901:, as well as his wife Namrat and daughter Adgarkidu, will attend it, and a wrestling or fighting contest will be held as entertainment. Martu's peer urges him to take part in it. The protagonist agrees and emerges victorious from the games, but when Numushda offers him the reward, silver and various precious stones, he asks for Adgarkidu's hand in marriage instead. Numushda agrees, but he expects Martu to bring various marriage gifts, mostly livestock. The next passage is poorly preserved, but apparently a person whose name is not presented distributes various valuable items among the inhabitants of Inab. Most likely either Numushda does so to celebrate the marriage of his daughter, or Amurru to gain the favor of his father-in-law's followers. A friend of Adgarkidu apparently tries to dissuade her by describing Martu's lifestyle unfavorably, highlighting that he does not pay proper respect to
40:
730:"thunderer." The image of warlike Amurru known from some of the hymns dedicated to him might also be a result of association with the weather god. However, they were not equated, and could appear together on cylinder seals. There is also no indication that the logogram IŠKUR could ever serve as a representation of Amurru's name. In a single text, Nimgir, normally the
687:, which he assumes to be another reference to the Hurrian translation of Il Amurrim. Daniel Schwemer accepts that AN.AN.MAR.TU is simply a form of Amurru, but argues that the genitive interpretation is incorrect, and the name should instead be read as Ilamurrum, an extended form of the standard name, formed in an analogous way to the also attested
612:, who rose to prominence in Assyrian society in the first millennium BCE. He points out that in the same time period, the god started to appear in West Semitic, rather than Akkadian, theophoric names for the first time in history, which might indicate that the Arameans living in Assyria have chosen him as their tutelary deity.
794:. Ashratum could also be referred to with the name Gubarra, and in bilingual texts the pair Amurru and Ashratum in Akkadian correspond to Martu and Gubarra in Sumerian. It has been argued that she could be also identified with Amurru's spouse known from the aforementioned myth. Additionally, due to the use of the epithet
264:
In older literature, as late as in the 1980s, it was commonly assumed that Amurru was in origin an eponymous deity of the
Amorites themselves. However, the modern consensus is that he was instead a Mesopotamian god representing the westerners. He has been characterized as an "ideological construct."
892:
In the beginning of this composition, Martu (Amurru), portrayed as a leader of a group of nomads, learns from his mother that his relatives receive bigger rations despite their lower rank because they have their own families. Because of that, he decides to get married. One of his allies tells him
300:
was supposedly proficient in the
Amorite language, and people of Amorite origin held various offices in the royal administration, and could serve as priests. Most likely the creation of a god representing them was meant to provide them with a symbolic place in Mesopotamian religion due to their
296:, where very few, if any, Amorites lived, they are common. Tonia Sharlach notes that the perception of Amorites in Mesopotamia is a complex issue. While literary texts often describe them as archetypal barbarians, and walls were built on the borders to prevent their entry, at the same time king
729:
contributed to the development of this genealogy. It is possible that Amurru's weather god-like profile was in part based on the fact that Hadad was the most popular god among the
Amorites, but no direct evidence in favor of this interpretation is available. They shared the epithet Rammānu,
650:
was regarded as Amurru's father. It has additionally been proposed that a variant writing of Amurru's name, AN.MARTU (AN.AN.MAR.TU) represents a "conjoined deity" consisting of Amurru and Anu. However, according to Tonia
Sharlach and Paul-Alain Beaulieu it most likely should be read as the
639:, where he likely had a cult center of his own. References to it are known from the Eanna archive from Uruk. For example, one text mentions legal proceedings between two citizens of the Sealand province during which a priest and a scribe from the temple of Amurru acted as witnesses.
337:, when Amorites ceased to function as a distinct group in Mesopotamia, Amurru lost his initial function as a representation of them. As early as in the Old Babylonian period, he came to be viewed as a divine exorcist. This became his primary role at least until the reign of
176:
and pastoralism, as evidenced by his epithets and iconography. While this was initially his only role, he gradually developed other functions, becoming known as a god of the mountains, a warlike weather deity and a divine exorcist.
