735:
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832:
844:
723:
a unified conservation effort. Media praise, awards, and the growth of tourism fostered a sense of pride within the community, contributing to a shift in attitudes toward conservation. These efforts also had positive spillover effects, including air gun bans and shorter hunting seasons. However, villagers continue to seek development opportunities as part of the conservation agreement. For long-term sustainability, it's essential to build trust by respecting local institutions and engaging in fair, transparent negotiations.
887:
45:
31:
808:
820:
719:
breeding area to the winter quarters, they are plump and are hunted for food in parts of northeastern India as well as in eastern Africa. In 2012, mass trapping and capture of migrating Amur falcons at Pangti village in
Nagaland (India) was reported in the media and a successful campaign was begun to prevent their killing. As part of this campaign, three birds were fitted with 5 gm satellite transmitters that allowed them to be tracked during their migration.
641:. Birds going over India are thought to be aided by strong winds blowing westward. These winds are strong at an altitude of about 3000m and the birds are thought to fly at a height of above 1000m during migration. The route taken to return to their breeding grounds runs slightly more northward. Because of its tendency to wander long distances over the ocean while migrating, this falcon has been found in locations far outside its normal range, such as in
94:
586:
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524:
493:
462:
796:
572:
541:
510:
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made up of insects but they take small birds, mammals and amphibians to feed their young in their breeding range. The rains in Africa produce swarms of termites, locusts, ants and beetles that provide ample food. Their migration over the
Arabian Sea coincides with the timing of the migration of dragonflies (
722:
A study into the drivers that helped turn Amur falcon hunters into protectors at Pangti, suggests that strong leadership and shared responsibility among village institutions were key. It found that local leaders successfully navigated power struggles over limited NGO and government funds, leading to
674:
The Amur falcon feeds mainly late in the evening or early in the morning capturing a wide range of insects in the air or on the ground. They capture most of their prey in flight, sometimes by hovering, but will also pick prey by alighting on the ground. The winter diet appears to be almost entirely
689:
During migration they stay in open forest or grasslands, roosting colonially on exposed perches or wires. Their breeding habitat is open wooded country with marshes. The breeding season is May to June and several pairs may nest close together. Abandoned nest platforms belonging to birds of prey or
718:
The wide breeding range and large population size of the Amur falcon have led to the species being assessed as being of least concern. The flocking behaviour during migration and the density at which they occur, however, expose them to hunting and other threats. During their migration from their
1379:
1437:
690:
corvids and even tree hollows are re-used for nesting. Three or four eggs are laid (at two day intervals). Both parents take turns to incubate and feed the chicks which hatch after about a month. The young birds leave the nest after about a month.
265:
1733:
367:
of the red-footed falcon, but it is nowadays considered a distinct species. Nonetheless, it is the red-footed falcon's closest relative; their relationship to other falcons is more enigmatic. They appear
1070:
Griffiths, Carole S.; Barrowclough, George F.; Groth, Jeff G.; Mertz, Lisa (2004). "Phylogeny of the
Falconidae (Aves): a comparison of the efficacy of morphological, mitochondrial, and nuclear data".
867:
734:
344:, but those two species both have yellow feet and cere. The wings are long as in most falcons (with a span of 63β71 cm) and at rest the wing tip reaches or extends just beyond the tail-tip.
328:
Males are characteristically dark sooty grey above with rufous thighs and vent. In flight, the wing lining is white, contrasting with the dark wing feathers. Adult males of the closely related
886:
757:
1530:
1458:
776:
855:
1811:
1275:
Pietersen, Darren W; Symes, Craig T (2010). "Assessing the diet of Amur Falcon Falco amurensis and Lesser
Kestrel Falco naumanni using stomach content analysis".
1863:
1240:
Alexander, Jarryd; Symes, Craig T (2016). "Temporal and spatial dietary variation of Amur falcons (Falco amurensis) in their South
African nonbreeding range".
1359:
Dixon, A.; Purev-Ochir, G.; Batbayar, N. (2011). "Autumn migration of an Amur Falcon Falco amurensis from
Mongolia to the Indian Ocean tracked by satellite".
1956:
831:
1785:
1824:
843:
347:
Females can be more difficult to identify as they share a pattern common to many falcons, but are distinctive in having an orange eye-ring, a red
1486:"From media campaign to local governance transition: Lessons for communityβbased conservation from an Amur falcon hunting ban in Nagaland, India"
1585:
1311:
1144:
264:
1986:
1113:
1976:
1136:
807:
266:
1527:
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and reddish orange feet. Juveniles can be confused only with those of the red-footed falcon, but lack the buffy underwing coverts.
