474:
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460:. With the global trade enterprises, and the increase in knowledge of the non-western world, these works became a way for the people at home to feel like they were traveling the world. This was paired with an increase in literacy and a larger middle class, resulting from the economical flourishing of Western countries, and the printing of books becoming cheaper because of advancements in the technology of the
804:
719:
Jahre bis in das 1657. Aufgestossen. Wie Auch eine
Wahrhaftige Beschreibung der Gestossen. Wie Auch eine Wahrhaftige Beschreibung der Fürnehmsten Städte, Flekken, Dörfer, und Götzenheuser der Siner; Ja Selbsten Ihrer Herrschaften, Götzendienste, Obrigkeiten, Satzungen, Sitten, Wissenschafften, Vermögenheit, Reichtühmer, Trachten, Tiere, Früchte, Berge, und Dergleichen.
30:
1380:"Joan Nieuhofs Zee en lant-reize, door verscheide gewesten van Oostindien: behelzende veele zeltzaame en wonderlijke voorvallen en geschiedenissen. Beneffens een beschrijving van lantschappen, steden, dieren, gewassen, draghten, zeden en godsdienst der inwoonders en inzonderheit een wijtloopig verhael der stad Batavia ."
678:
Hof te Peking, Sedert den Jare 1655 tot 1657 zijn
Voorgevallen, op het Bondigste Verhandelt Worden. Befeffens een Naukeurige Beschryving der Sineesche Steden, Dorpen, Regeering, Wetenschappen, Hantwerken, Zeden, Godsdiensten, Gebouwen, Drachten, Schepen, Bergen, Gewassen, Dieren, &c. en Oorlogen Tegen de Tarters.
718:
Die
Gesantschaft der Ost-Indischen Geselschaft in den Vereinigten Niederländern, an den Tartarischen Cham, und Nunmehr Auch Sinischen Keiser, Verrichtet durch die Herren Peter de Gojern, und Jacob Keisern. Darinnen Begriffen die Aller Märkwürdigsten Sachen, Welche Ihnen, auf Währender Reise vom 1655.
306:
led by Pieter de Goyer and Jacob de Keizer to the emperor of China. This part also contains descriptions and depictions of all that the embassy came to pass on its trip. This part contains 69 cityscapes drawn from the perspective of the ship, 20 detailed illustrations of architectural structures, and
768:
An
Embassy from the East-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperour of China, Delivered by their Excell'cies Peter de Goyer, and Jacob de Keyzer, at His Imperial City of Peking, wherein the Cities, Towns, Villages, Ports, Rivers, &c. in Their Passages from Canton to
745:
The Dutch
Legation to Ijishun Dasan the Great Khan of Tartary. With a Narrative of the History which Was Obtained by the Legates in the Provinces Guangdong, Jiangxi, Nanjing, Shandong, Peking and in the Imperial Hall from the Year 1655 to the Year 1657, as Also with the Harsh Fortunes of the Chinese
724:
The
Legation of the East India Company in the United Netherlands, to the Tartar Khan, and Now Also Chinese Emperor, Performed by Misters Pieter de Goyer and Jacob de Keizer. Herein Contained All the Most Remarkable Things which They Encountered on Their Journey from the Year 1655 to 1657. As Well as
683:
The
Embassy of the Dutch East India Company, to the Great Tartar Khan, the Present Emperor of China: Wherein the Most Memorable Stories, which Occurred while Traveling through the Chinese Lands, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Nanjing, Shandong and Beijing, and at the Imperial Court in Beijing, during the Years
677:
Het
Gezantschap der NeĂŞrlandtsche Oost-Indische Compagnie, aan den Grooten Tartarischen Cham, den Tegenwoordigen Keizer van China: Waar in de Gedenkwaerdighste Geschiedenissen, die Onder het Reizen door de Sineesche Landtschappen, Quantung, Kiangsi, Nanking, Xantung en Peking, en aan het Keizerlijke
322:
In total, the account contains 149 illustrations, an unusually high number for 17th century books. Printing images was still far more expensive than written text, as it required copper etchings to be created and carefully printed in the books. Most travel accounts produced in this time would feature
784:
An
Embassy from the East-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Grand Tartar Cham Emperor of China, Deliver'd by their Excellencies Peter de Goyer and Jacob de Keyzer, at His Imperial City of Peking, wherein the Cities, Towns, Villages, Ports, Rivers, &c. in Their Passages from Canton to
496:
was an especially sought-after book. With information on China being sparse because of its previous inaccessibility, Nieuhof's travel account provided information on a new culture and land. The book is generally considered the first visual account of China created by a
Western authoritative figure.
