372:
110:
409:
272:
appear to affect other groups of organisms as well as amphibians. These causes include habitat modification and fragmentation, introduced predators or competitors, introduced species, pollution, pesticide use, or over-harvesting. However, many amphibian declines or extinctions have occurred in pristine habitats where the above effects are not likely to occur. The causes of these declines are complex, but many can be attributed to emerging diseases, climate change, increased ultraviolet-B radiation, or long-distance transmission of chemical contaminants by wind.
465:. Although sex reversal in some species of frogs occur naturally in pristine environments, certain estrogen-like pollutants can forcibly induce these changes. In a study conducted in a laboratory at Uppsala University in Sweden, more than 50% of frogs exposed to levels of estrogen-like pollutants existing in natural bodies of water in Europe and the United States became females. Tadpoles exposed even to the weakest concentration of estrogen were twice as likely to become females while almost all of the control group given the heaviest dose became female.
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719:
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545:
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4291:
31:
4853:
141:) have occurred worldwide. In 2004, the results were published of the first worldwide assessment of amphibian populations, the Global Amphibian Assessment. This found that 32% of species were globally threatened, at least 43% were experiencing some form of population decrease, and that between 9 and 122 species have become extinct since 1980. As of 2010, the
244:(although cases of amphibian extinctions have appeared worldwide). While human activities are causing a loss of much of the world's biodiversity, amphibians appear to be suffering much greater effects than other classes of organism. Because amphibians generally have a two-staged life cycle consisting of both
645:, were found to exhibit far greater levels of limb asymmetry in pre-decline years than in control years, the latter of which preceded die offs by an average of 16 years. Learning to identify such signals in the critical period before population declines occur might greatly improve conservation efforts.
2509:
P. J. Bishop, A. Angulo, J. P. Lewis, Robin D. Moore, G. B. Rabb and J. Garcia Moreno, « The
Amphibian Extinction Crisis - what will it take to put the action into the Amphibian Conservation Action Plan? », S.A.P.I.EN.S , 5.2 | 2012, Online since 12 August 2012, connection on 09 April 2019.
698:
Areas with noticed frog extinctions, like
Australia, have few policies that have been created to prevent the extinction of these species. However, local initiatives have been placed where conscious efforts to decrease global warming will also turn into a conscious effort towards saving the frogs. In
568:
Although the immediate cause of the die offs was the chytrid, climate change played a pivotal role in the extinctions. Researchers included this subtle connection in their inclusive climate-linked epidemic hypothesis, which acknowledged climatic change as a key factor in amphibian extinctions both in
2215:
Pounds, J. Alan; Bustamante, MartĂn R.; Coloma, Luis A.; Consuegra, Jamie A.; Fogden, Michael P. L.; Foster, Pru N.; La Marca, Enrique; Masters, Karen L.; Merino-Viteri, AndrĂ©s; Puschendorf, Robert; Ron, Santiago R.; SĂĄnchez-Azofeifa, G. Arturo; Still, Christopher J.; Young, Bruce E. (2007). "Global
663:
Much of this research went into the production of the first Global
Amphibian Assessment (GAA), which was published in 2004 and assessed every known amphibian species against the IUCN Red List criteria. This found that approximately one third of amphibian species were threatened with extinction. As a
659:
The first response to reports of declining amphibian populations was the formation of the
Declining Amphibian Population Task Force (DAPTF) in 1990. DAPTF led efforts for increased amphibian population monitoring in order to establish the extent of the problem, and established working groups to look
205:
However, since this initial skepticism, biologists have come to a consensus that declines in amphibian populations are a real and severe threat to biodiversity. This consensus emerged with an increase in the number of studies that monitored amphibian populations, direct observation of mass mortality
201:
When amphibian declines were first presented as a conservation issue in the late 1980s, some scientists remained unconvinced of the reality and gravity of the conservation issue. Some biologists argued that populations of most organisms, amphibians included, naturally vary through time. They argued
424:
A study showed that high levels of nutrients used in farming and ranching activities fuel parasite infections that have caused frog deformities in ponds and lakes across North
America. The study showed increased levels of nitrogen and phosphorus cause sharp hikes in the abundance of trematodes, and
628:
Amphibian populations in the beginning stages of decline often exhibit a number of signs, which may potentially be used to identify at-risk segments in conservation efforts. One such sign is developmental instability, which has been proven as evidence of environmental stress. This environmental
271:
Numerous potential explanations for amphibian declines have been proposed. Most or all of these causes have been associated with some population declines, so each cause is likely to affect in certain circumstances but not others. Many of the causes of amphibian declines are well understood, and
292:
modification or destruction is one of the most dramatic issues affecting amphibian species worldwide. As amphibians generally need aquatic and terrestrial habitats to survive, threats to either habitat can affect populations. Hence, amphibians may be more vulnerable to habitat modification than
702:
A critical issue is how to design protected areas for amphibians which will provide suitable conditions for their survival. Conservation efforts through the use of protected areas have shown to generally be a temporary solution to population decline and extinction because the amphibians become
671:
SSC Amphibian
Specialist Group (ASG). The ACAP established the elements required to respond to the crisis, including priority actions on a variety of thematic areas. The ASG is a global volunteer network of dedicated experts who work to provide the scientific foundation for effective amphibian
404:
have a complex life cycle with three host species. The first host includes a number of species of aquatic snails. The early larval stages of the trematodes then are transmitted into aquatic tadpoles, where the metacercariae (larvae) encyst in developing limb buds. These encysted life stages
2089:
Alan Pounds, J.; Bustamante, MartĂn R.; Coloma, Luis A.; Consuegra, Jamie A.; Fogden, Michael P. L.; Foster, Pru N.; La Marca, Enrique; Masters, Karen L.; Merino-Viteri, AndrĂ©s; Puschendorf, Robert; Ron, Santiago R.; SĂĄnchez-Azofeifa, G. Arturo; Still, Christopher J.; Young, Bruce E. (2006).
