " 900:Amphicyon? minor 709:Amphicyon? minor 689: 680: 671: 601: 591: 581: 571: 548: 537: 526: 515: 504: 493: 482: 471: 460: 449: 438: 427: 416: 405: 402:A. pithecophilus 394: 383: 372: 361: 350: 339: 328: 317: 306: 295: 284: 281:A. palaeindicus? 273: 254:Blainville, 1841 246: 227: 220: 207: 194: 134: 133: 115:Amphicyon ingens 109: 99: 36: 21: 6489: 6488: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6479: 6478: 6419: 6418: 6411: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6396: 6388: 6383: 6375: 6370: 6362: 6357: 6349: 6344: 6336: 6331: 6322: 6321: 6316: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6288: 6278: 6269: 6248: 6183: 6139: 6088: 6037: 6025:Pseudocyonopsis 5853: 5741: 5725: 5712: 5668: 5662: 5632: 5625: 5600: 5599: 5595: 5574:(5): 983–1000. 5561: 5560: 5556: 5518: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5491: 5490: 5486: 5449:(5): e1803340. 5436: 5435: 5431: 5417: 5416: 5412: 5368: 5367: 5363: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5227: 5226: 5219: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5109: 5098: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5029: 5028: 5024: 4992: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4952: 4951: 4947: 4895: 4894: 4890: 4848: 4847: 4843: 4801: 4800: 4793: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4694: 4693: 4689: 4653: 4652: 4645: 4611: 4610: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4577: 4563: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4547: 4540: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4487: 4482: 4481: 4474: 4442: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4417: 4403:"Amphicyonidae" 4400: 4399: 4392: 4387: 4380: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4305: 4303: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4246: 4245: 4241: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4124:10.2307/1005467 4105: 4104: 4097: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4068: 4067: 4058: 4016: 4015: 4011: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3922: 3921: 3908: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3819: 3818: 3795: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3760: 3759: 3752: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3689: 3688: 3681: 3657: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3598: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3553: 3552: 3543: 3527: 3522: 3521: 3514: 3491:(21): 731–745. 3478: 3477: 3470: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3437: 3436: 3429: 3393: 3392: 3388: 3336: 3335: 3326: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3233: 3232: 3223: 3179: 3178: 3171: 3125: 3124: 3120: 3084: 3083: 3074: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3025: 3015: 2990: 2989: 2982: 2964: 2963: 2954: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2907: 2865: 2864: 2853: 2803: 2802: 2795: 2781: 2780: 2761: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2637: 2636: 2621: 2595: 2594: 2571: 2534:(6): e1539857. 2521: 2520: 2475: 2465: 2464: 2457: 2450: 2435: 2434: 2419: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2374: 2373: 2366: 2362: 2240:A. ulungurensis 2202: 2175:Hirpexipes alfi 2168: 2143: 2046: 2041: 1985:A. laugnacensis 1952:Crocuta crocuta 1933: 1907:also refers to 1734:Restoration of 1717: 1671:A. ulungurensis 1607:A. palaeindicus 1589:A. palaeindicus 1572:A. palaeindicus 1450:, A. zhanxiangi 1431:A. ulungurensis 1418: 1367:A. laugnacensis 1252:A. g. giganteus 1088:Amphicyon major 998:Amphicyon major 991: 986: 937:Amphicyon minor 925:Amphicyon major 921:Canis megalotis 896:Amphicyon major 877:Amphicyon major 845:and compressed 784:Prodeinotherium 722: 721: 720: 719: 705:Amphicyon major 692: 691: 690: 682: 681: 673: 672: 661: 527:Ginsburg, 2000 512:A. ulungurensis 505:Ginsburg, 1989 501:A. laugnacensis 446:A. tairumensis? 424:A. confucianus? 347:A. reinheimeri? 