534:, now considered to be dubious. Evidence for state-sponsored veneration of Amurru in the Ur III period is scarce, with only five documents mentioning offerings to him. Tonia Sharlach assumes that he was initially associated with
332:
of
Amorites. However, he gradually acquired other functions, possibly due to the growing power of Amorite dynasties in the early second millennium BCE and due to assimilation of Amorite groups into Mesopotamian society. In the
288:. He is also attested in Akkadian names, though even in this case his popularity appears to be smaller in areas where a higher percentage of population was Amorite, for example in the kingdom of
927:
Outside of this myth, Amurru and
Numushda almost never appear together, the only exceptions being two laments. One of these two texts also includes the only other known reference to Inab.
553:. Later texts attest that two temples of Amurru existed in this city: Enamtaggaduha (Sumerian: "house which undoes guilt") located in its eastern part and Emesikil ("house of pure
393:, there is evidence that from the Kassite period onward it could be occasionally employed to represent Amurru. Examples include theophoric names from Kassite Nippur and texts from
530:
Earliest indisputable evidence of the worship of Amurru comes from the Ur III period. The only possible older attestation is a name known from a document from the reign of
916:
was composed in the Ur III period, and reflected either a political event, perhaps the arrival of
Amorites in the province governed by Puzur-Numushda during the reign of
168:. In past scholarship it was often assumed that he originated as an Amorite deity, but today it is generally accepted that he developed as a divine stereotype of them in
753:, was also viewed as his mother but this has been called into question. Suḫanunna might instead be an epithet of Amurru himself, possibly "he of the thriving body."
2186:
857:
where he is the "fisherman of
Athirat," has been proposed. According to this theory, the latter deity's name might be a compound of Amurru and the epithet
413:. A mountain range particularly frequently associated both with the god and with the historical Amorites in Mesopotamian texts was Bashar, known today as
515:. In some case the animal alone could be used as a symbolic representation of the god. There is also textual evidence for an association between him and
725:
might stem from his position in
Mesopotamian religion. He was a comparatively minor god. Another possibility is that the comparisons between him and
559:
s") on the opposite side. A statue of the god from the former was renewed by
Esarhaddon. A temple bearing the name Emesikil was also rebuilt by
519:. It is possible the latter association was initially derogatory and was meant to imply the Amorites and their flocks bring rodents with them.
2155:
2064:
2006:
1933:
1902:
1883:
810:
instead. In Amurru's presently unidentified first millennium BCE cult center in the Sealand his spouse was the goddess Innin-galga-sud.
2126:
1979:
371:
could refer to both steppes and mountains, Amurru also came to be associated with the latter environment. While the related phrase
1870:
608:
temple of the former god. Paul-Alain Beaulieu proposes that in this case Amurru was reinterpreted as a divine representation of
586:
he was worshiped in the Enindabadua ("house where bread portions are baked"), which was likely a part of the temple complex of
304:
Other analogous deities are also attested: Kaššû and Kaššītu, a pair of deities, respectively male and female, represented the
956:
885:
The number of known literary texts about Amurru is small. The only known composition focused on him identified as a myth is
284:
invoking Amurru. In contrast, he appears in many Sumerian theophoric names under the name Martu, especially in texts from
2211:
843:'s hand, with Amurru taking the role of a shepherd god meant to contrast with Enkimdu's own functions as a divine farmer.
824:, this pairing is unusual, as unless an otherwise not attested tradition conflated Amurru with her spouse, the farmer god
1312:
Vidal, Jordi, "Prestige Weapons in an Amorite Context", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 247–52, 2011
206:
Only a single myth about Amurru is known. It describes the circumstances of his marriage to Adgarkidu, the daughter of
861:, "holy." However, Steve A. Wiggins points out that the evidence is not conclusive, as the term Amurru is spelled as
2201:
1872:
Goddesses in Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources
615:
Amurru's newfound popularity among speakers of West Semitic languages is also attested in the late sources from
550:
409:
is particularly commonly referenced in hymns, where his most frequent epithet is "the man of the mountains,"
246:) could refer both to the god and to the people. The origin of both these words is unknown, and according to
567:
it is uncertain if it was the same one known from texts about Babylon or if Amurru had a separate temple in
199:
and other locations in Assyria and Babylonia. He had his own cult center somewhere in the area known as the
280:
is similarly lacking: while around seven thousand linguistically Amorite names are known, none of them are
2216:
2206:
902:
251:
320:
goddess." However, these deities only emerged in the first millennium BCE, and are not attested earlier.
