142:: "the so-called manual trades are discredited and, logically, have a very bad reputation in our cities, since they harm the bodies of workers and officials, forcing them to remain seated and to spend the whole day in the shade, and some of them even to be always by the fire. And by effeminizing the bodies, the spirits are also weakened." They are considered unreliable when it comes to taking up arms to defend their city: "they have a bad reputation in dealing with their friends and as defenders of the fatherland. Even in some cities, especially in those which have a reputation for war, no citizen is allowed to engage in manual trades."
716:". With one exception, "even for serial activities, one cannot properly speak of vast workshops, the production work was not carried out with factory-like structures." What is known of the craftsmanship of this period, "either from the remains left by the workshops on the ground, or from representations in paintings of ceramic vessels, proves that the workers could be counted on the fingers of one hand." It can thus be concluded that the hundred or so slave armorers of Cephalus were undoubtedly distributed in several different workshops, whose production was specific and sold separately.
400:, the figure of the baker is characteristic of female slavery. The barley grains were roasted and, at the same time, for the needs of the unstable character of barley flour, ground and sieved to give the flour, once kneaded, the form of porridge or cakes, with or without baking. Other activities of transformation of agricultural raw materials within the framework of the farm, on the border between agricultural and artisanal production, were also assumed in the domestic sphere, often by male slaves: pressing olives, crushing grapes, macerating and crushing skins, making charcoal, etc.
827:"The dimension of the workshop (the number of people who worked in it) has no meaning in terms of the mode of production, in a "craft cell" associating, according to the trades, a variable but always restricted number of workers. The increase in production, in his case is not obtained by that of productivity, but by the multiplication of the cells that produce, many of which could belong to the same employer, which makes him therefore an "industrialist": it was certainly what represented the company of Lysias and his brother." —Édouard Will,
344:—had in principle an "originally" domestic sense. It aimed at transforming the agricultural raw materials produced in the family domain into useful or marketable objects. Strictly speaking, craftsmanship, as an activity of production of goods "intended for commercialization" does not include domestic craftsmanship except insofar as the latter aims at the sale of the manufactured products. It is, however, often difficult to distinguish what in this domain aims at self-consumption and the strict satisfaction of the internal needs of the
647:
547:
17:
316:
166:
by many matters in their mind and not at all persevering in one's occupation because of their ambition: some are engaged in agriculture, others participate in trade, others maintain two or three trades and the majority, in democratic cities, corrupt politics by attending the assemblies and get from the paymasters what is necessary." The legitimacy of removing artisans, as
76:"Craftsmanship" and also "craftsman" are delicate notions to define, insofar as they refer to relatively modern concepts, the definition of which is irrelevant for Ancient Greece. Historians of antiquity were in agreement in considering an artisan or craftsman an individual with special expertise and who produced material goods intended for marketing outside the
745:, no production ever or almost never without a precise order. Undoubtedly, this is what explains why large workshops of this type were not more moderately developed, without ever making small workshops disappear or even gaining market share: by developing these activities too much without paying attention to the weakness of demand, these "
231:", military functions secured by the wealthier citizens of Athens: "craftsmanship can secure fortune to those who practice it, and one cannot explain the opprobrium that weighs on craftsmanship by its financial situation vis-à-vis other citizens, even if the mass of Athenian craftsmen lived relatively frugally from their activity."
194:—where obtaining citizenship was conditioned by the possession of goods, and where four years of exercising artisan functions condemned them to lose it—the cities more open to trade were much more liberal in recognizing the legitimacy of citizenship for those of their inhabitants who practiced craftsmanship.