1560:
1981:
1462:
1772:
819:
1829:
1130:
1850:
1538:
1186:"Passage records of Amur Falcon Falco amurensis from SE Asia and southern Africa including first records from Ethiopia"
1971:
1697:
1005:
301:
795:
1868:
1600:
1027:
93:
1380:"Louse (Insecta: Phthiraptera) infestations of the Amur Falcon (Falco amurensis) and the Red-footed Falcon"
1961:
1684:
1676:
1624:
1185:
893:
1902:
1702:
188:
1209:"Seasonal variation in the diet of the Amur kestrel (Falco amurensis) in its winter quarter in Lesotho"
963:
336:, but the chestnut on the vent is distinctive. Also, there may be some superficial resemblance to the
1759:
1662:
1612:
874:
384:
data has been unable to further resolve this question, mainly due to lack of comprehensive sampling.
369:
44:
1966:
58:
1342:
1442:
1404:
1334:
1292:
1257:
1052:
677:
239:
88:
1907:
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681:) and these are thought to provide food during the most arduous part of their migration route.
30:
1889:
1842:
1720:
1507:
1140:
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1087:
329:
1894:
1497:
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1079:
1044:
958:
916:
650:
565:
534:
503:
472:
441:
1689:
994:. Washington, DC & Barcelona: Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions. p. 113.
1876:
1589:
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940:
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145:
78:
73:
1408:
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1426:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 361β363.
878:
571:
540:
509:
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447:
381:
377:
341:
337:
289:
204:
1712:
1933:
1777:
1738:
1544:
How to make 2.5 billion termites disappear? A case for protecting the Amur falcon
1288:
1169:
Orta, J. (1994). "Amur Falcon". In del Hoyo, J.; A. Elliott; J. Sargatal (eds.).
1920:
1855:
1798:
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1083:
783:
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610:
317:
309:
1607:
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have a dark grey wing lining. In Africa, males can be confused with melanistic
1928:
1330:
654:
360:
155:
1647:
1511:
1028:"Phylogeny of the Falconidae inferred from molecular and morphological data"
618:
105:
1399:
1091:
214:
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1881:
1641:
1543:
897:
745:
634:
626:
622:
606:
602:
408:
125:
1485:
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1171:
Handbook of birds of the world. Vol. 2. New World vultures to guineafowl
1790:
1502:
1056:
412:
373:
297:
1671:
1004:
Wink, Michael; Seibold, I.; Lotfikhah, F. & Bednarek, W. (1998):
741:
646:
638:
400:
293:
165:
115:
1803:
1751:
1618:
1048:
1915:
1746:
1438:"Falcon Hunters Become Fervent Preservationists (Published 2015)"
901:
787:
768:
749:
642:
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305:
262:
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1006:
348:
135:
1622:
934:
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1012:
Chancellor, R.D., Meyburg, B.-U. & Ferrero, J.J. (eds.):
1312:"Do dragonflies migrate across the western Indian Ocean?"
1108:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804.
403:, referencing the claws of the bird. The species name
1631:
432:
425:
964:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T22696437A205646027.en
1550:an open-content, electronic journal published by
1484:Kudalkar, Sahila; VerΓssimo, Diogo (2024-07-25).
992:Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Volume 2
763:Amur falcon female in a grassland habitat, in
1459:"Safe Passage For Amur Falcons Through India"
1173:. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 265β266.
698:The Amur falcon hosts three species of lice,
597:The Amur falcon breeds in east Asia from the
8:
1190:Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club
1132:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1424:Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan
861:Amur falcon female with a grasshopper catch
1619:
422:
213:
67:
43:
29:
20:
1501:
1398:
1224:
962:
613:. They migrate in a broad front through
304:before migrating in large flocks across
1378:Piross, I. Sandor; et al. (2015).
1277:Ostrich: Journal of African Ornithology
928:
782:Amur falcon male in a rocky habitat in
730:
1554:and the Animal Demography Unit at the
1184:Clement, Peter; Holman, David (2001).
467:285β300 mm (11.2β11.8 in)
453:275β290 mm (10.8β11.4 in)
359:The Amur falcon was long considered a
1539:Satellite tracks of three individuals
1461:. National Geographic. Archived from
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1135:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
1072:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
985:
983:
981:
270:Call of Falco amurensis - Amur Falcon
7:
837:Amur falcon female in a bed of grass
637:and other islands to reach southern
498:129β132 mm (5.1β5.2 in)
484:123β130 mm (4.8β5.1 in)
1957:IUCN Red List least concern species
990:Rasmussen, PC; JC Anderton (2005).
950:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
591:111β188 g (3.9β6.6 oz)
296:family. It breeds in south-eastern
1561:The Great migration of Amur Falcon
904:, at the start of autumn migration
849:Amur falcon male in a bed of grass
577:97β155 g (3.4β5.5 oz)
560:65β67 mm (2.6β2.6 in)
546:60β62 mm (2.4β2.4 in)
529:42β44 mm (1.7β1.7 in)
515:41β43 mm (1.6β1.7 in)
14:
1583:Global Raptor Information Network
1490:Conservation Science and Practice
1106:Shorter Oxford English dictionary
1606:
1594:
1226:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01130.x
885:
873:Individual male at Lower Sabie,
866:
854:
842:
830:
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806:
794:
775:
756:
733:
584:
570:
553:
539:
522:
508:
491:
477:
460:
446:
92:
1577:Atlas of Southern African Birds
939:BirdLife International (2021).
391:is Late Latin and derives from
633:, sometimes in passage on the
621:, sometimes further east over
372:somewhat intermediate between
1:
1310:Anderson, R. Charles (2009).
1026:Griffiths, Carole S. (1999).
740:During the migration season,
1548:Ornithological Observations,
1289:10.2989/00306525.2010.455817
1016:: 29β48. Adenex & WWGBP.
813:Amur falcon female in flight
1319:Journal of Tropical Ecology
1084:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.11.019
2003:
1987:Taxa named by Gustav Radde
1422:Ali, S; S. Dillon Ripley.
1242:Journal of Raptor Research
1213:African Journal of Ecology
825:Amur falcon male in flight
419:Distribution and migration
1331:10.1017/S0266467409006087
1129:Jobling, James A (2010).
957:: e.T22696437A205646027.
436:
245:
238:
221:
212:
194:
187:
89:Scientific classification
87:
65:
56:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
1977:Birds of Southern Africa
1207:Kopij, Grzegorz (2009).
801:Nesting pair with chicks
704:Colpocephalum subzerafae
231:
225:
1982:Birds described in 1863
1556:University of Cape Town
1014:Holarctic Birds of Prey
714:Status and conservation
708:Laembothrion tinnunculi
1528:Adventures in Nagaland
1400:10.1515/orhu-2015-0005
271:
1903:Paleobiology Database
1552:BirdLife South Africa
665:Behaviour and ecology
269:
1603:at Wikimedia Commons
1465:on November 23, 2013
894:Huanzidong Reservoir
892:Female Amur falcon,
875:Kruger National Park
249:Erythropus amurensis
1254:10.3356/JRR-15-16.1
609:region to parts of
59:Conservation status
1972:Birds of Manchuria
1588:2021-02-10 at the
1565:The Morung Express
1533:2017-06-01 at the
1503:10.1111/csp2.13191
1443:The New York Times
678:Pantala flavescens
629:and then over the
272:
233: Non-breeding
1944:
1943:
1890:Open Tree of Life
1625:Taxon identifiers
1599:Media related to
1146:978-1-4081-2501-4
670:Foraging and food
595:
594:
411:in south-eastern
330:red-footed falcon
276:
275:
267:
254:Falco vespertinus
180:F. amurensis
82:
1994:
1937:
1936:
1924:
1923:
1911:
1910:
1898:
1897:
1885:
1884:
1872:
1871:
1859:
1858:
1856:NHMSYS0021003213
1846:
1845:
1833:
1832:
1820:
1819:
1807:
1806:
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1768:
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1754:
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1693:
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1680:
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1611:Data related to
1610:
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1516:
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1505:
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1448:
1447:
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1419:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1384:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1341:. Archived from
1316:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1204:
1198:
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1174:
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1151:
1150:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1032:
1023:
1017:
1002:
996:
995:
987:
976:
975:
973:
971:
966:
936:
917:The Pangti Story
889:
870:
858:
846:
834:
822:
810:
798:
779:
760:
737:
700:Degeeriella rufa
651:Tristan da Cunha
588:
574:
557:
543:
526:
512:
495:
481:
464:
450:
428:
423:
268:
234:
232:
228:
226:
217:
200:
97:
96:
76:
71:
70:
47:
33:
21:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1934:Falco-amurensis
1932:
1927:
1919:
1914:
1906:
1901:
1893:
1888:
1880:
1877:Observation.org
1875:
1867:
1862:
1854:
1849:
1841:
1836:
1828:
1823:
1815:
1810:
1802:
1797:
1789:
1784:
1776:
1771:
1763:
1758:
1750:
1745:
1739:falco-amurensis
1737:
1732:
1724:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1701:
1696:
1688:
1683:
1677:falco-amurensis
1675:
1670:
1663:Falco amurensis
1661:
1660:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1633:Falco amurensis
1627:
1613:Falco amurensis
1601:Falco amurensis
1590:Wayback Machine
1573:
1535:Wayback Machine
1524:
1522:Further reading
1519:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1466:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1387:Ornis Hungarica
1382:
1377:
1376:
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1358:
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1345:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1304:
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1201:
1183:
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1064:
1049:10.2307/4089459
1030:
1025:
1024:
1020:
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989:
988:
979:
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967:
943:Falco amurensis
938:
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905:
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738:
729:
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687:
672:
667:
605:, and northern
426:
421:
387:The genus name
370:morphologically
357:
326:
285:Falco amurensis
263:
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198:Falco amurensis
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16:Species of bird
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1615:at Wikispecies
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1571:External links
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1476:
1457:Boyes, Steve.