699:
South
America, where there is also an increased decline of amphibian populations, there is no set policy to try to save frogs. Some suggestions would include getting entire governments to place a set of rules and institutions as a source of guidelines that local governments have to abide by.
520:
More than three dozen species of amphibians have been studied, with severe effects reported in more than 40 publications in peer-reviewed journals representing authors from North
America, Europe and Australia. Experimental enclosure approaches to determine UVB effects on egg stages have been
524:
Anthropogenic climate change has likely exerted a major effect on amphibian declines. For example, in the
Monteverde Cloud Forest, a series of unusually warm years led to the mass disappearances of the Monteverde Harlequin frog and the Golden Toad. An increased level of
615:
Frogs and toads are highly vocal, and their reproductive behaviour often involves the use of vocalizations. There have been suggestions that increased noise levels caused by human activities may be contributing to their declines. In a study in
Thailand, increased
572:
New evidence has shown global warming to also be capable of directly degrading toads' body condition and survivorship. Additionally, the phenomenon often colludes with landscape alteration, pollution, and species invasions to effect amphibian extinctions.
664:
result of these shocking findings an Amphibian Conservation Summit was held in 2005, because it was considered "morally irresponsible to document amphibian declines and extinctions without also designing and promoting a response to this global crisis".
357:. It is not entirely clear why these diseases have suddenly begun to affect amphibian populations, but some evidence suggests that these diseases may have been spread by humans, or may be more virulent when combined with other environmental factors.
307:
Habitat fragmentation occurs when habitats are isolated by habitat modification, such as when a small area of forest is completely surrounded by agricultural fields. Small populations that survive within such fragments are often susceptible to
521:
criticized; for example, egg masses were placed at water depths much shallower than is typical for natural oviposition sites. While UVB radiation is an important stressor for amphibians, its effect on the egg stage may have been overstated.
186:), also disappeared at the same time. Because these species were located in the pristine Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, and these extinctions could not be related to local human activities, they raised particular concern among biologists.
371:
1261:
Eisenbeis, G., 2006. Artificial night lighting and insects: Attraction of insects to streetlamps in a rural setting in Germany. In C. Rich & T. Longcore (eds), Ecological Consequences of Artificial Night Lighting. Island Press:
383:) with supernumerary limbs, from La Pine, Deschutes County, Oregon, 1998â9. This 'category I' deformity (polymelia) is believed to be caused by the trematode cyst infection. The cartilage is stained blue and calcified bones in red.
153:". Despite the high risk this group faces, recent evidence suggests the public is growing largely indifferent to this and other environmental problems, posing serious problems for conservationists and environmental workers alike.
517:, an enzyme that counteracts DNA damage from UVB, are more susceptible to the effects of loss of the ozone layer. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation may not kill a particular species or life stage but may cause sublethal damage.
180:, featured prominently. It was the subject of scientific research until populations suddenly crashed in 1987 and it had disappeared completely by 1989. Other species at Monteverde, including the Monteverde Harlequin Frog (
891:
Stuart, Simon N.; Chanson, Janice S.; Cox, Neil A.; Young, Bruce E.; Rodrigues, Ana S. L.; Fischman, Debra L.; Waller, Robert W. (3 December 2004). "Status and Trends of Amphibian Declines and Extinctions Worldwide".
706:
Education of local people to protect amphibians is crucial, along with legislation for local protection and limiting the use of toxic chemicals, including some fertilizers and pesticides in sensitive amphibian areas.
202:
that the lack of long-term data on amphibian populations made it difficult to determine whether the anecdotal declines reported by biologists were worth the (often limited) time and money of conservation efforts.
96:
Scientists began observing reduced populations of several European amphibian species already in the 1950s. Nevertheless, awareness of the phenomenon as a global problem and its subsequent classification as a
109:
2688:
1139:
Pechmann, J.H.K.; Scott, D.E.; Semlitsch, R.D.; Caldwell, J.P.; Vitt, L.J.; Gibbons, J.W. (1991). "Declining amphibian populations: the problem of separating human impacts from natural fluctuations".
405:
produce developmental abnormalities in post-metamorphic frogs, including additional or missing limbs. These abnormalities increase frog predation by aquatic birds, the final host of the trematode.
425:
that the parasites subsequently form cysts in the developing limbs of tadpoles causing missing limbs, extra limbs and other severe malformations including five or six extra or even no limbs.
457:
greatly increase mortality of tadpoles. Additional studies have indicated that terrestrial adult stages of amphibians are also susceptible to non-active ingredients in Roundup, particularly
513:
of amphibians, particularly their eggs. The amount of damage depends upon the life stage, the species type and other environmental parameters. Salamanders and frogs that produce less
1397:
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has been implicated as the causative agent of mass moralities, population declines, and the extinctions of streamâbreeding amphibian species worldwide.
667:
Outputs from the Amphibian Conservation Summit included the first Amphibian Conservation Action Plan (ACAP) and to merge the DAPTF and the Global Amphibian Specialist Group into the
3731:
3070:
3027:
2996:
2861:
1649:
1812:
2091:
1834:
4124:
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organisms that only require one habitat type. Large scale climate changes may further be modifying aquatic habitats, preventing amphibians from spawning altogether.
2821:
2402:
4770:
4022:
964:
1745:
620:
were shown to decrease calling in some species and to cause an increase in others. This has, however, not been shown to be a cause for the widespread decline.
441:; others cause a disruption in the production and secretion of hormones. Experimental studies have also shown that exposure to commonly used herbicides such as
2524:
2692:
533:
and global warming, which has warmed the nights and cooled daytime temperatures, has been blamed for facilitating the growth and proliferation of the fungus
1589:
Johnson PTJ; Jonathan M. Chase; Katherine L. Dosch; Richard B. Hartson; Jackson A. Gross; Don J. Larson; Daniel R. Sutherland; Stephen R. Carpenter (2007).