518:, the workshops for the manufacture of amphorae were scattered throughout the island and installed in the vicinity of the large wine-growing estates, in order to provide them with the containers for the export of this crude oil renowned throughout the Greek world of the time. The owners of these workshops (
670:
The artisan enterprise, whose production was not only intended for a local clientele, was managed by a sort of "master craftsman" with recognized skills and relatively large financial means. It could bring together about thirty workers (often of servile origin) with differentiated tasks. The products
384:
and weights were sometimes deposited in female tombs, as warriors were buried in the company of their weapons. The woven dresses were intended to dress the members of the household, but also to be partly sold, in order to have cash to buy the specialized productions that one could not make to measure
251:
mines, for example, were employed in less complex tasks, there were also slaves specialized in highly technical work, such as metallurgist, ceramist or sculptor. Some could even run a workshop on behalf of their master and had considerable freedom in their activity. These slaves could live separately
620:
These varied choices of location were linked to the desire to reconcile, on the basis of local geography, access to raw materials and proximity to the clientele, the latter objective taking priority over the former. The craftsmen wished, and it was the object of their installation in urban areas, to
62:
Much of
Ancient Greek craftsmanship was part of the domestic sphere. However, the situation gradually changed between the 8th and 4th centuries BC, with the increasing commercialization of the Greek economy. Thus, important tasks as weaving or baking bread were performed only by women before the 6th
525:
Another figure of rural craftsmanship, the miller, could be attached to a particular farm, but a mill could also be dedicated to a collective use and rented at the request of an owner using labor often servile due to the heavy nature of the work. From the 4th century BC, the carpenter-miller of the
165:
The accuracy of this opinion is illustrated by the ancient authors in the attitude of the craftsmen while they are citizens of a city. Their interventions are presented as disorderly and selfish, not only to defend their individual or class interests: "It is possible to see the craftsmen distracted
87:
The ancient Greeks did not usually distinguish the artist from the craftsman. As a result, some activities considered artistic in contemporary times were an integral part of craftsmanship in ancient Greece, insofar as they expressed themselves in the manufacture of a concrete object—no more so than
83:
Within this framework, some historians add an additional selective criterion considering that craftsmanship was limited to the production of "finished" material goods, which would exclude the extraction of raw materials in quarries or mines, but such a restriction is not taken into account by other
684:
There was also, especially in the large cities, a third type of craft enterprise of a much larger size, whose owner was not necessarily a "craftsman", but who could invest in craft production and marketing, relying on the use of slave labor. It is known in Athens since the 5th century BC, but they
658:
The size of the workshops varied greatly. Most were run by a craftsmen—alone or with the help of family members—who made simple and cheap products (what he charged for these simple and cheap products reflected the needs he had to live, which were very scarce, and consequently he did not charge for
628:
Their eventual installation on the periphery of the city does not seem to be interpreted as a desire for social segregation. This rejection outside the city was not justified by the possible nuisances (odor, noise, fumes) linked to these activities (such as dyeing), pollution that was sought to be
303:
As Alain
Bresson emphasizes, craft production was distinguished by "its geographically very diffuse character, in the countryside, but also in the city." The artisanal space, despite the existence of some specialized quarters for reasons of nuisance or access to raw materials, was intimately mixed
278:
constituted the other community that participated, with a significant number of individuals, in craft activities. Most of them were employed in craft workshops or in commercial activities. For example in Athens, where the Metics were in fact very present—thanks to the advantages granted to them by
209:: "For which of them are you ashamed of? Of the fullers, the shoemakers, the masons, the blacksmiths, the peasants, the merchants, or those who are peddling about the agora concerned with buying something cheap in order to sell it at a higher price? For it is all of them who compose the assembly."
109:
does not have a term that encompasses the set of realities to which the contemporary concept of "craftsman" indicates both a lack of homogeneity in this world of craftsmanship and the great diversity of activities and status of those who depended on them. Artisans and craftmen are designated by
234:
On the other hand, the literary sources available to us that evoke craftsmanship are works by authors who all belong, more or less, to the same milieu. That of an intellectual, political and economic elite that was relatively conservative and hostile to the more radical characters of ancient
621:
be as close as possible to the demand by settling near the market places without neglecting, as far as possible, the need for an easy access to raw materials, on the spot (stone carvers, potters of
Corinth) or in the vicinity, by means of a port—as that of the Piraeus in Athens or of the
351:
One of the main craft activities in the domestic sphere was textile production. The—relatively simple—principle of Greek attire (a draping of a rectangle of wool or linen held by a brooch) did not need a complicated competence. The manufacture of dresses, like the previous phases of
719:
These large workshops should not be considered aggressive enterprises that had at their head a kind of "captains of industry" ready to flood the market with their production by destroying the competition of smaller producers. On the contrary, craftsmanship was seen as a ἀκίνδυνος
526:
village appears in the sources making furniture (beds, tables), or doors. He could be in charge of the construction of the plow, since, as Plato stresses: "the farmer is not likely to make his plow himself, if he wants it to be good, nor his sword, or other agricultural tools."