285:Lydekker, 1876 255: 252: 249:Amphicyon major 226: 218: 205: 192: 128: 100: 98: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 52: 47: 42: 31: 30: 27: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6487: 6485: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6441: 6436: 6431: 6421: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6394: 6381: 6368: 6355: 6342: 6329: 6314: 6298: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6284: 6275: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6239: 6232: 6225: 6218: 6211: 6204: 6196: 6194: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6174: 6167: 6160: 6157:Delotrochanter 6152: 6150: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6134:Haplocyonopsis 6130: 6127:Haplocyonoides 6123: 6116: 6109: 6101: 6099: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6079: 6072: 6065: 6058: 6050: 6048: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6035: 6028: 6021: 6014: 6011:Pseudamphicyon 6007: 6000: 5993: 5986: 5979: 5972: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5944: 5937: 5930: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5866: 5864: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5795: 5788: 5781: 5774: 5767: 5764:Angelarctocyon 5760: 5752: 5742: 5734: 5727: 5726: 5721: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5704: 5702:Amphicyonoidea 5698: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5638: 5631: 5630: 5623: 5593: 5554: 5511: 5504: 5484: 5429: 5410: 5381:(4): 943–965. 5361: 5338: 5311:(2): 287–313. 5290: 5267: 5240:(4): 775–787. 5217: 5162: 5115: 5086: 5069: 5042:(3): 113–127. 5022: 4997:Fossil Imprint 4980: 4945: 4908:(2): 457–477. 4888: 4841: 4822:(4): 375–388. 4791: 4754:(2): 243–258. 4734: 4707:(4): 375–388. 4687: 4666:(2): 225–246. 4643: 4601: 4575: 4556: 4538: 4511:Fossil Imprint 4497: 4472: 4453:(4): 375–388. 4422: 4416:978-0521355193 4415: 4390: 4378: 4331: 4312: 4286: 4259:(4): 584–599. 4239: 4184: 4145: 4095: 4078: 4056: 4009: 3982:(3): 352–360. 3962: 3935:(5): 857–864. 3906: 3879:(2): 187–202. 3859: 3832:(5): 519–532. 3793: 3781: 3750: 3721:(4): 943–965. 3701: 3679: 3645: 3632:(2): 411–417. 3612: 3586: 3574: 3541: 3512: 3468: 3449: 3427: 3386: 3349:(2): 385–402. 3324: 3269: 3221: 3192:(2): 307–319. 3169: 3138:(1): 359–374. 3134:(in Spanish). 3118: 3097:(1): 126–144. 3091:Fossil Imprint 3072: 3050: 3033: 3013: 2980: 2952: 2929: 2905: 2878:(1): 151–157. 2851: 2793: 2759: 2712: 2689: 2619: 2569: 2473: 2455: 2448: 2417: 2401: 2386: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2236:A. zhanxiangi, 2201: 2198: 2167: 2164: 2142: 2139: 2055:mesocarnivores 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 1932: 1929: 1928: 1927: 1909:A. intermedius 1897:A. intermedius 1885:A. intermedius 1881:A. intermedius 1850: 1849: 1841: 1840: 1812: 1811: 1803: 1802: 1775: 1774: 1766: 1765: 1726: 1725: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1688: 1687: 1679: 1678: 1667:A. confucianus 1662: 1661: 1653: 1652: 1644: 1643: 1635: 1634: 1620: 1619: 1611: 1610: 1602: 1601: 1593: 1592: 1568: 1567: 1544: 1543: 1530: 1529: 1521: 1520: 1484: 1483: 1475: 1474: 1445: 1444: 1436: 1435: 1427: 1426: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1408: 1388: 1387: 1379: 1378: 1358: 1357: 1349: 1348: 1318:a subgenus of 1300: 1299: 1280: 1279: 1236: 1235: 1227: 1226: 1202: 1201: 1193: 1192: 1160: 1159: 1151: 1150: 1129: 1128: 1120: 1119: 1118:as subspecies. 1092: 1091: 1083: 1082: 1058: 1057: 1049: 1048: 1031:P. sansanienis 1014: 1013: 990: 987: 985: 982: 730:Édouard Lartet 694: 693: 684: 683: 675: 674: 666: 665: 664: 663: 662: 660: 657: 616:is an extinct 607: 606: 605: 604: 598:Euroamphicyon? 594: 584: 574: 568:Arctamphicyon? 561: 560: 554: 553: 552: 551: 540: 529: 518: 507: 496: 494:Kretzoi, 1985 485: 474: 463: 452: 450:Colbert, 1939 441: 430: 419: 417:Pilgrim, 1932 408: 406:Pilgrim, 1932 397: 395:Pilgrim, 1932 386: 384:Simpson, 1930 375: 373:Weitzel, 1930 364: 358:A. lactorensis 353: 342: 340:Matthew, 1924 331: 329:Matthew, 1924 320: 318:Pilgrim, 1912 309: 307:Pilgrim, 1910 298: 287: 276: 262: 261: 260:Other species 257: 256: 253: 241: 240: 234: 233: 216: 212: 211: 203: 199: 198: 190: 186: 185: 180: 176: 175: 170: 166: 165: 160: 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 140: 136: 135: 122: 121: 111: 110: 102: 101: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 53: 48: 43: 38: 37: 28: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6486: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6434:Amphicyonidae 6432: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6424: 6414: 6403: 6391: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6330: 6325: 