675:
The ACAP (Gascon et al 2007), concerned that time and capability were short, recommended that all relevant species be immediately incorporated into ex situ
86:
radiation (UV-B). However, many of the causes of amphibian declines are still poorly understood, and the topic is currently a subject of ongoing research.
3075:
564:
in its native habitat. It was the last known surviving member of its species, and with its death on Sept 28, 2016, the species is believed to be extinct.
4827:
3178:
4604:
695:
programmes. Overall between the call to action in 2007 and 2019 there has been a 57% increase in number of breeding programs, or 77 additional species.
2260:
788:
4892:
2941:
2366:
Knapp, R. A.; Matthews, K. R. (2000). "Non-native fish introductions and the decline of the mountain yellow-legged frog from within protected areas".
275:
Artificial lighting has been suggested as another potential cause. Insects are attracted to lights making them scarcer within the amphibian habitats.
4652:
4181:
4119:
4614:
2854:
1190:
Houlahan, J.E.; Findlay, C.S.; Schmidt, B.R.; Meyer, A.H.; Kuzmin, S.L. (2000). "Quantitative evidence for global amphibian population declines".
4599:
629:
stress can potentially raise susceptibility to diseases such as chytridiomycosis, and thus lead to amphibian declines. In a study conducted in
4754:
4712:
4594:
3260:
4352:
3198:
1893:
Dohm, M.R.; et al. (2005). "Effects of ozone exposure on nonspecific phagocytic capacity of pulmonary macrophages from an amphibian,
1085:
J. Alan Pounds; Martha L. Crump (1994). "Amphibian Declines and Climate Disturbance: The Case of the Golden Toad and the Harlequin Frog".
1864:
4877:
4785:
4534:
3753:
3193:
3092:
2631:
732:
398:) have contributed to developmental abnormalities and population declines of amphibians in some regions. These trematodes of the genus
4707:
4153:
2847:
2021:
Bancroft, B.A.; et al. (2007). "Effects of UVB radiation on marine and freshwater organisms: a synthesis through meta-analysis".
1444:
The chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is likely the cause of numerous recent amphibian population declines worldwide.
2567:
Stuart et al (2004) Status and Trends of Amphibian Declines and Extinctions Worldwide. Science. Vol. 306, Issue 5702, pp. 1783-1786.
2189:
703:
inbred. It is crucial for most amphibians to maintain a high level of genetic variation through large and more diverse environments.
4672:
3173:
2779:
2754:
2537:
1330:"Long-term changes in the diversity of amphibian communities inhabiting small water bodies in the urban area of Olsztyn (NE Poland)"
1680:
437:
causing frog developmental deformities (extra limbs, or malformed eyes). Pollutants have varying effects on frogs. Some alter the
206:
in pristine sites that lacked apparent cause, and an awareness that declines in amphibian populations are truly global in nature.
4775:
3738:
2831:
1241:
193:", and that declines in amphibian populations and species indicate that other groups of animals and plants will soon be at risk.
4897:
4584:
4481:
3785:
3282:
3255:
2886:
2805:
1820:
1411:"Strain differences in the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and non-permanent, sub-lethal effects of infection"
331:
A number of diseases have been related to mass die-offs or declines in populations of amphibians, including "red-leg" disease (
1842:
1758:
Relyea, R.A. (2004). "The impact of insecticides and herbicides on the biodiversity and productivity of aquatic communities".
1562:
Johnson, P.T.J.; Chase, J.M. (2004). "Parasites in the food web: linking amphibian malformations and aquatic eutrophication".
4461:
3143:
2587:
Gascon, Claude; Collins, James P.; Moore, Robin D.; Church, Don R.; McKay, Jeanne E.; Mendelson III, Joseph R., eds. (2007).
2138:
560:
325:
408:
603:. The developing tadpoles and froglets fall prey to the fish in large numbers. This interference in the frog's three-year
4811:
3533:
3439:
2891:
1272:
Baker, B.J.; Richardson, J.M.L. (2006). "The effect of artificial light on male breeding-season behaviour in green frogs,
747:
468:
While most pesticide effects are likely to be local and restricted to areas near agriculture, there is evidence from the
4642:
4186:
3583:
3483:
2425:
458:
2826:
4887:
4882:
4727:
4317:
4066:
3265:
3215:
757:
588:
2551:
4375:
3726:
3578:
3553:
2963:
2640:
587:
Non-native predators and competitors have also been found to affect the viability of frogs in their habitats. The
472:
mountains of the western United States that pesticides are traveling long distances into pristine areas, including
90:
4717:
4196:
4129:
3972:
3704:
3699:
3573:
3403:
3245:
3032:
2074:
2057:
1999:
1050:
Crump, M.L.; Hensley, F.R.; Clark, K.I. (1992). "Apparent decline of the golden toad: Underground or extinct?".
93:. This estimate even goes up to 25,000â45,000 times if endangered species are also included in the computation.
4749:
4741:
4637:
4589:
4345:
4302:
4191:
4086:
4012:
3839:
3468:
3168:
2870:
1668:
742:
555:
807:
145:, which incorporates the Global Amphibian Assessment and subsequent updates, lists 650 amphibian species as "
4687:
4297:
3866:
3721:
3017:
2299:
2261:"Linking global warming to amphibian declines through its effects on female body condition and survivorship"
819:
604:
156:
Declines in amphibian populations were first widely recognized in the late 1980s, when a large gathering of
2812:â assesses the current status of amphibian species worldwide (incorporates the Global Amphibian Assessment)
985:
McCallum, M.L.; Bury, G.W. (2013). "Google search patterns suggest declining interest in the environment".
4554:
4506:
4312:
4146:
4093:
3987:
3810:
3655:
3013:
1980:
909:
473:
438:
89:
Modeling results found that the current extinction rate of amphibians could be 211 times greater than the
4856:
4632:
4511:
4400:
4390:
3716:
3528:
2990:
2951:
953:
302:
146:
4677:
4780:
4549:
4539:
4496:
3878:
3780:
3645:
3607:
3357:
3161:
3055:
2797:
2465:
2225:
2163:
2106:
1602:
1469:
1199:
1148:
901:
641:
592:
550:
469:
333:
914:
349:
160:
reported noticing declines in populations in amphibians across the globe. Among these species, the
46:, was among the first casualties of amphibian declines. Formerly abundant, it was last seen in 1989.