921:
636:
394:
277:
169:
1997:
Klein, Jacob (1997). "The God Martu in Sumerian Literature". In Finkel, I. L.; Geller, M. J. (eds.).
745:
as his mother is most likely based entirely on similarity of the meaning of her name and his epithet
575:
449:
247:
45:
39:
2037:
835:. It has been suggested that their juxtaposition was meant to function similar to the pairing of
821:
258:
53:
2221:
2161:
2151:
2132:
2122:
2103:
2070:
2060:
2029:
2002:
1985:
1975:
1939:
1929:
1908:
1898:
1879:
850:
718:
680:
591:
473:
243:
239:
185:
145:
703:" (in this context referring to the kingdom south of Ugarit), as it appears in sequence with
464:
was originally a type of ordinary staff used by shepherds, perhaps to be identified with the
2095:
788:
664:
564:
531:
269:
161:
328:
In texts from the Ur III and Old Babylonian periods, Amurru chiefly functioned as a divine
944:
783:
and Namrat. However, especially in cylinder seals inscriptions he often appears alongside
757:
620:
281:
200:
188:
80:
214:. Other sources attest different traditions about the identity of his wife. The goddess
948:
866:
700:
675:, which has the same meaning. Beaulieu also points out that a Hurrian ritual text from
587:
555:
453:
334:
2084:"The Storm-Gods of the Ancient Near East: Summary, Synthesis, Recent Studies: Part II"
2195:
652:
539:
273:
181:
950:
Cylinder seals: a Documentary Essay on the Art and Religion of the Ancient Near East
2181:
847:
560:
414:
406:
2115:
Sharlach, Tonia (2002). "Foreign Influences on the Religion of the Ur III Court".
571:. Paul-Alain Beaulieu in a more recent publication favors the former possibility.
542:, as according to one of the known documents he received offerings in a temple of
1952:
825:
807:
799:
769:
599:
595:
421:
338:
289:
129:
2099:
893:
about a festival taking place in the city of Inab, either an alternate name of
760:." This was most likely a reference to Amorite settlement in areas east of the
507:
In art, Amurru could be accompanied by a horned animal interpreted as either a
854:
795:
432:/Adad, and his other functions did not overlap with those of weather deities.
358:
329:
153:
2165:
2107:
2074:
2033:
2136:
1989:
1943:
1912:
897:
or a smaller settlement located close to it. The city god of this location,
806:), also associated with this title, even though she was usually the wife of
742:
741:
was most likely regarded as his mother in most cases. A single reference to
711:, terms which according to him are likely to refer collectively to "gods of
616:
522:
Amurru is sometimes described and depicted as a sickle sword (zubi/gamlum).
504:
in the past, but according to Aicha Rahmouni this translation is incorrect.
425:
254:
49:
798:
to refer to Ashratum, in a few cases Amurru was regarded as the husband of
737:
Due to widespread recognition of Anu as Amurru's father, it is agreed that
619:, where he is the fourth most common deity in their theophoric names after
313:
775:
Multiple traditions regarding the identity of Amurru's wife are known. In
238:, a group inhabiting certain areas west of Mesopotamia. The names Amurru (
917:
906:
898:
784:
780:
712:
660:
609:
497:
485:
363:
353:
309:
305:
235:
215:
207:
165:
157:
121:
29:
2041:
909:
and lives in a tent, but her words are dismissed by the bride herself.
2017:
894:
832:
817:
791:
749:. It has been proposed that the deity Suḫanunna, mentioned in the myth
579:
543:
512:
345:
317:
218:
is particularly well attested in this role. His father was the sky god
211:
192:
173:
94:
76:
2028:. Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik: 46–51.
734:(attendant deity) of Ishkur, appears in the circle of Amurru instead.