235:
democracy (Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle, etc.) Even if the pejorative discourse disseminated by his sources was, at least in part, shared by the whole of ancient Greek society, we must take into account this relatively partisan and biased character of the sources at our disposal.
570:, a rather vague term meaning "place of work", a workshop that also served as a store. The location of the workshop in an urban area was justified by the direct marketing of the production. In fact, the store specifically dedicated to the sale was rare outside the
417:(v. 427-436). In classical times, there were craftsmen in Athens who specialized in the manufacture of plows, "in many Greek regions the Hesiodic tradition continues". Recourse to the specialized craftsman was systematic only for metal tools.
335:
Always from the perspective of the autarkic ideal that structures, if not the integrity of the economy of Greek cities, at least the representation that most Greeks made for themselves, craftsmanship—as illustrated by the mythical figure of
724:, riskless) activity, which is why some wealthy Athenians sought to invest in it in order to diversify their assets and, possibly, enjoy an environment conducive to the development of certain activities—the shield factories of Cephalus and
675:
dyes, stele engraving, painted pottery, etc.) and could reach very high prices depending on the reputation of the master, whose integration into society was undeniable, as shown for example by the funerary stele of the shoemaker
Janotype.
801:"Subsequently, the word became associated with manual labor and slave labor." — Philippe Casier, "Le statut social des artisans dans la péninsule balkanique et les îles de la mer Egée de 478 à 88 av. J.-C.", en Michel Debidour (dir),
788:"The quarry does not interest us as it is the property of the workshop that manufactures the statue; if instead it sells or exports the blocks, even started, it does not enter our field." — Francine Blondé and Arthur Muller (dir),
223:, in one of his speeches against a proposal to withdraw citizenship from citizens of Athens who were not landowners, remarks that among the 5000 Athenians who would thus be excluded from citizenship there would be "a multitude of
31:(or the craftsmanship in Ancient Greece) was an important but largely undervalued, economic activity. It involved all activities of manufacturing transformation of raw materials, agricultural or not, both in the framework of the
574:. This shop-workshop generally consisted of one or two dimly lit rooms—one of which overlooked the street—since the artisan's activity was often carried out within the family. It could also be rented in a public place, agora or
728:
can be interpreted in this way. The owners of these workshops were often content to obtain the payment of a fixed rent, either thanks to their slaves who were responsible for the management of this property (system of the
256:), being able to constitute a peculium that would allow them to redeem their freedom later, insofar as their master was content to have an annuity for life or a fixed percentage of his profits (system of the ἀποφορά /
161:
said that "the condition of a free man is that of one who does not live under obligation to his neighbor." In this scheme, the farmer, free "by nature" is more worthy of the status of citizen than the craftsman.
740:
If craftsmanship was a low-risk activity, it was "because the Greek world follows demand and never precedes it." Whatever the size of these craft enterprises, they produced only on customer demand. There was no
529:
Rural craftsmanship was thus strongly linked to agricultural activity. This nexus could endure when, installed in the city, the craftsman fed his workshop with the production of the domain he possessed in the
117:
which refers to the idea of creation, of making an object, remains rather neutral and general (it designates the potter as well as the aedo or the diviner), the pejorative character of the term βάναυσος /
840:
Phenomenon evoked by
Xenophon, "Los ingresos públicos" iv.6-7: "In the works of the silver mines everyone says that there is a lack of workers. And, indeed, it does not happen as when there are many
659:
the value of the product) for an exclusively local clientele. Poorly known, these craftsmen who rarely had workers at their disposal, formed "the real artisan fabric of the cities," the mass of the
733:) or through the rent paid by a metics, such as the freedman Formion who delivered every year 60 mines to the two sons of Pasion, which allowed them to engage in politics and to assume costly
392:
was the transformation of agricultural production into foodstuffs requested daily by the household. Again, this was a predominantly female task, but as it was heavier than textile work, the
63:
century BC. With the growth of trade, slave labor began to be used extensively in handicrafts. Only the best quality dyed cloth, and in particular Tyrian purple, was made in the workshops.
403:
The Greek peasant sought, whenever possible, to construct and maintain the buildings of the domain; he also preferred to take care of the manufacture of his tools, at least those of wood.