4846:
4609:
4491:
4486:
4476:
4395:
4338:
4222:
4002:
3873:
3795:
3393:
3339:
3287:
3250:
3240:
2946:
1941:
1513:
Daszak, Peter; Lee Berger; Andrew A. Cunningham; Alex D. Hyatt; D. Earl Green; Rick Speare (1999).
752:
737:
617:
446:
284:
214:
98:
67:
1127:
Amphibians in dramatic decline: Study finds nearly one third of species threatened with extinction
3925:
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3898:
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3456:
3446:
3297:
3134:
2670:
2604:
2489:
2383:
2348:
2291:
2241:
2130:
1940:
Andrew R. Blaustein; Joseph M. Kiesecker; Douglas P. Chivers; Robert G. Anthony (November 1995).
1922:
1718:
1388:
1223:
1172:
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1102:
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1002:
935:
811:
582:
417:
253:
79:
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2983:
2775:
2750:
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2654:
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2481:
2340:
2283:
2122:
2038:
2003:
1961:
1914:
1872:
1736:
1672:
1630:
1544:
1495:
1435:
1215:
1164:
927:
862:
766:
724:
412:
376:
261:
59:
1023:
Blaustein, A.R.; Wake, D.B. (1990). "Declining amphibian populations: a global phenomenon?".
4821:
4569:
4544:
4501:
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4420:
4415:
4307:
4242:
4071:
4049:
3893:
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3849:
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3451:
3398:
3388:
3347:
3277:
3272:
3001:
2909:
2644:
2568:
2473:
2417:
2375:
2332:
2323:
Pounds, J. Alan; Puschendorf, Robert (2004). "Ecology: Clouded Futures (News & Views)".
2275:
2233:
2114:
2069:
2030:
1995:
1951:
1906:
1794:
1767:
1726:
1710:
1664:
1620:
1610:
1571:
1534:
1526:
1485:
1477:
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1285:
1207:
1156:
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1032:
994:
919:
870:
854:
845:
803:
692:
676:
635:
538:
354:
1785:
Relyea, R.A. (2005). "The lethal impact of Roundup on aquatic and terrestrial amphibians".
1410:
4529:
4466:
4136:
3977:
3548:
3408:
3324:
3312:
3292:
3188:
2978:
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2881:
2809:
2193:
1981:"Population differences in sensitivity to UV-b radiation for larval long-toed salamanders"
506:
229:
190:
182:
118:
55:
2649:
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837:
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1606:
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1303:
1203:
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905:
4682:
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4114:
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3834:
3694:
3352:
3329:
3302:
3220:
3210:
3112:
3107:
2973:
2924:
1731:
1699:"Strategies for assessing the implications of malformed frogs for environmental health"
1625:
1590:
1539:
1514:
1490:
1457:
544:
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496:
245:
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are thought to be responsible for the drastic decline in populations in recent years.
218:
4871:
4559:
4410:
4385:
4257:
4141:
4098:
4044:
4032:
4017:
4007:
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3183:
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958:
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684:
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502:
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233:
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142:
83:
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2387:
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939:
815:
789:"Amphibian Decline or Extinction? Current Declines Dwarf Background Extinction Rate"
264:
effects. Because their skins are highly permeable, they may be more susceptible to
4801:
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3935:
3790:
3600:
3568:
3558:
3461:
3307:
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2919:
2627:"The Role of Reproductive Technologies in Amphibian Conservation Breeding Programs"
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2245:
2134:
1926:
1227:
344:
63:
2730:
2352:
1346:
1329:
17:
2421:
2092:"Widespread amphibian extinctions from epidemic disease driven by global warming"
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to help save more than 6,000 species of amphibians from disappearing by starting
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2914:
836:
Jennifer A. Luedtke; Janice Chanson; Kelsey Neam; et al. (4 October 2023).
526:
161:
157:
130:
35:
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858:
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at different issues. Results were communicated through the newsletter Froglog.
30:
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warming and amphibian losses; The proximate cause of frog declines? (Reply)".
998:
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630:
514:
477:
462:
442:
309:
177:
173:
138:
43:
39:
2658:
2007:
1956:
1676:
866:
838:"Ongoing declines for the world's amphibians in the face of emerging threats"
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3743:
3672:
3617:
3612:
3478:
3319:
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2968:
2839:
2596:
2572:
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1615:
1481:
1328:
Knozowski, P.; GĂłrski, A.; Stawicka, A. M.; Nowakowski, J. J. (2022-12-31).
923:
874:
450:
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400:
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388:
366:
339:
237:
75:
71:
51:
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2126:
2042:
1918:
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1634:
1548:
1530:
1499:
1439:
1219:
1168:
931:
324:
Research from 2007 and 2018 indicated that the reemergence of varieties of
1965:
487:
as a possible contributing factor to the worldwide decline of amphibians.
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3488:
2936:
595:
lakes have seen a decline in numbers due to stocking of non-native fish (
454:
169:
2477:
2237:
2118:
1714:
1458:"Recent Asian origin of chytrid fungi causing global amphibian declines"
4227:
4081:
4076:
3913:
3903:
3711:
3523:
3235:
3230:
1722:
1071:
680:
600:
289:
150:
1910:
1430:
117:
In the past three decades, declines in populations of amphibians (the
4237:
4163:
1211:
265:
2336:
1798:
1771:
1591:"Aquatic eutrophication promotes pathogenic infection in amphibians"
1289:
1063:
268:
in the environment than other organisms such as birds or mammals.
1697:
Burkhart, James G.; Gerald Ankley; Heidi Bell; et al. (2000).
58:, have been observed in locations all over the world. This type of
3908:
3667:
2592:
607:
is causing a decline that is manifest throughout their ecosystem.