715:" and "gods of Ugarit" than to singular otherwise unattested deities.
2147:
A reassessment of Asherah: with further considerations of the goddess
873:. Additionally, no known epithet of Amurru is analogous to Ugaritic
840:
836:
803:
787:, a goddess of Amorite origin whose name is a cognate of that of the
761:
731:
726:
688:
676:
632:
624:
501:
429:
297:
293:
285:
257:. There is also no indication that either of them ever served as the
57:
2116:
2083:
2145:
1921:
452:. Its presence has been used to identify depictions of this god on
424:, and in hymns he could be described as a warlike deity armed with
738:
722:
692:
604:
583:
549:
Amurru came to be more commonly worshiped during the reign of the
535:
398:
390:
356:, was referred to with the feminine equivalent of the same title,
223:
196:
108:
756:
A single hymn refers to Amurru as the "first born of the gods of
721:
argued that the fact Amurru was regarded as a son of Anu and not
420:
Amurru's character has also been sometimes compared to that of a
765:
668:
628:
568:
516:
508:
402:
1924:. In Soldt, Wilfred H. van; Kalvelagen, R.; Katz, Dina (eds.).
779:
he marries the goddess Adgarkidu, described as the daughter of
647:
472:, "large Amorite crooked staff," mentioned in a text from the
219:
104:
699:
is more likely to be a collective term, "gods of the land of
1227:
1225:
1223:
920:, or simply the introduction of a new deity, Amurru, to the
1629:
1627:
1922:"The God Amurru as Emblem of Ethnic and Cultural Identity"
635:. Much of the evidence for this phenomenon comes from the
1614:
1612:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
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1490:
1488:
1432:
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1184:
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1157:
1155:
1153:
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1114:
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1755:
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1599:
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1593:
1401:
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1344:
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1021:
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994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
971:
969:
967:
965:
1928:. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.
1835:
1833:
1831:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1797:
1795:
1728:
1726:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1469:
813:
No references to Amurru having any children are known.
1782:
1780:
250:
neither of them has a plausible Sumerian, Akkadian or
1895:
The pantheon of Uruk during the neo-Babylonian period
1705:
1508:
1099:
768:, or possibly specifically to the background of king
1972:
House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia
1869:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013).
114:
100:
86:
72:
64:
21:
846:An etymological connection between Amurru and the
772:, known for his Amorite and Elamite connections.
2057:Divine epithets in the Ugaritic alphabetic texts
839:and Enkimdu in a myth in which they compete for
164:who served as the divine personification of the
869:, while "Amrur" in Qodesh-wa-Amrur's name - as
496:has been interpreted as referring to a type of
222:and it is presumed that his mother was usually
816:In a single inscription Amurru is paired with
663:," a reading according to them supported by a
490:
478:
466:
458:
442:
384:
378:
372:
366:
48:", a votive statuette dedicated to Amurru for
2187:Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature
667:translation known from a bilingual text from
8:
2118:General studies and excavations at Nuzi 10/3
831:In laments, Amurru could be associated with
428:. However, he was regarded as distinct from
180:He is first attested in documents from the
828:, the two deities have nothing in common.
234:Amurru was a divine representation of the
38:
16:Mesopotamian god representing the Amorites
2088:Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions
1618:
1553:
1520:
1496:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1417:
1390:
1375:
1333:
1321:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1202:
1190:
1175:
1163:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1087:
1075:
1058:
1046:
1031:
998:
975:
191:. Later he also came to be worshiped in
1999:Sumerian Gods and their Representations
1771:
1759:
1744:
1717:
1681:
1669:
1645:
1532:
936:
1693:
1657:
1603:
1405:
1363:
1348:
1010:
352:, "the lord of the steppe." His wife,
18:
1851:
1839:
1822:
1801:
1786:
1732:
1633:
1584:
1565:
1479:
1214:
348:is well attested. He could be called
7:
905:, roams the countryside digging for
2018:"Objects Inscribed and Uninscribed"
582:, as attested in oath formulas. In
546:in the latter of these two cities.