186:
However, the strength of this aristocratic ideal, more or less infused in society as a whole, was not everywhere of the same order. If it was imposed in warlike or rural cities such as
597:
neighborhood in Athens. They could also be concentrated outside the walls, such as the potters, stone workshops and craftsmen specialized in the processing of agricultural products in
663:
despised by the aristocratic milieus. They had no stock and worked mostly on demand. This great dependence on the customer only accentuated their poor image in a society of ideal
205:, city where the craftsmanship was particularly developed. This significant proportion of artisans among the citizens of Athens is also underlined, in order to denigrate them, by
153:
above any other productive activity. In fact, the free man was considered to be the one who does not depend on anyone but himself and his ability to exploit the land he owns, his
751:
owners ", would necessarily have suffered due to the fact of the reduced character of potential demand, outside a particular juncture (manufacture of weapons in a war context.)
263:
In a quarry, it seems that the remuneration of slaves was equivalent to that of free workers, a part of the salary being given to their master. During the construction of the
157:
for his survival. Living on his goods, he does not depend on the will of another, unlike the craftsman who, to survive, must have customers willing to buy what he produces.
130:
refers to the mastery of a particular skill and goes far beyond the strict field of craftsmanship in that respect, since it also designates the virtuoso actor or soloist.
522:), identified thanks to visible seals on the handle of their amphorae, were therefore very often those who owned these large wine-growing domains devoted to export.
59:
were probably in the majority, there were also many free citizens in the workshops. They developed crafts such as musical instruments, sculptures, pottery, etc.
80:. "The artisan could sell his own production, but he should not be confused with the merchant: he manufactures part or all of the product he markets."
468:, as to show from the Mylassa leases that the geographical implantation of some craft activities were linked to the location of raw material seams:
219:
The real possibilities of enrichment by craftsmanship activity can certainly contribute to explain this discrepancy between discourse and reality.
712:
The substantial number of personnel in these workshops should not lead one to suppose that they worked all together in one place, in a sort of "
247:
were employed by their owners in tasks of more or less importance according to their skills. Thus, while most of the slaves who worked in the
1484:
447:(1198-1206), others were sedentary. They provided the peasants with the objects they could not take care of making themselves, found in the
709:' father's knife and bed factory, which were not "small businesses", since with 50 workers in all, they brought in 4200 drachmas a year.
1510:
174:
is justified by the quality of the citizen: it is much greater than their professional activity, which deprives them of the σχολή /
122:
underlines the contempt of the Greeks for these manual workers (as opposed to the intellectual) who used the fire of their kiln (
1468:
Philippe Casier, «Le statut social des artisans dans la péninsule balkanique et les îles de la mer Egée de 478 à 88 av. J.-C.»,
582:
or in the 6th century BC, such as that of a craftsman manufacturing under the gaze of his customer the object he has requested.
1481:
Les artisans dans les sanctuaires grecs aux époques classique et hellénistique à travers la documentation financière en Grèce
534:, but most often it was through intermediaries to procure raw materials, and his ties with the agricultural world were weak.
770:
629:
reduced by the provision of specific structures, such as running water ponds for the meat and fish markets of
Corinth and
507:
150:
77:
348:, from what is intended for commercialization on the local market. Very often, it seems that the objective was twofold.
867:
Francine Blondé, Arthur Muller, "Artisanat, artisans, ateliers en
Grecice ancienne: définitions, esquisse de bilan",
425:
The manufacture of metal objects is the first explanation for the development of specialized trades, external to the
1515:
551:
1089:
Lysias, XXXIV, "Contra una proposición tendente a destruir en Atenas el gobierno transmitido por los ancestros'" 4
873:
L'artisanat en Grèce ancienne: les artisans, les ateliers. Actes du colloque de Lille (11-12 de diciembre de 1997)
578:. This public character, open to the outside, of the craft activity appears in representations of scenes from the
765:
244:
56:
178:
of the leisure indispensable to devote themselves sufficiently to their friends and to the affairs of the city.
138:
The sources at our disposal regularly underline the bad image of craftsmen in Greek society, and justify it, as
844:, who do not value the work of forging and have to abandon the trade"; on these questions. —Philippe Gauthier,
734:
216:, among the workers whose status is specified, there were 23% citizens, compared to 58% metics and 19% slaves.