596:
543:
484:
407:
370:
257:
249:
134:
126:
122:
29:
2449:
Alford, Ross A.; Bradfield, Kay S.; Richards, Stephen J. (2007).
4252:
2600:
2403:"Anthropogenic sounds differentially affect amphibian call rate"
1946:
1942:"Ambient UV-B radiation causes deformities in amphibian embryos"
1515:"Emerging Infectious Diseases and Amphibian Population Declines"
668:
633:, Australia, for example, populations of two amphibian species,
328:
may account for a substantial fraction of the overall decline.
241:
113:
The distribution of 2,873 globally threatened amphibian species.
4334:
2843:
2058:"Shedding Light on Ultraviolet Radiation and Amphibian Embryos"
1367:
is nonârandomly distributed across amphibian breeding habitats"
316:, or extinction due to small fluctuations in the environment.
510:
4330:
2505:
2503:
2075:
10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0551:sloura]2.0.co;2
2000:
10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1586:PDISTU]2.0.CO;2
1669:
10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0087:TCODA]2.0.CO;2
808:
10.1670/0022-1511(2007)41[483:ADOECD]2.0.CO;2
2818:â provides background information on amphibian declines.
54:
populations, including population decline and localized
2772:
The New Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians (2 ed.)
2713:
224:
Declines have been particularly intense in the western
62:
is known as one of the most critical threats to global
491:
Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation and cloud cover
27:
Ongoing mass extinction of amphibian species worldwide
3071:
Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal
260:) phases, they are sensitive to both terrestrial and
2997:
Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
1129:. Sciencedaily.com. Retrieved on September 18, 2007.
4794:
4763:
4740:
4625:
4577:
4568:
4520:
4454:
4438:
4368:
4205:
4174:
4107:
3965:
3636:
3511:
3422:
3379:
3372:
3338:
3142:
3133:
3048:
2902:
2620:
2618:
679:. On 16 February 2007, scientists worldwide met in
2742:
1813:"Healthy frogs can mysteriously reverse their sex"
1361:Kriger, Kerry M.; Hero, JeanâMarc (26 July 2007).
189:Many scientists believe that amphibians serve as "
2625:Silla, Aimee J.; Byrne, Phillip G. (2019-02-15).
4125:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
2822:Reptile Amphibian & Pesticide (RAP) Database
2798:FrogWeb: Amphibian Declines & Malformations
2526:Declines and disappearances of Australian frogs
2190:"It's Leap Year. Remember the Rabbs' tree frog"
1835:"Pollutants change 'he' frogs into 'she' frogs"
1648:Blaustein, Andrew R; Pieter TJ Johnson (2003).
1409:Retallick, Richard W. R.; Miera, Verma (2007).
4771:International Union for Conservation of Nature
4023:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events
2689:"Bid to save frogs from killer goes worldwide"
2582:
2580:
2451:"Ecology: Global warming and amphibian losses"
1979:Belden, Lisa K.; Blaustein, Andrew R. (2002).
1746:Associated workshop held on December 4-5, 1997
387:There is considerable evidence that parasitic
4346:
3028:Existential risk from artificial intelligence
2855:
2401:Sun, Jennifer W.C.; Narins, Peter M. (2005).
537:(the causative agent of the fungal infection
8:
2745:Amphibians, Reptiles, and their Conservation
2512:http://journals.openedition.org/sapiens/1406
3076:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal
2192:. Atlanta Fulton County Zoo. Archived from
1018:
1016:
4828:The Sixth Extinction: An Unnatural History
4574:
4353:
4339:
4331:
3376:
3179:Climate change and civilizational collapse
3139:
2862:
2848:
2840:
1118:
1116:
70:and modification, diseases, exploitation,
2648:
2073:
1955:
1730:
1624:
1614:
1538:
1489:
1429:
1382:
1345:
1242:"Conservation International - Amphibians"
913:
4182:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk
4120:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction
886:
884:
108:
2720:from the original on 29 September 2023.
1650:"The complexity of deformed amphibians"
1456:OâHanlon, Simon J; et al. (2018).
779:
1950:. Vol. 92. pp. 11049â11052.
1899:Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
672:conservation action around the world.
501:Like many other organisms, increasing
505:(UVB) radiation due to stratospheric
7:
4852:
3199:Tipping points in the climate system
2650:10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115056
4786:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement
4535:Extinction risk from climate change
3194:Extinction risk from climate change
3093:New World Order (conspiracy theory)
2774:. Online: Oxford University Press.
2632:Annual Review of Animal Biosciences
1304:"Climate link to amphibian decline"
1099:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1994.08010072.x
959:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
733:Effects of pesticides on amphibians
429:Pollution and chemical contaminants
4154:List of fictional doomsday devices
2589:Amphibian Conservation Action Plan
2164:"Last Frog Of His Kind Dies Alone"
415:with limb malformation induced by
25:
3174:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
2749:. North Haven, CT: Linnet Books.
2714:"Amphibian Conservation Alliance"
2188:Zoo Atlanta (February 17, 2012).
2162:Messenger, Stephen (2016-09-30).
1703:Environmental Health Perspectives
4893:Amphibian extinctions since 1500
4851:
4842:
4841:
4807:Decline in amphibian populations
4776:IUCN Species Survival Commission
4429:
4290:
4289:
4277:
3435:Decline in amphibian populations
2603:SSC Amphibian Specialist Group.
2380:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99099.x
2035:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2007.01022.x
1576:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00610.x
1384:10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00394.x
954:"IUCN Red List - Search Results"
717:
624:Symptoms of stressed populations
4482:Human impact on the environment
3786:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
3283:Land surface effects on climate
3256:Human impact on the environment
2887:Future of an expanding universe
2523:Alastair Campbell, ed. (1999).
