2084:
2073:
1005:
1130:
Krijgsman, W.; Garcés, M.; Langereis, C. G.; Daams, R.; Van Dam, J.; Van Der Meulen, A. J.; Agustí, J.; Cabrera, L. (1996). "A new chronology for the middle to late
Miocene continental record in Spain".
1453:
1395:
1088:
In August 2021, the 6th IPCC report indicated that global temperature was 4°C– 10°C warmer during the
Miocene Climatic Optimum (16.9-14.7 Ma ago) than 1850-1900.
1446:
773:
591:
524:
1439:
2117:
1317:
1392:
2122:
890:
875:
1296:
1425:
1462:
580:
905:(which runs barely into the early Serravallian), with the late Batesfordian through Balcombian to early Bairnsdalian
689:
1232:
Hilgen, F. J.; H. A. Abels; S. Iaccarino; W. Krijgsman; I. Raffi; R. Sprovieri; E. Turco; W. J. Zachariasse (2009).
1097:
1039:
486:
856:
The top of the
Langhian Stage (the base of the Serravallian Stage) is at the first occurrence of fossils of the
2127:
727:
953:
1735:
1730:
1008:
1385:
Note sur les subdivisions que l'on pourrait établir dans les terrains tertaires de l'Apennin septentrional
988:
1419:
846:
932:
795:
552:
1341:
897:
regional stages (the
Luisian extends barely into the early Serravallian), with the early-mid Badenian
1370:
1140:
784:
625:
2066:
1068:
978:
665:
1187:
948:
776:
375:
2083:
1211:
1102:
1414:
680:
2107:
1864:
1828:
1313:
964:
548:
2112:
1958:
1833:
1802:
1599:
1248:
1179:
1148:
1144:
1234:"The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Serravallian Stage (Middle Miocene)"
1927:
1823:
1761:
1656:
1625:
1594:
1399:
1253:
791:
1233:
2077:
1896:
1766:
1661:
1630:
1428:
at the website of the
Norwegian network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy
1034:
1029:
882:
MN5 and MN6, MN6 starts just below the
Langhian-Serravallian boundary), with the upper
810:
803:
717:
2101:
1797:
1787:
1756:
1719:
1651:
1620:
1152:
1105:
883:
780:
615:
61:
2088:
2072:
2019:
1869:
1792:
826:
661:
402:
1167:
2014:
1883:
1859:
1704:
1499:
1300:
959:
910:
838:
822:
384:
354:
36:
2009:
1969:
1912:
1812:
1709:
1583:
1483:
1431:
1422:, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
1052:
1004:
898:
894:
887:
872:
654:
438:
299:
81:
46:
742:
729:
2024:
1974:
1948:
1907:
1854:
1699:
1675:
1556:
1546:
1535:
1294:
Edward Petuch, Ph.D. Florida
Atlantic University, Department of Geosciences.
1063:
1057:
906:
868:
420:
411:
307:
263:
86:
1984:
1979:
1943:
1843:
1776:
1745:
1640:
1609:
1570:
1520:
1494:
1470:
857:
545:
446:
429:
365:
340:
239:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
1998:
1938:
1688:
1525:
1509:
1191:
927:
879:
788:
507:
319:
277:
91:
66:
2034:
1917:
1551:
1074:
1047:
814:
1183:
821:
in northern Italy, hence the name. The
Langhian is preceded by the
1016:
1003:
902:
799:
721:
693:
684:
2058:
2054:
2050:
850:
818:
30:
1435:
901:
stage of
Central and eastern Europe, with the Tozawan stage in
837:
The base of the
Langhian is defined by the first appearance of
1312:, Author, Cenozoic Seas: The View From Eastern North America.
114:
1342:"AR6 Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis — IPCC"
809:
The Langhian was a continuing warming period defined by
853:
for the Langhian Stage was not yet established in 2009.
909:
stages and with the mid-Cliffdenian to mid-Lillburnian
2033:
1997:
1957:
1926:
1895:
1882:
1842:
1811:
1775:
1744:
1718:
1687:
1674:
1639:
1608:
1582:
1569:
1534:
1508:
1482:
1469:
802:and 13.65 ± 0.05 Ma (million years ago) during the
758:
712:
708:
Mi3b Oxygen-isotopic event (Global cooling episode)
704:
674:
647:
639:
631:
621:
611:
606:
598:
586:
576:
571:
563:
558:
541:
107:
21:
1168:"Neogene Expansion of the North American Prairie"
1387:, Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France
1019:was probably already distinct in the Langhian.