394:
The French, German, and Latin versions of the book were all published by Van Meurs. These versions are not merely translated, their contents were heavily edited as well. Depending on the translation, the book focuses more heavily on certain aspects (for example religion), whilst leaving other parts
220:. As the embassy's steward, Nieuhof was tasked with keeping an account of the travels of the embassy. In addition to keeping the logbook for the journey, Nieuhof also drew several impressions of landscapes, cities, and people, which were to be used as a visual supplementation of the account for the
314:
The second part of the book serves as a general description of the empire of China. It provides information on the language, craftsmanship, culture, customs, fashion, religion and the natural world. The written account is supplemented with illustrations of the people, animals, and plants of China.
697:
L'Ambassade de Compagnie Orientale des Provinces Unies vers l'Empereur de la Chine, ou Grand Cam de Tartarie, Faite par les Srs. Pierre de Goyer, & Jacob de Keyser, Illustrée d'une Tres-Exacte Description des Villes, Bourgs, Villages, Ports de Mers, & Autres Lieux Plus Considerables de la
294:
The book consists of the notes and illustrations that Nieuhof made in his position as a steward on Pieter de Goyer and Jacob de Keizer's embassy to the emperor of China. These notes and illustrations were left in the care of his brother Hendrik, "so as they not fall prey to rugged seas and hollow
739:
Legatio Batavica ad Magnum Tartariae Chamum Sungteium, Modernum Sinae Imperatorem. Historiarum Narratione, quae Legatis in Provinciis Quantung, Kiangsi, Nanking, Xantung, Peking, & Aula ImperatoriĂ ab Anno 1655 ad Annum 1657 Obtigerunt, ut & Ardua Sinensium in Bello Tartarico FortunĂ ,
235:. Nieuhof left shortly thereafter, leaving the entire publication process in the hands of the publisher. Van Meurs turned Nieuhof's notes into a story, and the illustrations into copper engravings for printing. In 1665, almost ten years after the embassy visit to China, the first edition of
1306:
Gedenkwaerdig bedryf der Nederlandsche Oost-Indische Maetschappye, op de kuste en in het Keizerrijk van Taising of Sina: behelzende het 2e gezandschap aen den Onder-Koning Singlamong ... Vervolgt met een verhael van het voorgevallen des jaers 1663 en 1664 op de kuste van Sina ... en het 3e
703:
The Embassy of the Oriental Company of the United Provinces to the Emperor of China, or Grand Khan of Tartary, Made by Messrs. Pieter de Goyer, & Jacob de Keizer, Illustrate by a Very Exact Description of the Cities, Towns, Villages, Seaports, & Other More Important Places of
310:
In addition to the illustrations, the first part provides a written account of the experiences of the Dutch in China, discussing their encounters with the Chinese and "Tartars", their experiences in the empire, and commercial interests such as trading, wages, and exotic merchandise.
251:
in 1976 after being lost for four centuries. The published version of the travel account added illustrations (from 68 sketches in Nieuhof's notes to 149 illustrations in the published version) and changed sceneries to seem more exotic by adding exotic plants,
143:
in 1665, providing a somewhat embellished account of the first Dutch embassy to visit China in 1655, 1656, and 1657. It was promptly translated into French, Latin, and German by the original publisher and then translated into English with some additions by
684:
1655 to 1657, Are Most Concisely Treated. Besides an Accurate Description of the Chinese Cities, Villages, Government, Sciences, Crafts, Customs, Religions, Buildings, Drapes, Ships, Mountains, Crops, Animals, &c. and Wars Against the Tartars.
725:
a True Description of the Most Important Cities, Towns, Villages, and Idol Houses of the Sinae; Yea, Even Their Rulers, Idolatries, Authorities, Statutes, Customs, Knowledge, Wealth, Riches, Fashions, Animals, Fruits, Mountains, and the Like.