344:An association between Amurru and
172:. As such, he was associated with
14:
2150:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
1706:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1509:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1100:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
1926:Ethnicity in Ancient Mesopotamia
691:(Wer) or to the name of the god
456:. It has been proposed that the
440:Amurru's main attribute was the
643:Associations with other deities
578:, Amurru was also worshiped in
301:growing political importance.
261:of the groups they described.
598:installed new doors depicting
1:
1920:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2005).
1897:. Leiden Boston: Brill STYX.
1893:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2003).
820:/Belet Ekallim. According to
602:accompanied by Amurru in the
2016:Lambert, Wilfred G. (1970).
1974:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
1957:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
491:
479:
467:
459:
443:
385:
379:
373:
367:
32:in the Mesopotamian pantheon
2121:. Bethesda, Md: CDL Press.
1951:Edzard, Dietz-Otto (1987),
1878:. Academic Press Fribourg.
362:. Due to the fact that the
79:and an unknown city in the
2238:
2100:10.1163/156921208786182428
2022:Archiv für Orientforschung
1970:George, Andrew R. (1993).
184:, chiefly in Sumerian and
2082:Schwemer, Daniel (2008).
37:
28:Divine representation of
26:
2059:. Leiden Boston: Brill.
2055:Rahmouni, Aicha (2008).
912:It has been argued that
695:. He also assumes that
551:First Dynasty of Babylon
377:(sometimes shortened to
276:. The evidence from the
203:in Mesopotamian texts.
2144:Wiggins, Steve (2007).
681:local alphabetic script
268:Amurru is absent from
144:, also known under the
764:, in the proximity of
308:, Aḫlamayītu was "the
2001:. STYX Publications.
922:Mesopotamian pantheon
405:. Amurru's role as a
389:) usually designated
278:Old Babylonian period
170:Mesopotamian religion
2212:Sky and weather gods
590:. It was rebuilt by
1854:, pp. 108–109.
1684:, pp. 169–170.
1636:, pp. 107–108.
1568:, pp. 103–104.
1291:, pp. 103–104.
953:. MacMillan and Co.
576:Old Assyrian period
574:As early as in the
563:, but according to
248:Paul-Alain Beaulieu
93:(a type of staff),
46:Worshipper of Larsa
2094:(1). Brill: 1–44.
865:in the alphabetic
822:Wilfred G. Lambert
210:, the city god of
54:2nd millennium BCE
2202:Mesopotamian gods
2182:Marriage of Martu
2157:978-1-59333-717-9
2066:978-90-474-2300-3
2008:978-90-56-93005-9
1935:978-90-6258-313-3
1904:978-90-04-13024-1
1885:978-3-7278-1738-0
1747:, pp. 48–49.
1696:, pp. 37–38.
1336:, pp. 41–42.
1324:, pp. 96–97.
1258:, pp. 35–36.
1246:, pp. 30–31.
1234:, pp. 29–30.
1178:, pp. 38–39.
1147:, pp. 43–44.
914:Marriage of Martu
887:Marriage of Martu
853:, known from the
777:Marriage of Martu
751:Marriage of Martu
719:Dietz-Otto Edzard
592:Tiglath-Pileser I
474:Isin-Larsa period
468:gamlum gula Martu
152:(in Sumerian and
139:
138:
73:Major cult center
2229:
2169:
2140:
2111:
2078:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2012:
1993:
1966:
1965:
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1730:
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1697:
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1655:
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1631:
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1569:
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1536:
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1524:
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1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1483:
1477:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1421:
1420:, p. 44-45.