813:in 1865, it was originally established in the
1447:
864:and is located in magnetic chronozone C5ABr.
8:
1359:Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.
523:Subdivision of the Neogene according to the
1892:
1684:
1579:
1479:
1454:
1440:
1432:
1327:
1325:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1252:
798:. It spans the time between 15.97 ± 0.05
675:Lower boundary GSSP candidate section(s)
1122:
18:
530:Vertical axis: millions of years ago.
7:
648:Lower boundary definition candidates
495:
475:
2053:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
1133:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
944:Sharks, rays, skates and relatives
845:and is also coeval with the top of
2057:= megaannum (millions years ago);
14:
2061:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
2082:
2071:
867:The Langhian is coeval with the
1297:"FAU Department of Geosciences"
1254:10.18814/epiiugs/2009/v32i3/002
893:, with mid-Relizian to Luisian
891:North American Land Mammal Ages
876:European Land Mammal Mega Zones
653:Near top of magnetic polarity
16:Third age of the Miocene epoch
1:
1500:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
698:Astronomically tuned ODP-core
1153:10.1016/0012-821X(96)00109-4
1463:Geological history of Earth
1415:GeoWhen Database - Langhian
2144:
2118:Langhian first appearances
1736:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
1731:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
1495:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
1367:A Geologic Time Scale 2004
862:Sphenolithus heteromorphus
716:Ras il Pellegrin section,
2048:
2020:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
1870:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
1166:Retallack, G. J. (1997).
1098:Middle Miocene disruption
1040:Dicerorhinus sansaniensis
705:Upper boundary definition
640:Lower boundary definition
520:
487:Messinian salinity crisis
112:
26:
2015:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
1860:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
1705:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
1557:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
1547:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
954:Chlamydoselachus tobleri
833:Stratigraphic definition
662:Planktonic Foraminiferan
2010:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
1975:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
1970:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
1913:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
1803:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
1710:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
1521:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
1145:1996E&PSL.142..367K
1009:Grizzled Giant Squirrel
1980:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
1949:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
1908:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
1855:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
1700:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
1526:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
1020:
989:Notorynchus cepedianus
878:(more precisely: with
843:Praeorbulina glomerosa
666:Praeorbulina glomerosa
190:−10 —
180:−12 —
170:−14 —
160:−16 —
150:−18 —
140:−20 —
130:−22 —
120:−24 —
2123:Miocene geochronology
1985:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
1944:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
1865:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
1552:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
1212:"ICS Timescale Chart"
1007:
933:Meiolania brevicollis
230:−2 —
220:−4 —
210:−6 —
200:−8 —
2025:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
1918:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
1798:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
1788:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
1371:Cambridge University
1219:www.stratigraphy.org
825:and followed by the
643:Not formally defined
2080: •
2069: •
2067:Geologic time scale
1829:Middle (458–470 Ma)
1793:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
1762:Middle (383–393 Ma)
1657:Middle (237–247 Ma)
1626:Middle (164–174 Ma)
1391:, p. 210-277.
979:Hexanchus nakamurai
847:magnetic chronozone
759:Upper GSSP ratified
743:35.9139°N 14.3361°E
739: /
713:Upper boundary GSSP
632:Time span formality
2078:Geology portal
1939:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
1834:Early (470–485 Ma)
1767:Early (393–419 Ma)
1662:Early (247–252 Ma)
1631:Early (174–201 Ma)
1600:Early (100–145 Ma)
1595:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
1398:2021-01-15 at the
1021:
949:Chlamydoselachidae
940:Cartilaginous fish
777:geologic timescale
622:Stratigraphic unit
612:Chronological unit
599:Time scale(s) used
2095:
2094:
1993:
1992:
1959:Paleoproterozoic
1878:
1877:
1824:Late (444–458 Ma)
1757:Late (359–383 Ma)
1670:
1669:
1652:Late (201–237 Ma)
1621:Late (145–164 Ma)
1565:
1564:
1486:(present–2.58 Ma)
1474:(present–66.0 Ma)
1426:Neogene timescale
1420:Neogene timescale
965:Hexanchus griseus
766:
765:
572:Usage information
536:
535:
516:
515:
494:
493:
2135:
2089:World portal
2087:
2086:
2076:
2075:
2038:
2002:
1962:
1931:
1928:Mesoproterozoic
1900:
1893:
1888:
1847:
1816:
1780:
1749:
1723:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1644:
1613:
1587:
1580:
1575:
1539:
1513:
1487:
1480:
1475:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1433:
1404:
1378:
1360:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1332:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1299:. Archived from
1292:
1286:
1283:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1238:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1139:(3–4): 367–380.