1463:
L'artisanat en Grèce ancienne: les
Productions, les Diffusions: actes du colloque de Lyon, 10-11 décembre 1998
1210:
L'artisanat en Grèce ancienne: les productions, les diffusions, Presses de l'Université Lille 3, 2000, p. 152
593:, but could also be grouped in "artisanal" neighborhoods, possibly specialized—street of the bronze workers,
1520:
1500:
393:
44:, but whose presence in the sources is not disproved since it was seen to grow throughout Greek Antiquity.
697:'s lamp-making workshops, both politicians in the foreground in Athens at the end of the 5th century BC,
742:
601:, and within the city, but in peripheral areas, such as the potters' quarter of Athens (the ceramic) or
511:
268:
589:, insofar as their activity were little polluting, were sometimes scattered throughout the city, as in
1505:
443:
88:
activities "to which the ancients accorded the status of artistic production and the patronage of a
357:
212:
The proportion of citizens among the artisans was not negligible. According to the accounts of the
686:
381:
646:
546:
16:
760:
702:
598:
280:
1525:
614:
377:
198:
315:
1530:
606:
602:
555:
191:
1232:
Marie-Claire
Amouretti, «De l'ethnologie à l'économie: le coût de l'outillage agricole»,
1189:
Marie-Claire
Amouretti, «De l'ethnologie à l'économie: le coût de l'outillage agricole»,
304:
with the urban or rural space, in commercial activities, and even in the domestic space.
1219:
Christophe Chandezon, «Paysage et économie en Asie Mineure (IIe-Ier siècle av. J.-C.)»,
295:. The constitution of these fortunes led to the creation of true dynasties of artisans.
1206:
Marie-Claire Amouretti, L'artisanat, indispensable au fonctionnement de l'agriculture,
651:
579:
409:
328:
324:
202:
48:
429:, in the Greek countryside. Some of these craftsmen were itinerant, like the maker of
1494:
747:
559:
496:. He also needed a specialist to guarantee him a high quality of manufacture for the
461:
373:
106:
21:
465:
438:
40:
The artisans or "craftsmen" constituted a minority population in the Greek city of
625:
producer of agricultural raw materials (as for example in the Tauric Chersonese).
464:
workshops in the countryside, intended at the same time to exploit the reaches of
841:
713:
706:
477:
264:
213:
890:
Les artisans dans les sanctuaires grecs, aux époques classique et hellénistique
201:, they would be almost 10,000 (out of a total of 30,000 or 40,000 citizens) in
694:
605:, or closer to the center as the "industrial quarter" of Athens, southwest of
510:
and were difficult to replace, which explains their high price (from 30 to 50
514:). At a higher level, some workshops could be "coupled" to a farm. Thus, in
397:
158:
671:
resulting from these workshops were often refined or luxurious (clothing,
279:
the city—numerous had made a fortune in craftsmanship activities, such as
126:) to manufacture ceramic or metal objects. The use of the word τεχνίτης /
1139:
L'économie de la Grèce des cités, tome I: les structures et la production
1024:
481:
341:
337:
320:
224:
206:
139:
457:
of the city, where metal tools were manufactured and especially forged.
664:
610:
594:
575:
493:
449:
361:
353:
288:
248:
228:
146:
502:
in which he stored his production, insofar as these large half-buried
725:
672:
630:
515:
497:
485:
434:
430:
404:
284:
220:
187:
954:
698:
690:
645:
590:
571:
545:
473:
454:
345:
292:
275:
167:
149:, which irrigated the mentality of the time and lead to privilege
89:
52:
41:
33:
15:
396:
who practiced it were often of servile origin. In the theater of
489:
469:
414:
267:, free and slave craftsmen were paid the same amount, about one
37:
and in workshops of size that gathered several tens of workers.
291:
and who had 120 slaves in his workshops for the manufacture of
705:, Cephalus, father of the orator Lysias, with his 120 slaves,
503:
243:
Most of the artisans belonged to the slave labor force. These
145:
Craft activity was considered incompatible with the ideals of
642:
From the small craftsman shopkeeper to the "master craftsman"
1474:Économies et sociétés dans la Grèce égéenne 478-88 av. J.-C.
51:, there were craftsmen of different social strata. If the
985:Économies et sociétés en Grèce ancienne (478-88 av. J-C.)
1465:, Ceges-Université Lille 3, 2000, ISBN 978-2-84467-020-5
550:
Bakers in the trough, a flute player gives the cadence,
364:
of wool or linen point to feminine functions within the
1238:
Economie et société en Grèce antique (478-88 av. J.-C.)