395:
out, depending on the culture and biases of the intended audiences. The publications were heavily edited, geared towards commercial interests of the publisher. The anonymous introduction added to the Latin edition, relating details from the
242:
Despite its claim of being true to life, it has been indicated by Falkenburg and Blussé that this was not the case. The research of Falkenburg and Blussé compare the difference between the illustrations from
497:
Prior accounts of China had been supplemented with visual reference material after the fact, and often featured mythological and fantastical creatures. Nieuhof's travel account claimed to be "true to life" (
473:
785:
Peking, Are Ingeniously Described... Also an Epistle of Father John Adams Their Antagonist, Concerning the Whole Negotiation, with an Appendix of Several Remarks Taken out of Father Athanasius Kircher
769:
Peking, Are Ingeniously Described... Also an Epistle of Father John Adams Their Antagonist, Concerning the Whole Negotiation, with an Appendix of Several Remarks Taken out of Father Athanasius Kircher
1594:
1564:
568:
can be found on many Chinoiserie works from the 1660s onwards, with artists often combining multiple cityscapes, characters and scenes from different illustrations.
561:, tapestries, wallpapers and paintings. This artistic movement was especially famous in France and Great Britain, but had gained popularity all over Western-Europe.
1481:
208:
The book details the two year travel of the first Dutch embassy to visit China, from 1655 to 1657. The empire had begun accepting visitors after the start of the
782:
295:
waves". This manuscript was eventually bundled and published to form this book, containing a written account of the embassy as well as 149 illustrations.
1505:
Ulrichs, F. (2003), "Johan Nieuhofs Blick auf China (1655–1657): Die Kuperstiche in Seinem Chinabuch und ihre Wirkung auf den Verleger Jacob van Meurs",
553:
As it provided the first realistic visual representation of China, Nieuhof's travel account is considered one of the biggest influence on Western
1537:
1280:
991:
914:
541:. Nieuhof never visited China again in his life, but two other books with his notes and sketches were published after his death. One about
658:
607:
1138:"De uitgeversstrategie van Jacob van Meurs belicht: de Amsterdamse en "Antwerpse" edities van Johan Nieuhofs 'Gezantschap' (1665-1666)"
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1514:
1438:
1314:
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949:
51:
Het Gezantschap der NeĂŞrlandtsche Oost-Indische Compagnie aan den Grooten Tartarischen Cham, den Tegenwoordigen Keizer van China...
1066:
Johan Nieuhofs Blick auf China (1655-1657): die Kupferstiche in seinem Chinabuch und ihre Wirkung auf den Verleger Jacob van Meurs
503:). Though this claim has been proven false, the sketches made by Nieuhof still featured elements drawn directly from observation.
1559:
247:
Nieuhof's with Nieuhof's original sketches drawn during his time in China, which were rediscovered in the private collection of
1142:
De Zeventiende Eeuw: Cultuur in de Nederlanden in Interdisciplinair Perspectief: Tijdschrift van de Werkgroep Zeventiende Eeuw
165:, based on other Jesuit accounts. Nieuhof's original account and its translations served as a major influence in the rise of
1491:
442:
315:
This part contains 13 depictions of Chinese people from all classes, 13 etches of Chinese flora and fauna, depictions of
512:
Gedenkwaerdig bedryf der Nederlandsche Oost-Indische Maetschappye, op de kuste en in het Keizerrijk van Taising of Sina.
522:
were re-used in Dapper's account. A number of other works on China also re-used imagery from Nieuhof's travel account.
1524:
Weststeijn, Thijs (2012), "The Middle Kingdom in the Low Countries: Sinology in the Seventeenth-Century Netherlands",
431:
152:
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1049:
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506:
After the publication of the book, Van Meurs went on to publish another book about China. Together with the author
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1307:
gezandschap aan Konchy, Tartarsche Keizer van Sina en Oost Tartarye ... beneffens een beschryving van geheel Sina
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576:
331:
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177:
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545:, where he had worked for 9 years before the embassy visit to China, and another about the Dutch East Indies.