1415:
1409:
1403:
1394:
1388:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1352:
1346:
1337:
1331:
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1319:
1313:
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1280:
1274:
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1241:
1235:
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1212:
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1200:
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1188:
1179:
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1167:
1161:
1148:
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1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1035:
1029:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
979:
973:
960:
954:
941:
789:Ugaritic goddess
655:Akkadian phrase
594:. Additionally,
565:Andrew R. George
532:Shar-Kali-Sharri
494:
482:
470:
462:
446:
388:
382:
376:
370:
312:goddess," while
282:theophoric names
189:theophoric names
162:Mesopotamian god
42:
19:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2192:
2191:
2177:
2172:
2158:
2143:
2129:
2114:
2081:
2067:
2054:
2046:
2044:
2015:
2009:
1996:
1982:
1969:
1962:
1960:
1953:"Martu A. Gott"
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1936:
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1905:
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1221:
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1197:
1189:
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1174:
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1162:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1106:
1098:
1094:
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1082:
1074:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1017:
1009:
1005:
997:
982:
974:
963:
943:
942:
938:
933:
883:
679:written in the
673:e-ni a-mu-ri-we
645:
528:
438:
397:archive of the
326:
272:names from the
232:
135:
60:
52:'s life, early
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2235:
2233:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2176:
2175:External links
2173:
2171:
2170:
2156:
2141:
2127:
2112:
2079:
2065:
2052:
2013:
2007:
1994:
1980:
1967:
1948:
1934:
1917:
1903:
1890:
1884:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1844:
1842:, p. 108.
1827:
1825:, p. 107.
1806:
1804:, p. 106.
1791:
1776:
1764:
1749:
1737:
1735:, p. 105.
1722:
1710:
1698:
1686:
1674:
1672:, p. 166.
1662:
1650:
1648:, p. 153.
1638:
1623:
1608:
1606:, p. 435.
1589:
1587:, p. 104.
1570:
1558:
1537:
1535:, p. 172.
1525:
1513:
1501:
1484:
1482:, p. 103.
1465:
1463:, p. 329.
1453:
1451:, p. 328.
1441:
1422:
1410:
1408:, p. 134.
1395:
1380:
1368:
1366:, p. 124.
1353:
1351:, p. 130.
1338:
1326:
1314:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1219:
1217:, p. 102.
1207:
1205:, p. 327.
1195:
1180:
1168:
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1137:
1125:
1104:
1102:, p. 104.
1092:
1080:
1063:
1051:
1036:
1015:
1013:, p. 433.
1003:
980:
961:
935:
934:
932:
929:
882:
879:
867:Ugaritic texts
851:Qudšu-wa-Amrur
659:, "the god of
644:
641:
527:
524:
454:cylinder seals
437:
434:
395:Neo-Babylonian
335:Kassite period
325:
322:
231:
228:
137:
136:
134:
133:
127:
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35:
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27:
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23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2234:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Pastoral gods
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:Mountain gods
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2128:1-883053-68-4
2124:
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2109:
2105:
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2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1981:0-931464-80-3
1977:
1973:
1968:
1958:
1954:
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1817:
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1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1789:, p. 99.
1788:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1774:, p. 50.
1773:
1768:
1765:
1762:, p. 49.
1761:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1720:, p. 47.
1719:
1714:
1711:
1708:, p. 96.
1707:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1663:
1660:, p. 37.
1659:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1621:, p. 40.
1620:
1619:Beaulieu 2005
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1556:, p. 30.
1555:
1554:Schwemer 2008
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1523:, p. 29.
1522:
1521:Schwemer 2008
1517:
1514:
1511:, p. 70.
1510:
1505:
1502:
1499:, p. 31.
1498:
1497:Beaulieu 2005
1493:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1461:Beaulieu 2003
1457:
1454:
1450:
1449:Beaulieu 2003
1445:
1442:
1439:, p. 45.
1438:
1437:Beaulieu 2005
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:Beaulieu 2005
1414:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1393:, p. 44.
1392:
1391:Beaulieu 2005
1387:
1385:
1381:
1378:, p. 43.
1377:
1376:Beaulieu 2005
1372:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1334:Beaulieu 2005
1330:
1327:
1323:
1322:Sharlach 2002
1318:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1303:, p. 37.
1302:
1301:Beaulieu 2005
1297:
1294:
1290:
1289:Rahmouni 2008
1285:
1282:
1279:, p. 36.
1278:
1277:Beaulieu 2005
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1256:Beaulieu 2005
1252:
1249:
1245:
1244:Schwemer 2008
1240:
1237:
1233:
1232:Schwemer 2008
1228:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1203:Beaulieu 2003
1199:
1196:
1193:, p. 39.