1127:
998:"N. primigenius"
754:
753:
751:
750:
749:
748:35.9139; 14.3361
744:
740:
737:
736:
735:
732:
690:St. Peter's Pool
660:Near FAD of the
542:Formerly part of
511:
501:
496:
489:
481:
476:
449:
441:
432:
423:
414:
405:
396:
387:
378:
368:
359:
349:
334:
312:
293:
268:
257:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
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186:
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176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
115:
103:
33:
29:15.97 – 13.82
19:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2128:Geological ages
2098:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2081:
2070:
2062:
2044:
2036:
2029:
2000:
1989:
1960:
1953:
1929:
1922:
1898:
1897:Neoproterozoic
1887:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
1886:
1885:
1884:Proterozoic Eon
1874:
1845:
1838:
1814:
1807:
1778:
1771:
1747:
1740:
1721:
1714:
1690:
1678:
1677:
1666:
1642:
1635:
1611:
1604:
1585:
1573:
1572:
1561:
1537:
1530:
1511:
1504:
1485:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1411:
1402:
1400:Wayback Machine
1376:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1323:
1306:
1304:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1196:
1194:
1184:10.2307/3515337
1165:
1164:
1160:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1103:Nördlinger Ries
1094:
1086:
1026:
1013:Ratufa macroura
942:
924:
919:
835:
747:
745:
741:
738:
733:
730:
728:
726:
725:
724:
718:Fomm ir-Riħ Bay
537:
532:
531:
529:
512:
506:North American
505:
499:
490:
485:
479:
472:
471:
467:
466:
462:
461:
457:
456:
452:
451:
447:
443:
442:
437:
434:
433:
428:
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419:
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410:
407:
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401:
398:
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389:
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329:
327:
325:
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318:
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295:
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289:
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209:
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54:
49:
44:
39:
28:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2141:
2139:
2131:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1890:
1880:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1720:Carboniferous
1716:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1696:
1694:
1682:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1577:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1538:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
1532:
1531:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1512:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1477:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1451:
1444:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1410:
1409:External links
1407:
1406:
1405:
1374:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1333:
1331:Palaeos (2003)
1321:
1287:
1285:GeoWhen (2007)
1267:
1247:(3): 152–166.
1224:
1203:
1178:(4): 380–390.
1158:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1061:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1035:Rhinocerotidae
1030:Perissodactyla
1025:
1022:
1002:
1001:
970:"H. andersoni"
957:
941:
938:
937:
936:
923:
920:
918:
915:
834:
831:
817:area north of
811:Lorenzo Pareto
804:Middle Miocene
787:in the middle
764:
763:
760:
756:
755:
714:
710:
709:
706:
702:
701:
700:
699:
696:
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669:
658:
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641:
637:
636:
633:
629:
628:
623:
619:
618:
613:
609:
608:
604:
603:
602:ICS Time Scale
600:
596:
595:
588:
587:Regional usage
584:
583:
578:
577:Celestial body
574:
573:
569:
568:
565:
564:Name formality
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513:
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90:
85:
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55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
34:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2140:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1996:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
1894:
1891:
1889:
1881:
1871:
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1676:Paleozoic Era
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1586:(66.0–145 Ma)
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1574:(66.0–252 Ma)
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1318:0-8493-1632-4
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1069:Palaeosciurus
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884:Hemingfordian
881:
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527:, as of 2021.