6319: 6315: 6310: 6304: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6282: 6267: 6245: 6244: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6229:Thaumastocyon 6226: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6217: 6216: 6212: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6193: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6168: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6159: 6158: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6149: 6148:Temnocyoninae 6142: 6136: 6135: 6131: 6129: 6128: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6097:Haplocyoninae 6091: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6073: 6071: 6070: 6066: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6040: 6034: 6033: 6029: 6027: 6026: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6015: 6013: 6012: 6008: 6006: 6005: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5929: 5928: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5917: 5915: 5914: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5862:Amphicyoninae 5856: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5841:Symplectocyon 5838: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5820:Paradaphoenus 5817: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5799:Harpagophagus 5796: 5794: 5793: 5789: 5787: 5786: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5768: 5766: 5765: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5740: 5739:Amphicyonidae 5732: 5728: 5724: 5723:Amphicyonidae 5719: 5715: 5709: 5706:Superfamily: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5685: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5667: 5659: 5654: 5652: 5647: 5645: 5640: 5639: 5636: 5626: 5624:9780813723259 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5594: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5558: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5515: 5512: 5507: 5501: 5497: 5496: 5488: 5485: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5433: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5375:Palaeontology 5372: 5365: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5342: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5294: 5291: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5268: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5234:Geodiversitas 5231: 5224: 5222: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5166: 5163: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5119: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5097: 5090: 5087: 5082: 5081: 5073: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5026: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4984: 4981: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4949: 4946: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4845: 4842: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4798: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4688: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4624:(1): 65–106. 4623: 4619: 4618:Geodiversitas 4615: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4589: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4557: 4552: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4501: 4498: 4493: 4486: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4426: 4423: 4418: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4332: 4328:(3): 218–243. 4327: 4323: 4316: 4313: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4243: 4240: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4188: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4149: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4091: 4090: 4082: 4079: 4074: 4073: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4025:(in French). 4024: 4020: 4013: 4010: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3966: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3765: 3757: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3715:Palaeontology 3712: 3705: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3649: 3646: 3640: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3616: 3613: 3609:(4): 597–631. 