1192:
1191:Beaulieu 2005
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:Beaulieu 2005
1172:
1169:
1166:, p. 38.
1165:
1164:Beaulieu 2005
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1145:Beaulieu 2005
1141:
1138:
1135:, p. 42.
1134:
1133:Beaulieu 2005
1129:
1126:
1123:, p. 41.
1122:
1121:Beaulieu 2005
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1093:
1090:, p. 32.
1089:
1088:Beaulieu 2005
1084:
1081:
1078:, p. 35.
1077:
1076:Beaulieu 2005
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1061:, p. 97.
1060:
1059:Sharlach 2002
1055:
1052:
1049:, p. 98.
1048:
1047:Sharlach 2002
1043:
1041:
1037:
1034:, p. 96.
1033:
1032:Sharlach 2002
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1001:, p. 34.
1000:
999:Beaulieu 2005
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
981:
978:, p. 33.
977:
976:Beaulieu 2005
972:
970:
968:
966:
962:
958:
952:
951:
946:
945:Frankfort, H.
940:
937:
930:
928:
925:
923:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
900:
896:
890:
888:
880:
878:
876:
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868:
864:
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856:
852:
849:
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842:
838:
834:
829:
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797:
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790:
786:
782:
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773:
771:
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759:
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748:
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735:
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724:
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503:
499:
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487:
483:
481:
475:
471:
469:
463:
461:
455:
451:
450:crooked staff
447:
445:
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408:
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323:
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307:
302:
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287:
283:
279:
275:
274:Ur III period
271:
266:
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260:
256:
253:
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245:
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237:
229:
227:
225:
221:
217:
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209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
187:
183:
182:Ur III period
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:𒈥𒌅), was a
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
131:
128:
125:
123:
120:
119:
117:
113:
110:
106:
103:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
25:
20:
2180:
2146:
2117:
2091:
2087:
2056:
2045:. Retrieved
2025:
2021:
1998:
1971:
1961:, retrieved
1956:
1925:
1894:
1871:
1862:Bibliography
1847:
1772:Wiggins 2007
1767:
1760:Wiggins 2007
1745:Wiggins 2007
1740:
1718:Lambert 1970
1713:
1701:
1689:
1682:Wiggins 2007
1677:
1670:Wiggins 2007
1665:
1653:
1646:Wiggins 2007
1641:
1561:
1533:Wiggins 2007
1528:
1516:
1504:
1456:
1444:
1413:
1371:
1329:
1317:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1251:
1239:
1210:
1198:
1171:
1140:
1128:
1095:
1083:
1054:
1006:
949:
939:
926:
913:
911:
891:
886:
884:
874:
870:
862:
858:
848:Ugaritic god
845:
830:
815:
812:
776:
774:
755:
750:
746:
736:
717:
708:
704:
696:
684:
672:
656:
646:
614:
603:
573:
561:Damiq-ilishu
554:
548:
529:
521:
506:
489:
477:
465:
457:
448:, a type of
441:
439:
419:
415:Jebel Bishri
410:
407:mountain god
357:
349:
343:
327:
303:
267:
263:
252:West Semitic
242:) or Martu (
233:
205:
179:
149:
141:
140:
90:
1959:(in German)
1694:George 1993
1658:George 1993
1604:Edzard 1987
1406:George 1993
1364:George 1993
1349:George 1993
1011:Edzard 1987
808:Ningishzida
800:Geshtinanna
770:Kudur-Mabuk
747:lu hursagga
596:Sennacherib
488:equivalent
476:. The word
436:Iconography
422:weather god
411:lu hursagga
339:Sennacherib
292:, while in
154:Sumerograms
130:Geshtinanna
65:Other names
2196:Categories
2047:2022-07-08
1963:2022-07-08
1852:Klein 1997
1840:Klein 1997
1823:Klein 1997
1802:Klein 1997
1787:Klein 1997
1733:Klein 1997
1634:Klein 1997
1585:Klein 1997
1566:Klein 1997
1480:Klein 1997
1215:Klein 1997
957:Pl. XXVIII
931:References
855:Baal Cycle
796:Belet-Seri
657:Il Amurrim
401:temple in
359:belet seri
330:stereotype
2166:171049273
2108:1569-2116
2075:304341764
2034:0066-6440
881:Mythology
743:Ninhursag
683:mentions
617:Babylonia
426:lightning
324:Character
255:etymology
126:Adgarkidu
50:Hammurabi
2222:Amorites
2137:48399212
2042:41637307
1990:27813103
1944:60116687
1913:51944564
947:(1939).