872:
766:
864:
1355:"Joan Nieuhofs Gedenkwaerdige zee en lantreize door de voornaemste landschappen van West en Oostindien"
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533:, on another diplomatic mission. After this, he remained most of his life abroad, in the East Indies,
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198:
181:
The main map of China from the 1665 Dutch edition, detailing the route of the VOC embassy north from
149:
1579:
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The English translation was the only one not published by Van Meurs, and was instead published by
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1409:
1310:
1286:
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1243:
1232:"Travel Literature of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries: A Review of Recent Approaches"
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955:
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530:
464:. For these reasons, as well as the novelty of the subject and the illustrations in the book,
298:
The book is split into two parts, the first of which details the journey of the embassy from
1020:. K. J. S. Bostoen, Elmer Kolfin, P. J. Smith. Hilversum: Verloren. 2001. pp. 223–243.
826:
822:
809:
749:
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was very successful, and became one most popular travel books on China in the 17th century.
421:
284:
248:
161:
1272:
Chinoiserie: the evolution of the Oriental style in Italy from the 14th to the 19th century
906:
Chinoiserie: the evolution of the Oriental style in Italy from the 14th to the 19th century
876:
857:
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in the Tartar War, an Accurate Geography of the Provinces, and a Delineation of the Cities
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351:
287:
232:
228:
217:
371:
The initial titles were extremely long. The Dutch title is conventionally abbreviated to
354:
in 1665. After its initial publication, the book was translated into multiple languages.
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and people with umbrella's. The written text was also edited, embellishing the travels.
212:, and the Dutch embassy visited with the goal of entering a trade deal on behalf of the
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581:
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132:
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After returning from China, Nieuhof gifted his notes and illustrations to his brother
155:'s written rebuttal of the Dutch claims and aims, as well as a partial translation of
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1332:"The soul of transactions: Illustration and Johan Nieuhofs Travels in China"
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1433:. Léonard Blussé, R. Falkenburg. Middelburg: Stichting VOC publicaties.
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of the 1693 reprint of the Dutch edition, depicting a prisoner in the
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in two editions in 1669 and 1673. Ogilby's translations included the
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557:. Depictions of China were copied from the book and incorporated in
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1017:
Tweelinge eener dragt: woord en beeld in de Nederlanden, 1500-1750
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529:, Nieuhof left on another journey for the VOC. He traveled to the
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Travel literature had become a significant public interest in the
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temples and deities, as well as several architectural structures.
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176:
941:
Het grote continent van de Khan: China in de westerse verbeelding
128:
An Embassy from the East-India Company of the United Provinces...
1560:
The Digital Library for the Decorative Arts and Material Culture
706:] (in French), translated by Jean le Carpentier, Amsterdam:
1493:
The Illusion of Verisimilitude: Johan Nieuhof's Images of China
387:. The German and Latin titles distinguished the entourage as a
137:
Het Gezandtschap der NeĂŞrlandtsche Oost-Indische Compagnie...
1532:, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, pp. 209–242,
1509:(in German), vol. 21, Wiesbaden: Harrossowitz Verlag,
642:), the supposed subtleness of distinctions between them (
231:, who collaborated with the Dutch publisher and engraver
1275:. Eve Leckey. Firenze: Centro Di Edizione. p. 143.
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women and tents, as depicted in the 1665 French edition.
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Provinciarum Accurata Geographia, Urbium Delineatione
1468:
Johan Nieuwhofs Beelden van een Chinareis, 1655–1657
430:, as well as an epistle of "John Adams", the Jesuit
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as approached by river, from the 1665 French edition
216:(VOC). The Dutch were promised an audience with the
1430:
Johan Nieuhofs beelden van een chinareis, 1655-1657
909:. Eve Leckey. Firenze: Centro Di. pp. 88–110.
875:" with both flanking gods depicted as forms of the
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525:Two months after giving his notes to his brother
1565:List of works about the Dutch East India Company
1166:
650:), and a mangled presentation of a character in
480:porcelain plate decorated with a version of the
380:Het Gezantschap aan den grooten Tartarische Cham
1359:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
426:, a work chiefly compiled from accounts by the
307:9 illustrations of Chinese people and culture.
863:and Buddhist figures to produce a trinity of
8:
944:. Guus Houtzager. Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij.
856:from the 1668 Latin edition, conflating the
615:, presenting their development from ancient
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414:. This version also includes excerpts from
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1480:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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245:An Embassy of the Dutch East-India Company
139:) is a book written by the Dutch explorer
28:
15:
1309:. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Van Meurs.
603:, as depicted in the 1665 French edition.
588:, as depicted in the 1665 French edition.