1334:The European Zoological Journal
1025:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
509:and other factors may harm the
483:Some recent evidence points to
4462:Climate variability and change
2827:Weedicide induced feminization
1365:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
561:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
535:Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
433:There is evidence of chemical
66:. The possible causes include
50:Since the 1980s, decreases in
1:
4812:Decline in insect populations
4755:IUCN Red List extinct species
3732:Interpretations of Revelation
3534:Cosmological phase transition
3440:Decline in insect populations
2892:Ultimate fate of the universe
1863:Grossi, Mark (24 July 2001).
1418:Diseases of Aquatic Organisms
1347:10.1080/24750263.2022.2087773
987:Biodiversity and Conservation
748:Decline in insect populations
687:, to form a group called the
591:which typically inhabits the
4187:Future of Humanity Institute
3584:Potentially hazardous object
3484:Interplanetary contamination
2422:10.1016/j.biocon.2004.05.017
1519:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1161:10.1126/science.253.5022.892
1037:10.1016/0169-5347(90)90129-2
4067:Nemesis (hypothetical star)
3216:Global terrestrial stilling
1371:Diversity and Distributions
1278:Canadian Journal of Zoology
589:mountain yellow-legged frog
121:of organisms that includes
101:only dates from the 1980s.
4914:
4878:Environmental conservation
4376:Background extinction rate
3579:Asteroid impact prediction
3554:Heat death of the universe
2964:Mutual assured destruction
2834:at Queensland Frog Society
2803:IUCN Red List - Amphibians
1865:"Sierra Frogs Fall Silent"
859:10.1038/S41586-023-06578-4
652:
580:
569:Costa Rica and elsewhere.
494:
449:) or insecticides such as
364:
300:
282:
99:modern-day mass extinction
91:background extinction rate
4837:
4698:End-Jurassic or Tithonian
4427:
4271:
4197:Nuclear Threat Initiative
4130:List of apocalyptic films
3973:2011 end times prediction
3705:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks
3700:Abomination of desolation
3574:Asteroid impact avoidance
3404:List of extinction events
3246:Environmental degradation
3033:Technological singularity
2877:
2871:Global catastrophic risks
2532:. Environment Australia.
2280:10.1007/s00442-006-0558-1
999:10.1007/s10531-013-0476-6
4750:Lists of extinct species
4192:Future of Life Institute
4094:Resurrection of the dead
4087:Post-tribulation rapture
3469:Colony collapse disorder
2770:Halliday, Adler (2008).
1957:10.1073/pnas.92.24.11049
787:McCallum, M. L. (2007).
743:Colony collapse disorder
556:Atlanta Botanical Garden
375:Trematode cyst-infected
3018:Artificial intelligence
2573:10.1126/science.1103538
2410:Biological Conservation
2259:Reading, C. J. (2006).
1787:Ecological Applications
1760:Ecological Applications
1616:10.1073/pnas.0707763104
1482:10.1126/science.aar1965
1274:Rana clamitans melanota
924:10.1126/science.1103538
558:, a species ravaged by
191:canaries in a coal mine
4898:Amphibian conservation
4555:Latent extinction risk
4147:List of disaster films
3988:Apocalyptic literature
3088:Malthusian catastrophe
3014:Synthetic intelligence
2691:. 2007. Archived from
1841:. 2007. Archived from
1531:10.3201/eid0506.990601
796:Journal of Herpetology
611:Increased noise levels
565:
474:Yosemite National Park
439:central nervous system
421:
384:
114:
47:
4512:Paradox of enrichment
4401:Functional extinction
4391:Ecological extinction
3529:Coronal mass ejection
2991:Electromagnetic pulse
2952:Kinetic energy weapon
1823:on February 20, 2021.
649:Conservation measures
547:
411:
374:
365:Further information:
303:Habitat fragmentation
297:Habitat fragmentation
262:aquatic environmental
147:Critically Endangered
112:
33:
4781:Extinction Rebellion
4723:PlioceneâPleistocene
4605:CretaceousâPaleogene
4550:Hypothetical species
4540:Extinction threshold
4497:Overabundant species
3931:War of Gog and Magog
3608:Near-Earth supernova
3358:Human overpopulation
3162:Mass mortality event
3056:Anthropogenic hazard
2832:Photos of Sick Frogs
2368:Conservation Biology
1657:Front. Ecol. Environ
1363:"The chytrid fungus
1125:(October 15, 2004),
1087:Conservation Biology
759:The Sixth Extinction
642:Litoria genimaculata
618:ambient noise levels
577:Introduced predators
551:Ecnomiohyla rabborum
334:Aeromonas hydrophila
279:Habitat modification
4708:Cenomanian-Turonian
4653:CambrianâOrdovician
4585:OrdovicianâSilurian
4492:Mutational meltdown
4477:Habitat destruction
4396:Extinct in the wild
4003:Blood moon prophecy
3796:Number of the Beast
3394:Holocene extinction
3340:Earth Overshoot Day
3288:Ocean acidification
3251:Habitat destruction
3241:Ecological collapse
2947:Kinetic bombardment
2882:Future of the Earth
2478:10.1038/nature05940
2470:2007Natur.447....3A
2238:10.1038/nature05942
2230:2007Natur.447....5P
2119:10.1038/nature04246
2111:2006Natur.439..161A
1817:National Geographic
1715:10.1289/ehp.0010883
1607:2007PNAS..10415781J
1601:(40): 15781â15786.
1474:2018Sci...360..621O
1204:2000Natur.404..752H
1153:1991Sci...253..892P
906:2004Sci...306.1783S
900:(5702): 1783â1786.
753:White nose syndrome
738:Holocene extinction
599:) for recreational
285:Habitat destruction
68:habitat destruction
4888:Population ecology
4883:Extinct amphibians
4318:Doomsday scenarios
3884:Beast of the Earth
3776:Book of Revelation
3564:Virtual black hole
3544:False vacuum decay
3494:Pollinator decline
3457:Biological warfare
3447:Biotechnology risk
3298:Resource depletion
2808:2014-07-01 at the
2741:Crump, M. (2002).
2056:Licht, LE (2003).