1449:
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1370:
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1348:on 2013-12-02.
1325:(4): 347β358.
1302:
1267:
1248:(3): 276β288.
1232:
1219:(2): 559β562.
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1115:978-0199206872
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312:to winter in
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146:Falconiformes
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74:Least Concern
64:
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1467:. Retrieved
1463:the original
1452:
1441:
1432:
1423:
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1390:
1386:
1373:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1343:the original
1322:
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1280:
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954:
948:
942:
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879:South Africa
721:
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688:
676:
673:
596:
427:Measurements
404:
396:
392:
388:
386:
382:DNA sequence
358:
346:
342:grey kestrel
338:sooty falcon
327:
318:East African
284:
283:
279:
277:
257:
253:
248:
197:
195:
179:
178:
166:
24:Amur falcon
18:
1799:iNaturalist
1657:Wikispecies
1469:11 December
970:11 November
784:Maharashtra
765:Maharashtra
631:Arabian Sea
611:North Korea
324:Description
310:Arabian Sea
280:Amur falcon
1967:Amur basin
1951:Categories
1929:Xeno-canto
924:References
655:St. Helena
405:amurensis
361:subspecies
156:Falconidae
1512:2578-4854
896:(ηΎεζ΄ζ°΄εΊ),
694:Parasites
619:Sri Lanka
607:Mongolian
258:amurensis
174:Species:
112:Kingdom:
106:Eukaryota
1916:Species+
1843:22696437
1817:10211544
1765:45514163
1690:22696437
1685:BirdLife
1642:Wikidata
1586:Archived
1531:Archived
1409:54939963
1367:: 81β84.
1361:Forktail
1339:86187189
1297:85100989
1262:88800091
1092:15186800
910:See also
898:Liaoning
746:Nagaland
657:and the
635:Maldives
627:Cambodia
623:Thailand
603:Amurland
409:Amurland
407:is from
374:kestrels
355:Taxonomy
340:and the
320:coasts.
314:Southern
240:Synonyms
152:Family:
126:Chordata
122:Phylum:
116:Animalia
102:Domain:
79:IUCN 3.1
1791:2480998
1752:amufal1
1713:amufal1
1648:Q481742
1139:, 266.
1057:4089459
727:Gallery
685:Nesting
413:Siberia
378:hobbies
298:Siberia
292:of the
162:Genus:
142:Order:
132:Class:
77: (
52:Female
1908:400278
1895:352517
1869:495945
1830:560066
1773:EURING
1672:ARKive
1510:
1407:
1337:
1295:
1260:
1143:
1112:
1090:
1055:
742:Pangti
706:, and
647:Sweden
639:Africa
566:Weight
535:Tarsus
442:Length
401:sickle
397:falcis
294:falcon
290:raptor
207:, 1863
1882:73364
1812:IRMNG
1747:eBird
1726:3DTFM
1710:BOW:
1703:52490
1496:(8).
1405:S2CID
1383:(PDF)
1346:(PDF)
1335:S2CID
1315:(PDF)
1293:S2CID
1258:S2CID
1053:JSTOR
1031:(PDF)
902:China
788:India
769:India
750:India
643:Italy
615:India
389:Falco
365:morph
306:India
256:var.
205:Radde
167:Falco
38:Male
1921:3635
1864:NCBI
1838:IUCN
1825:ITIS
1804:4686
1786:GBIF
1778:3080
1698:BOLD
1537:and
1508:ISSN
1471:2013
1141:ISBN
1110:ISBN
1088:PMID
972:2021
955:2021
625:and
617:and
504:Head
473:Tail
399:, a
393:falx
380:and
376:and
349:cere
316:and
300:and
278:The
136:Aves
1851:NBN
1760:EoL
1734:CMS
1721:CoL
1498:doi
1395:doi
1327:doi
1285:doi
1250:doi
1221:doi
1194:121
1080:doi
1045:doi
1041:116
1036:Auk
1010:In:
959:doi
363:or
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282:(
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