918:Ibbi-Sin
907:truffles
899:Numushda
785:Ashratum
781:Numushda
713:Alashiya
709:in ugrtw
705:in alḏyg
653:genitive
610:Arameans
498:scimitar
486:Ugaritic
484:and its
383:or just
364:logogram
354:Ashratum
350:bel seri
306:Kassites
244:Sumerian
240:Akkadian
236:Amorites
216:Ashratum
208:Numushda
186:Akkadian
166:Amorites
146:Sumerian
132:(rarely)
122:Ashratum
30:Amorites
2185:in the
895:Kazallu
833:Enkimdu
818:Ninegal
792:Athirat
665:Hurrian
637:Sealand
580:Assyria
544:Damkina
526:Worship
513:gazelle
374:KUR.GAL
346:steppes
316:- "the
310:Aramean
270:Amorite
259:endonym
212:Kazallu
201:Sealand
193:Babylon
174:steppes
115:Consort
101:Parents
95:gazelle
81:Sealand
77:Babylon
2164:
2154:
2135:
2125:
2106:
2073:
2063:
2040:
2032:
2005:
1988:
1978:
1942:
1932:
1911:
1901:
1882:
841:Inanna
837:Dumuzi
804:Azimua
762:Tigris
758:Anshan
732:sukkal
727:Ishkur
701:Amurru
697:i amrw
689:Iluwer
685:i amrw
677:Ugarit
661:Amurru
633:Nanaya
625:Marduk
502:sickle
430:Ishkur
318:Sutean
314:Sutītu
298:Shulgi
294:Nippur
286:Lagash
230:Origin
142:Amurru
87:Symbol
58:Louvre
22:Amurru
2038:JSTOR
1876:(PDF)
903:Nanna
826:Urash
739:Urash
723:Enlil
693:Ilaba
605:akitu
600:Ashur
584:Assur
540:Kuara
536:Eridu
511:or a
480:gamlu
460:gamlu
444:gamlu
399:Eanna
391:Enlil
224:Urash
197:Assur
150:Martu
148:name
109:Urash
91:gamlu
68:Martu
44:The "
2162:OCLC
2152:ISBN
2133:OCLC
2123:ISBN
2104:ISSN
2071:OCLC
2061:ISBN
2030:ISSN
2003:ISBN
1986:OCLC
1976:ISBN
1940:OCLC
1930:ISBN
1909:OCLC
1899:ISBN
1880:ISBN
871:amrr
802:(or
766:Elam
707:and
669:Emar
631:and
629:Nabu
588:Gula
569:Isin
538:and
517:mice
509:goat
403:Uruk
290:Mari
107:and
2096:doi
959:e+i
924:.
875:qdš
863:amr
859:qdš
648:Anu
627:),
621:Bel
500:or
492:gml
386:KUR
380:KUR
368:KUR
220:Anu
105:Anu
2198::
2160:.
2131:.
2102:.
2090:.
2086:.
2069:.
2036:.
2026:23
2024:.
2020:.
1984:.
1955:,
1938:.
1907:.
1830:^
1809:^
1794:^
1779:^
1752:^
1725:^
1626:^
1611:^
1592:^
1573:^
1540:^
1487:^
1468:^
1425:^
1398:^
1383:^
1356:^
1341:^
1263:^
1222:^
1183:^
1152:^
1107:^
1066:^
1039:^
1018:^
983:^
964:^
955:,
889:.
877:.
671:,
556:me
417:.
341:.
226:.
195:,
158:𒀭
156::
56:,
2168:.
2139:.
2110:.
2098::
2092:8
2077:.
2050:.
2011:.
1992:.
1946:.
1915:.
1888:.
623:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