993:(6â7): 1355â1367.
583:Introduced species
566:
422:
418:Ribeiroia ondatrae
385:
197:Initial skepticism
115:
80:introduced species
48:
18:Amphibian declines
4865:
4864:
4817:Extinction symbol
4736:
4735:
4600:TriassicâJurassic
4570:Extinction events
4446:Extinction vortex
4406:Genetic pollution
4328:
4327:
4159:Zombie apocalypse
4060:Postmillennialism
3855:Great Tribulation
3628:Stellar collision
3589:Near-Earth object
3539:Geomagnetic storm
3507:
3506:
3430:Biodiversity loss
3414:Genetic pollution
3368:
3367:
3157:Biodiversity loss
3120:Societal collapse
3098:Nuclear holocaust
3083:Economic collapse
3066:Doomsday argument
2984:Antimatter weapon
2331:(6970): 107â109.
2105:(7073): 161â167.
1911:10.1897/04-040r.1
1468:(6389): 621â627.
1431:10.3354/dao075201
1284:(10): 1528â1532.
1198:(6779): 752â758.
1147:(5022): 892â895.
853:(7982): 308â314.
767:Racing Extinction
725:Amphibians portal
677:breeding programs
413:Pacific Tree Frog
377:Pacific Tree Frog
60:biodiversity loss
16:(Redirected from
4905:
4855:
4854:
4845:
4844:
4822:Human extinction
4713:EoceneâOligocene
4595:PermianâTriassic
4575:
4545:Field of Bullets
4502:Overexploitation
4487:Muller's ratchet
4472:Invasive species
4433:
4421:Pseudoextinction
4416:Local extinction
4355:
4348:
4341:
4332:
4293:
4292:
4284:World portal
4282:
4281:
4243:Financial crisis
4072:Nibiru cataclysm
4050:Premillennialism
3894:Dhul-Suwayqatayn
3862:Son of perdition
3850:Olivet Discourse
3826:Whore of Babylon
3452:Biological agent
3399:Human extinction
3389:Extinction event
3377:
3348:Overexploitation
3278:Land consumption
3273:Land degradation
3140:
3002:Micro black hole
2910:Chemical warfare
2864:
2857:
2850:
2841:
2786:
2785:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2748:
2738:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2652:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2584:
2575:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2550:. Archived from
2531:
2520:
2514:
2507:
2498:
2497:
2455:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2430:
2424:. Archived from
2407:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2298:. Archived from
2265:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2137:. Archived from
2096:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2018:
2012:
2011:
1994:(6): 1586â1590.
1985:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1875:on June 18, 2007
1871:. Archived from
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1845:on March 2, 2007
1831:
1825:
1824:
1819:. Archived from
1809:
1803:
1802:
1793:(4): 1118â1124.
1782:
1776:
1775:
1755:
1749:
1744:
1734:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1679:. Archived from
1654:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1628:
1618:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1493:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1433:
1415:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1386:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1269:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1212:10.1038/35008052
1187:
1181:
1180:
1136:
1130:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1020:
1011:
1010:
982:
976:
975:
973:
971:
961:. Version 2010.3
950:
944:
943:
917:
888:
879:
878:
842:
833:
827:
826:
824:
818:. Archived from
793:
784:
727:
722:
721:
720:
693:captive breeding
636:Litoria nannotis
539:chytridiomycosis
355:chytridiomycosis
56:mass extinctions
21:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4902:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4833:
4790:
4759:
4742:Extinct species
4732:
4688:Carnian Pluvial
4633:Great Oxidation
4621:
4564:
4530:Extinction debt
4522:
4516:
4467:Genetic erosion
4450:
4434:
4425:
4364:
4359:
4329:
4324:
4303:Future problems
4276:
4267:
4201:
4170:
4137:Climate fiction
4103:
3978:2012 phenomenon
3961:
3867:Sheep and Goats
3754:2 Thessalonians
3632:
3549:Gamma-ray burst
3503:
3418:
3409:Genetic erosion
3364:
3334:
3325:Water pollution
3293:Ozone depletion
3189:Desertification
3129:
3044:
2979:Doomsday device
2959:Nuclear warfare
2898:
2873:
2868:
2810:Wayback Machine
2794:
2789:
2782:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2725:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2698:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2624:
2623:
2616:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2540:
2529:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2508:
2501:
2464:(7144): E3âE4.
2453:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2405:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2337:10.1038/427107a
2322:
2321:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2224:(7144): E5âE6.
2214:
2213:
2209:
2199:
2197:
2196:on May 24, 2012
2187:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2023:Ecology Letters
2020:
2019:
2015:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1876:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1848:
1846:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1799:10.1890/04-1291
1784:
1783:
1779:
1772:10.1890/03-5342
1757:
1756:
1752:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1564:Ecology Letters
1561:
1560:
1556:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1290:10.1139/z06-142
1271:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1121:
1114:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1064:10.2307/1446201
1049:
1048:
1044:
1022:
1021:
1014:
984:
983:
979:
969:
967:
952:
951:
947:
915:10.1.1.225.9620
890:
889:
882:
840:
835:
834:
830:
822:
791:
786:
785:
781:
777:
723:
718:
716:
713:
657:
651:
626:
613:
585:
579:
507:ozone depletion
499:
493:
431:
369:
363:
322:
305:
299:
287:
281:
230:Central America
212:
199:
183:Atelopus varius
166:Bufo periglenes
107:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4911:
4909:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4870:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4849:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4832:
4831:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4746:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4718:Middle Miocene
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4683:End-Capitanian
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4629:
4627:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4526:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4335:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4298:Apocalypticism
4287:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4156:
4151:
4150:
4149:
4142:Disaster films
4139:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4117:
4115:Alien invasion
4111:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4062:
4057:
4055:Amillennialism
4052:
4042:
4040:Millenarianism
4037:
4036:
4035:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3993:Apocalypticism
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3889:Dhu al-Qarnayn
3886:
3881:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3835:Great Apostasy
3832:
3831:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3773:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3761:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3724:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3692:
3682:
3680:Last Judgement
3677:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3642:
3640:
3638:Eschatological
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3581:
3576:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3374:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3353:Overpopulation
3350:
3344:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3330:Water scarcity
3327:
3322:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3305:
3303:Sea level rise
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3266:on marine life
3263:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3221:Global warming
3218:
3213:
3211:Global dimming
3208:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3169:Cascade effect
3166:
3165:
3164:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3144:Climate change
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3063:
3058:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2974:Doomsday Clock
2971:
2966:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2925:Cyberterrorism
2922:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2835:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2800:
2793:
2792:External links
2790:
2788:
2787:
2780:
2762:
2755:
2733:
2723:
2705:
2680:
2641:Annual Reviews
2614:
2576:
2560:
2557:on 2011-11-14.