1195:
Economie et société en Grèce antique (478-88 av. J.-C.)
566:
When installed in the city, the craftsmen worked in an
20:
Potter's workshop, corinthian plate from 575 - 550 BC,
1240:, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2007, p. 147
925:
Le monde grec aux temps classiques, tome I: le s. V
650:Stele of the shoemaker Janotype, ca. 430 - 420 BC,
260:, put in place from the 4th century BC in Athens).
1324:
1322:
1320:
805:, 478-88 av. J.-C., éditions du temps, 2007, p. 17
1476:, Éditions du temps, 2007, ISBN 978-2-84274-416-8
680:Development and problems of the "large workshops"
340:weaving her veil while waiting for the return of
1197:, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2007, p. 146
67:Status of craftsmanship, status of the craftsman
1039:Le monde grec et l'orient, tome I: le Ve siècle
846:Un commentaire historique des Poroi de Xénophon
685:develop on the scale of the Greek world in the
134:An activity deemed unworthy of a truly free man
901:Christophe Feyel and Philippe Casier above all
1236:Pierre Brulé, Jacques Oulhen, Francis Prost,
1193:Pierre Brulé, Jacques Oulhen, Francis Prost,
488:. The Greek peasant was regularly in need of
453:(XVIII, 328) and in Hesiod references to the
8:
803:Économies et sociétés dans la Grèce égéenne
814:"Pass by without sitting by the forge." —
101:Diverse designations for a varied reality
936:Francine Blondé et Arthur Muller (dir),
910:Francine Blondé et Arthur Muller (dir),
372:. There are numerous representations on
314:
892:, Ecole française d'Athènes, 2006, p. 9
871:Francine Blondé y Arthur Muller (dir),
860:
781:
701:factory of the metics originating from
613:, or more rarely in the center as in
7:
953:iv.2. Se encuentra la misma idea en
1150:Francine Blondé et Arthur Muller,
388:Another essential activity of the
14:
1461:Francine Blondé, Arthur Muller,
239:An activity of slaves and metics
484:and/or to respond to the local
283:Cephalus, father of the orator
1431:Marie-Françoise Baslez (dir),
1297:Marie-Françoise Baslez (dir),
1163:Marie-Françoise Baslez (dir),
437:instead of weapons, evoked by
413:, indicates how to assemble a
170:does in his ideal city of the
1:
1262:Xenophon, Ciropedia viiii.2.5
1052:L'économie des cités grecques
771:Agriculture in ancient Greece
92:" (like music, poetry, etc.)
1221:Histoire et sociétés rurales
1141:, Armand Colin, 2007, p. 193
376:of women spinning wool, and
1547:
538:The urban workshop-store (
1511:Economy of ancient Greece
1485:École française d'Athènes
848:, Droz, 1976, pp. 120-131
766:Economy of ancient Greece
1249:Marie-Françoise Baslez,
1054:, Ellipses, 2007, p. 80
816:Los Trabajos y los Días
96:An undervalued activity
655:
637:Types of craftsmanship
563:
472:for the production of
332:
182:A more nuanced reality
25:
1065:Recuerdos de Sócrates
879:8/2, 1998, p. 832-834
649:
549:
318:
19:
1011:Biblioteca histórica
987:, Sedes, 2008, p. 58
609:in the direction of
552:terracotta figurines
308:Within the scope of
299:Craftsmanship spaces
29:Ancient Greek crafts
1041:, PUF, 1994, p. 633
927:, PUF, 1995, p. 32.