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270:
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256:
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117:
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68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
32:
25:
20:
2063:
1999:Archean Eon
1961:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
1846:(485–539 Ma)
1815:(444–485 Ma)
1779:(419–444 Ma)
1748:(359–419 Ma)
1722:(299–359 Ma)
1691:(252–299 Ma)
1679:(252–539 Ma)
1643:(201–252 Ma)
1612:(145–201 Ma)
1571:Mesozoic Era
1471:Cenozoic Era
1388:
1384:
1380:
1366:
1362:
1336:
1305:. Retrieved
1301:the original
1290:
1258:. Retrieved
1244:
1240:
1227:
1218:
1206:
1195:. Retrieved
1175:
1171:
1161:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1087:
1073:
1067:
1056:
1038:
1012:
997:
993:
987:
984:"H. vitulus"
983:
977:
973:
969:
963:
952:
943:
931:
917:Paleontology
866:
861:
858:nanoplankton
855:
842:
836:
827:Serravallian
808:
769:
767:
664:
522:
403:Serravallian
393:
298:
276:
262:
238:
2035:Hadean Eon
1813:Ordovician
1584:Cretaceous
1484:Quaternary
1403:(in French)
1260:26 December
960:Hexanchidae
911:New Zealand
895:Californian
849:C5Cn.1n. A
839:foraminifer
823:Burdigalian
772:is, in the
746: /
385:Burdigalian
2102:Categories
2037:(4–4.6 Ga)
2001:(2.5–4 Ga)
1930:(1–1.6 Ga)
1536:Paleogene
1377:Pareto, L.
1353:Literature
1307:2010-05-01
1197:2008-02-11
1112:References
1053:Cricetidae
994:"N. kempi"
992:(includes
982:(includes
974:"H. gigas"
968:(includes
907:Australian
899:Paratethys
888:Barstovian
873:Astaracian
734:14°20′10″E
731:35°54′50″N
655:chronozone
607:Definition
439:Piacenzian
376:Aquitanian
108:Chronology
2064:See also:
1844:Cambrian
1777:Silurian
1746:Devonian
1641:Triassic
1610:Jurassic
1117:Footnotes
1064:Sciuridae
1058:Karydomys
869:Orleanian
681:La Vedova
559:Etymology
421:Messinian
412:Tortonian
2108:Langhian
1689:Permian
1510:Neogene
1396:Archived
1241:Episodes
1092:See also
1072:, ?
1048:Rodentia
922:Reptiles
913:stages.
880:biozones
860:species
841:species
770:Langhian
590:Global (
546:Tertiary
448:Gelasian
430:Zanclean
394:Langhian
367:Chattian
22:Langhian
2113:Miocene
1192:3515337
1172:PALAIOS
1141:Bibcode
1084:Climate
1024:Mammals
928:Turtles
886:to mid-
829:Stage.
789:Miocene
657:C5Cn.1n
510:expands
508:prairie
500:←
480:←
225:–
215:–
205:–
195:–
185:–
175:–
165:–
155:–
145:–
135:–
125:–
98:↓
2043:
1373:Press.
1316:
1190:
1075:Ratufa
1015:. Its
815:Langhe
796:Series
635:Formal
567:Formal
553:System
549:Period
470:
465:
460:
455:
1389:2(22)
1237:(PDF)
1215:(PDF)
1188:JSTOR
1017:genus
903:Japan
792:Epoch
785:stage
779:, an
722:Malta
694:Malta
685:Italy
626:Stage
581:Earth
1381:1865
1363:2004
1314:ISBN
1262:2020
996:and
972:and
871:and
851:GSSP
819:Ceva
768:The
762:2007
37:PreꞒ
1393:PDF
1249:doi
1180:doi
1149:doi
1137:142
1066:: †
1055:: †
1037:: †
986:),
976:),
951:: †
783:or
781:age
774:ICS
616:Age
592:ICS
525:ICS
2104::
2059:Ga
2055:Ma
2051:ka
1383::
1379:;
1369:,
1365::
1361:;
1324:^
1270:^
1245:32
1243:.
1239:.
1217:.
1186:.
1176:12
1174:.
1170:.
1147:.
1135:.
1011:,
962::
930::
806:.
800:Ma
720:,
692:,
683:,
347:o.
87:Pg
31:Ma
1455:e
1448:t
1441:v
1344:.
1310:.
1264:.
1251::
1221:.
1200:.
1182::
1155:.
1151::
1143::
1000:)
794:/
594:)
551:/
358:C
356:P
345:i
343:l
341:P
332:e
330:n
328:e
326:c
324:o
322:i
320:M
311:C
309:O
300:Q
290:e
288:n
286:e
284:g
282:o
280:e
278:N
267:g
265:P
254:c
252:i
250:o
248:z
246:o
244:n
242:e
240:C
92:N
82:K
77:J
72:T
67:P
62:C
57:D
52:S
47:O
42:Ꞓ
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