2538:
2515:
2499:
2441:
2416:(3): 419â427.
2393:
2374:(2): 428â438.
2358:
2315:
2274:(1): 125â131.
2251:
2207:
2180:
2154:
2081:
2068:(6): 551â561.
2048:
2029:(4): 332â345.
2013:
1971:
1932:
1905:(1): 205â210.
1885:
1869:The Fresno Bee
1855:
1826:
1804:
1777:
1766:(2): 618â627.
1750:
1689:
1686:on 2013-10-29.
1640:
1581:
1570:(7): 521â526.
1554:
1505:
1448:
1424:(3): 201â207.
1401:
1377:(6): 781â788.
1353:
1340:(1): 791â812.
1320:
1295:
1264:
1254:
1233:
1182:
1131:
1112:
1077:
1058:(2): 413â420.
1042:
1031:(7): 203â204.
1012:
977:
945:
880:
828:
825:on 2008-12-17.
802:(3): 483â491.
778:
776:
773:
772:
771:
763:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
729:
728:
712:
709:
650:
647:
625:
622:
612:
609:
581:Main article:
578:
575:
548:An adult male
531:geoengineering
529:, a result of
497:Climate change
492:
489:
430:
427:
392:platyhelminths
362:
359:
350:Anuraperkinsus
321:
318:
301:Main article:
298:
295:
283:Main article:
280:
277:
219:climate change
217:, disease and
211:
208:
198:
195:
158:herpetologists
149:", and 35 as "
106:
103:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4910:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4858:
4850:
4848:
4840:
4839:
4836:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:Organizations
4762:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4673:Carboniferous
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4638:End-Ediacaran
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4590:Late Devonian
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4561:
4560:Living fossil
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4411:Lazarus taxon
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4386:De-extinction
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4351:
4349:
4344:
4342:
4337:
4336:
4333:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:Risk analysis
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4258:Social crisis
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:Organizations
4173:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4100:
4099:World to come
4097:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4045:Millennialism
4043:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4033:Messianic Age
4031:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4018:Gog and Magog
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4008:Earth Changes
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3845:New Jerusalem
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3821:War in Heaven
3819:
3817:
3816:Two witnesses
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3685:Second Coming
3683:
3681:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:Deforestation
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3125:World War III
3123:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3040:Transhumanism
3038:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:Technological
2901:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2853:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2783:
2781:9780198525073
2777:
2773:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2756:9780208025111
2752:
2747:
2746:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2695:on 2015-10-18
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2539:0-642-54656-8
2535:
2528:
2527:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2431:on 2012-07-23
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
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3791:Lake of fire
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3512:Astronomical
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3152:Anoxic event
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215:Habitat loss
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105:Observations
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88:
64:biodiversity
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4648:Dresbachian
4294:Categories
4263:Survivalism
3950:Zoroastrian
3806:Seven seals
3801:Seven bowls
3727:Historicism
3623:Solar flare
3499:Overfishing
3474:Defaunation
3261:coral reefs
3023:AI takeover
2942:Nanoweapons
2930:Cybergeddon
2915:Cyberattack
2816:AmphibiaWeb
2643:: 499â519.
2510:URL :
1839:Yahoo! News
527:cloud cover
445:(Tradename
394:(a type of
254:terrestrial
162:Golden toad
131:salamanders
36:Golden toad
4872:Categories
4728:Quaternary
4362:Extinction
4223:Depression
4213:Ransomware
4028:Messianism
3998:Armageddon
3983:Apocalypse
3771:Antichrist
3759:Man of sin
3656:Three Ages
3519:Big Crunch
3381:Extinction
3373:Biological
3135:Ecological
3007:Strangelet
2699:2007-02-22
2435:2013-12-28
2309:2014-01-21
2148:2014-01-21
2062:BioScience
1879:2008-10-02
1849:2007-03-01
1314:2010-05-01
875:Q123056982
775:References
653:See also:
631:Queensland
515:photolyase
495:See also:
478:California
463:surfactant
443:glyphosate
435:pollutants
361:Trematodes
310:inbreeding
236:, eastern
178:Costa Rica
174:Monteverde
139:caecilians
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4507:Overshoot
4369:Phenomena
4108:Fictional
3955:Saoshyant
3840:New Earth
3811:The Beast
3744:Preterism
3717:Christian
3673:Kali Yuga
3618:Micronova
3613:Hypernova
3479:Dysgenics
3320:Verneshot
3226:Hypercane
2969:Dead Hand
2659:2165-8102
2597:Cambridge
2268:Oecologia
2200:March 12,
2008:0012-9658
1677:1540-9295
910:CiteSeerX
867:1476-4687
451:malathion
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389:trematode
367:Ribeiroia
340:Ranavirus
238:Australia
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4521:Theories
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4082:Prewrath
4013:End time
3879:Al-Qa'im
3764:Katechon
3749:2 Esdras
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3722:Futurism
3651:Maitreya
3646:Buddhist
3489:Pandemic
2937:Gray goo
2806:Archived
2718:Archived
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902:Bibcode
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151:Extinct
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597:trout
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2776:ISBN
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2663:PMID
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1962:PMID
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