452:("magicians") from the 1665 Dutch edition
1595:Works about the Dutch East India Company
1236:Texas Studies in Literature and Language
1530:From Early Modern to Modern Disciplines
1342:(17): 225–242 – via Academia.edu.
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1554:External links to copies of the book:
1473:
1205:
1193:
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520:An Embassy from the East-India Company
385:An Embassy from the East-India Company
1136:Meersbergen, Guido van (2010-07-01).
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518:used to print the illustrations in
367:English, published in 1669 and 1673
807:An additional illustration in the
14:
1405:Chinoiserie: the vision of Cathay
169:in the early eighteenth century.
1466:Blussé, L.; et al. (1987),
758:, with introduction probably by
748:] (in Latin), translated by
342:The book was first published in
290:beneath his ceremonial parasol.
391:, rather than a full embassy.
350:-based publisher and engraver
1:
686:] (in Dutch), Amsterdam:
1526:The Making of the Humanities
1063:Ulrichs, Friederike (2003).
1499:, Leiden: Leiden University
983:Het Paviljoen van Porselein
792:, London: John Ogilby, 1673
776:, London: John Macock, 1669
432:Johann Adam Schall von Bell
403:, was probably composed by
153:Johann Adam Schall von Bell
1611:
1427:Nieuhof, Johannes (1987).
1269:Morena, Francesco (2009).
903:Morena, Francesco (2009).
611:Nieuhof's presentation of
323:only a handful of images.
22:of the United Provinces...
938:Spence, Jonathan (2000).
486:image from Nieuhof's work
383:and the English title to
361:German, published in 1666
358:French, published in 1665
112:1669 & 1673 (English)
104:1665 (Dutch & French)
27:
1585:17th-century Dutch books
564:Impressions copied from
364:Latin, published in 1668
239:in Dutch was published.
214:Dutch East India Company
1378:Nieuhof, Johan (1682).
1353:Nieuhof, Johan (1682).
1304:Dapper, Olfert (1670).
986:. Soesterberg: Aspekt.
20:the East-India Company
1507:Sinologica Coloniensia
1470:(in Dutch), Middelburg
1048:: CS1 maint: others (
980:Pos, A. (2010-02-11).
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1230:Adams, Percy (1978).
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1330:Odell, Dawn (2012).
654:(M). 1665 French ed.
428:Jesuit China Mission
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727:] (in German),
559:Delftware porcelain
446:Etching of Chinese
327:Publication history
47:Original title
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1590:Books about China
1539:978-90-8964-455-8
1490:Sun Jing (2013),
1282:978-88-7038-451-2
1218:Weststeijn (2012)
1155:Carpentier (1665)
993:978-90-5911-829-4
916:978-88-7038-451-2
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555:chinoiserie
549:Chinoiserie
483:googhelaars
449:googhelaars
412:John Ogilby
199:Grand Canal
167:chinoiserie
146:John Ogilby
120:Netherlands
67:Illustrator
61:John Ogilby
1580:1665 books
1574:Categories
1388:2022-06-07
1364:2022-06-07
1242:(3): 489.
1098:Sun (2013)
834:Thai-style
799:References
750:Georg Horn
401:Marco Polo
185:along the
57:Translator
1414:882747428
1291:191245151
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925:191245151
888:Citations
865:Longevity
617:ideograms
478:Delftware
438:Reception
348:Amsterdam
276:(Chinese
183:Guangzhou
101:Published
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1476:citation
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1256:40754548
1036:52858688
960:67506878
873:Pleasure
827:mandarin
823:Buddhist
674:(1665),
632:trigrams
572:Editions
389:legation
317:Buddhist
77:Language
1558:and on
871:, and "
861:Sanxing
830:kowtows
629:I Ching
597:Nanjing
586:Beijing
539:Batavia
527:Hendrik
397:travels
346:by the
304:Beijing
300:Batavia
288:Shunzhi
285:emperor
278:pillory
260:Content
254:pagodas
203:Beijing
173:Context
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543:Brazil
537:, and
535:Ceylon
274:cangue
193:, and
150:Jesuit
37:Author
1497:(PDF)
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344:Dutch
336:Ji'an
187:North
133:Dutch
93:Genre
88:China
80:Dutch
1534:ISBN
1511:ISBN
1482:link
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1277:ISBN
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1081:OCLC
1071:ISBN
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580:The
514:The
282:Qing
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