3608: 3604: 3603:Geodiversitas 3597: 3590: 3587: 3577: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3485:Geodiversitas 3482: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3453: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3387: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3273: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3240:Geodiversitas 3237: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3176: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3122: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3065:(in French). 3064: 3063:Geodiversitas 3060: 3054: 3051: 3046: 3045: 3037: 3034: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2933: 2930: 2922: 2921: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2716: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2518: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2451: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2413: 2412:sous-Pyrénéen 2405: 2402: 2397: 2390: 2387: 2382: 2379:(in French). 2378: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2354:A. longiramus 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2270:Arctamphicyon 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2253:A. zhanxiangi 2250: 2249:Arctamphicyon 2246: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2231:A. zhanxiangi 2227: 2222: 2220: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2059:A. longiramus 2056: 2051: 2043: 2039:Palaeobiology 2038: 2036: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2005: 2001: 2000:A. carnutense 1997: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1937: 1930: 1925: 1923: 1918: 1917:A. longiramus 1914: 1913:A. longiramus 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1893:A. longiramus 1890: 1889:A. longiramus 1886: 1882: 1878: 1877:Hemingfordian 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1749:Hemingfordian 1746: 1742: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1655: 1654: 1649: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1625: 1624:A. sindiensis 1622: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1548: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1523: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1513:Arctamphicyon 1509: 1505: 1504:Arctamphicyon 1501: 1500:Arctamphicyon 1497: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1471:Arctamphicyon 1468: 1467:A. zhanxiangi 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455:A. zhanxiangi 1451: 1447: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1416:Asian species 1415: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1401:Euroamphicyon 1398: 1397:Euroamphicyon 1393: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1289: 1284: 1277: 1276:A. carnutense 1273: 1269: 1265: 1264:A. carnutense 1261: 1257: 1256:A. carnutense 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1240:A. carnutense 1238: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1153: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1112:A. pannonicus 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1064:Euroamphicyon 1060: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1003: 999: 995: 988: 983: 981: 979: 974: 970: 966: 965: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 943: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 917:bat-eared fox 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 882: 878: 874: 870: 868: 867:Ancient Greek 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 815: 811: 807: 806: 805:Palaeotherium 801: 800: 796: 792: 791: 786: 785: 780: 779: 774: 770: 769: 768:Gomphotherium 765: 761: 760: 756: 752: 751: 746: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 717: 715: 710: 706: 702: 698: 688: 679: 670: 658: 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 641:North America 638: 634: 633:Amphicyoninae 631: 627: 626:Amphicyonidae 623: 619: 615: 614: 602:Viranta, 1996 600: 599: 595: 592:Kretzoi, 1985 590: 589: 585: 580: 579: 578:Megamphicyon? 575: 572:Pilgrim, 1932 570: 569: 565: 564: 562: 559: 555: 547: 546: 545:A. zhanxiangi 541: 536: 535: 530: 525: 524: 523:A. lathanicus 519: 514: 513: 508: 503: 502: 497: 492: 491: 490:A. pannonicus 486: 481: 480: 475: 470: 469: 464: 459: 458: 457:A. longiramus 453: 448: 447: 442: 439:McGrew, 1939 437: 436: 431: 426: 425: 420: 415: 414: 413:A. sindiensis 409: 404: 403: 398: 393: 392: 387: 382: 381: 376: 371: 370: 365: 360: 359: 354: 349: 348: 343: 338: 337: 332: 327: 326: 321: 316: 315: 310: 305: 304: 303:A. lydekkeri? 299: 294: 293: 288: 283: 282: 277: 274:Schinz, 1825 272: 271: 270:A. giganteus? 266: 263: 258: 251: 250: 242: 239: 235: 230: 225: 224: 217: 214: 213: 210: 209:Amphicyoninae 204: 201: 200: 197: 196:Amphicyonidae 191: 188: 187: 184: 181: 178: 177: 174: 171: 168: 167: 164: 161: 158: 157: 154: 151: 148: 147: 144: 141: 138: 137: 132: 127: 123: 120: 116: 112: 108: 103: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 41: 35: 26: 22: 19: 6293: 6241: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6213: 6206: 6199: 6176: 6169: 6162: 6155: 6132: 6125: 6118: 6111: 6104: 6081: 6074: 6069:Daphoenictis 6067: 6060: 6055:Adilophontes 6053: 6030: 6023: 6016: 6009: 6002: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5967: 5960: 5953: 5948:Janvierocyon 5946: 5939: 5932: 5925: 5918: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5890: 5885:Askazansoria 5883: 5877: 5876: 5869: 5846: 5839: 5832: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5783: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5666:amphicyonids 5606: 5596: 5571: 5567: 5557: 5541:10261/137042 5524: 5514: 5494: 5487: 5446: 5442: 5432: 5423: 5413: 5378: 5374: 5364: 5355: 5351: 5341: 5308: 5304: 5293: 5284: 5280: 5270: 5237: 5233: 5179: 5175: 5165: 5132: 5128: 5118: 5107:the original 5102: 5089: 5079: 5072: 5039: 5035: 5025: 5000: 4996: 4983: 4961:(1): 31–39. 4958: 4954: 4948: 4905: 4901: 4891: 4861:(1): 13–23. 4858: 4854: 4844: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4805: 4769:10261/121791 4751: 4747: 4737: 4704: 4700: 4690: 4663: 4659: 4621: 4617: 4592:. Retrieved 4569: 4565: 4559: 4550: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4491: 4450: 4446: 4437: 4433: 4425: 4406: 4348: 4344: 4334: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4304:. Retrieved 4299: 4289: 4256: 4252: 4242: 4201: 4197: 4187: 4162: 4158: 4148: 4115: 4111: 4088: 4081: 4071: 4026: 4022: 4012: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3932: 3928: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3829: 3825: 3786:, retrieved 3763: 3718: 3714: 3704: 3695: 3665: 3661: 3648: 3629: 3625: 3615: 3606: 3602: 3589: 3579:, retrieved 3556: 3535: 3531: 3488: 3484: 3462: 3458: 3452: 3443: 3439: 3403: 3399: 3389: 3346: 3342: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3256:10261/230330 3239: 3189: 3185: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3094: 3090: 3066: 3062: 3053: 3043: 3036: 3026:, retrieved 2996: 2974: 2970: 2946: 2942: 2932: 2919: 2875: 2871: 2813: 2809: 2787: 2783: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2706: 2702: 2692: 2647: 2643: 2605: 2601: 2531: 2527: 2467: 2438: 2410: 2404: 2395: 2389: 2380: 2376: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2329: 2327: 2320: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2297:A. giganteus 2296: 2292: 2290: 2285: 2282:A. styriacus 2281: 2278:A. bohemicus 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265:A. lydekkeri 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2245:A. lydekkeri 2244: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2218: 2214:A. giganteus 2213: 2209: 2205: 2203: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2132: 2128: 2125:A. giganteus 2124: 2118: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2092: 2088: 2078: 2075:A. giganteus 2074: 2066: 2058: 2049: 2048:The diet of 2047: 2032: 2027: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976:A. giganteus 1975: 1970: 1966: 1965:to the huge 1962: 1958: 1957: 1950: 1946: 1940: 1924:caroniavorus 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1868: 1858: 1854: 1845: 1844: 1836: 1807: 1806: 1798: 1786: 1778: 1770: 1769: 1761: 1757: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1721: 1720: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1691: 1683: 1682: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1657: 1656: 1647: 1639: 1638: 1628: 1623: 1615: 1614: 1606: 1597: 1596: 1588: 1584: 1571: 1563: 1562: 1551: 1539: 1535: 1525: 1524: 1517:A. lydekkeri 1516: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1488:A. lydekkeri 1487: 1479: 1478: 1470: 1466: 1463:A. giganteus 1462: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1440: 1439: 1430: 1422: 1421: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1383: 1382: 1374: 1371:A. giganteus 1370: 1366: 1363:A. giganteus 1362: 1353: 1352: 1344: 1339: 1328:A. giganteus 1327: 1324:A. giganteus 1323: 1319: 1316:Megamphicyon 1315: 1311: 1308:Megamphicyon 1307: 1304:A. giganteus 1303: 1295: 1294: 1288:A. giganteus 1287: 1286:Mandible of 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1260:Megamphicyon 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1244:A. giganteus 1243: 1239: 1231: 1230: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1197: 1196: 1188: 1185:A. giganteus 1184: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1155: 1154: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1124: 1123: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1087: 1086: 1078: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1053: 1052: 1044: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1018: 1009: 1008: 997: 972: 962: 950: 940: 936: 924: 920: 903: 899: 895: 887: 885: 876: 838: 814:Anchitherium 812: 810:anchitherine 803: 797: 788: 782: 778:Deinotherium 776: 772: 766: 759:Zygolophodon 757: 748: 723: 716:sansaniensis 712: 708: 704: 696: 612: 611: 610: 597: 596: 587: 586: 577: 576: 567: 566: 544: 543: 533: 532: 522: 521: 511: 510: 500: 499: 489: 488: 478: 477: 467: 466: 461:White, 1942 456: 455: 445: 444: 434: 433: 428:Young, 1937 423: 422: 412: 411: 401: 400: 390: 389: 379: 378: 368: 367: 362:Astre, 1928 357: 356: 346: 345: 335: 334: 324: 323: 313: 312: 302: 301: 296:Kittl, 1891 291: 290: 280: 279: 269: 268: 248: 247: 238:Type species 222: 221: 114: 24: 18: 6318:Wikispecies 6201:Agnotherium 6076:Daphoenodon 6046:Daphoeninae 6032:Tartarocyon 6004:Pseudarctos 5983:Namibiocyon 5969:Mogharacyon 5941:Ischyrocyon 5920:Goupilictis 5834:Storchictis 5792:Harpagocyon 5785:Gustafsonia 5778:Guangxicyon 5757:Amphicyanis 4810:Ischyrocyon 4438:Ischyrocyon 3155:10261/22441 2732:(1): 9–23. 2342:A. frendens 2338:A. galushai 2308:Mogharacyon 2261:A. shahbazi 2017:A. frendens 2013:A. galushai 2008:A. gutmanni 1992:lactorensis 1931:Description 1799:A. galushai 1787:A. frendens 1779:A. frendens 1758:A. galushai 1741:A. galushai 1648:A. shahbazi 1538:, although 1536:A. shahbazi 1494:horizon in 1492:Dhok Pathan 1336:Seravallian 1332:Burdigalian 1262:, to which 1219:A. gutmanni 1215:A. gutmanni 1176:H. gutmanni 1164:A. gutmanni 1108:A. gutmanni 1068:A. depereti 969:digitigrade 957:similar to 933:plantigrade 849:similar to 773:Dinotherium 764:gomphothere 635:, from the 622:carnivorans 538:Hunt, 2003 534:A. galushai 472:Kuss, 1962 380:A. pontoni? 351:Cook, 1926 325:A. frendens 314:A. shahbazi 292:A. gutmanni 202:Subfamily: 6423:Categories 6243:Ysengrinia 6222:Peignecyon 6208:Ammitocyon 6018:Pseudocyon 5990:Paludocyon 5962:Magericyon 5955:Maemohcyon 5906:Cynodictis 5892:Bonisicyon 5848:Vishnucyon 5813:Paludocyon 5806:Meiniogale 5771:Brachycyon 5700:Suborder: 5664:Genera of 5358:: 109–136. 5182:: 111463. 4572:(1): 1–45. 4553:: 153–174. 4306:2023-03-27 3788:2023-04-03 3668:(1): 3–8. 3581:2023-04-09 3465:: 177–194. 3289:: 110473. 3028:2023-04-08 2949:: 383–415. 2816:: 109801. 2650:: e13457. 2383:: 217–220. 2360:References 2172:ichnotaxon 2160:polygynous 2091:attacking 1833:New Mexico 1825:California 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1045:Amphicyon 1040:Crassidia 1019:A. astrei 973:Amphicyon 959:mustelids 955:dentition 951:Amphicyon 904:Amphicyon 888:Amphicyon 859:tubercles 839:Amphicyon 835:carnivore 831:ruminants 697:Amphicyon 630:subfamily 620:of large 613:Amphicyon 516:Qi, 1989 468:A. astrei 336:A. ingens 223:Amphicyon 183:Carnivora 149:Kingdom: 143:Eukaryota 25:Amphicyon 6303:Wikidata 6236:Tomocyon 6113:Gobicyon 5997:Pliocyon 5871:Afrocyon 5690:Mammalia 5684:Chordata 5682:Phylum: 5678:Animalia 5405:55334897 5262:73677723 4940:32647552 4836:85341612 4729:85341612 4682:56051166 4467:85341612 3901:90842601 3745:55334897 3446:: 27–40. 3381:35221381 2977:: 65–68. 2684:35726261 2564:91998860 2302:Afrocyon 2274:A. major 2219:A. major 2194:A. major 2150:than in 2093:Miolabis 2067:A. major 1971:A. major 1873:Delaware 1829:Colorado 1753:Nebraska 1700:A. major 1496:Pakistan 1459:A. major 1340:A. major 1334:to late 1312:A. major 1223:A. major 1189:A. major 1180:Hubacyon 1172:Hubacyon 1168:A. major 1147:A. major 1143:A. 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