743:supply-side economy
78:agricultural sector
72:A tricky definition
1479:Christophe Feyel,
1472:Michel Debildour,
1368:Contra Eratóstenes
1284:Léopold Migeotte,
1176:Léopold Migeotte,
1126:Contra Eratóstenes
1076:Christophe Feyel,
1050:Léopold Migeotte,
1009:Diodorus Siculus,
888:Christophe Feyel,
656:
564:
333:
26:
1516:Ancient Greek art
1098:Philippe Casier,
761:Ancient Greek art
599:Tauric Chersonese
287:, established in
1538:
1449:
1444:Raymond Descat,
1442:
1436:
1429:
1423:
1418:Raymond Descat,
1416:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1390:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1353:Raymond Descat,
1351:
1345:
1338:
1332:
1328:Raymond Descat,
1326:
1315:
1310:Raymond Descat,
1308:
1302:
1295:
1289:
1282:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1247:
1241:
1230:
1224:
1223:n°9, 1998, p. 52
1217:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1187:
1181:
1174:
1168:
1161:
1155:
1148:
1142:
1135:
1129:
1122:
1116:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1081:
1074:
1068:
1061:
1055:
1048:
1042:
1035:
1029:
1020:
1014:
1007:
1001:
994:
988:
983:Olivier Picard,
981:
975:
968:
962:
947:
941:
934:
928:
923:Raymond Descat,
921:
915:
908:
902:
899:
893:
886:
880:
875:, publicados en
865:
849:
838:
832:
825:
819:
812:
806:
799:
793:
786:
615:Heraclea Lucania
558:, 525 - 475 BC,
460:There were also
433:arrived to sell
319:Woman spinning,
254:chôris oikountes
199:Classical Greece
113:If δημιουργός /
1546:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1491:
1490:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1443:
1439:
1430:
1426:
1417:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1392:Alain Bresson,
1391:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1348:
1340:Alain Bresson,
1339:
1335:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1279:
1270:
1266:
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1248:
1244:
1231:
1227:
1218:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1188:
1184:
1175:
1171:
1162:
1158:
1149:
1145:
1137:Alain Bresson,
1136:
1132:
1123:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1036:
1032:
1021:
1017:
1008:
1004:
995:
991:
982:
978:
969:
965:
948:
944:
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931:
922:
918:
909:
905:
900:
896:
887:
883:
866:
862:
857:
852:
839:
835:
826:
822:
813:
809:
800:
796:
787:
783:
779:
757:
687:Hellenistic era
682:
644:
639:
544:
506:were not to be
423:
421:Rural craftwork
378:spinning wheels
313:
301:
241:
184:
136:
110:various terms.
103:
98:
74:
69:
12:
11:
5:
1544:
1542:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1521:Ancient Athens
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1501:Ancient Greece
1493:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1477:
1466:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1437:
1424:
1411:
1405:Édouard Will,
1398:
1385:
1372:
1359:
1346:
1333:
1316:
1303:
1290:
1277:
1264:
1255:
1242:
1225:
1212:
1199:
1182:
1169:
1156:
1143:
1130:
1117:
1111:Édouard Will,
1104:
1091:
1082:
1069:
1056:
1043:
1037:Édouard Will,
1030:
1015:
1002:
989:
976:
963:
942:
929:
916:
903:
894:
881:
859:
858:
856:
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833:
820:
807:
794:
780:
778:
775:
774:
773:
768:
763:
756:
753:
693:'s tannery or
681:
678:
652:British Museum
643:
640:
638:
635:
580:Archaic Period
543:
536:
492:, crockery or
422:
419:
410:Works and Days
329:British Museum
327:, ca. 490 BC.
325:Brygos Painter
312:
306:
300:
297:
240:
237:
183:
180:
135:
132:
105:The fact that
102:
99:
97:
94:
73:
70:
68:
65:
49:Ancient Greece
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1543:
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1016:
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999:
993:
990:
986:
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977:
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964:
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952:
946:
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926:
920:
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904:
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837:
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612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
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573:
569:
561:
560:Louvre Museum
557:
553:
548:
541:
537:
535:
533:
527:
523:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
476:and pottery,
475:
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467:
463:
458:
456:
452:
451:
446:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
420:
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412:
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406:
401:
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395:
391:
386:
383:
379:
375:
374:Greek pottery
371:
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349:
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160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
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133:
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129:
125:
121:
116:
111:
108:
107:Ancient Greek
100:
95:
93:
91:
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79:
71:
66:
64:
60:
58:
54:
50:
45:
43:
38:
36:
35:
30:
23:
22:Louvre Museum
18:
1480:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1456:Bibliography
1445:
1440:
1432:
1427:
1419:
1414:
1406:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1381:Contra Áfobo
1380:
1379:Demosthenes
1375:
1367:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1311:
1306:
1298:
1293:
1285:
1280:
1273:La República
1272:
1267:
1258:
1250:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1220:
1215:
1207:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1164:
1159:
1151:
1146:
1138:
1133:
1125:
1120:
1112:
1107:
1099:
1094:
1085:
1077:
1072:
1064:
1059:
1051:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1023:
1018:
1010:
1005:
997:
992:
984:
979:
971:
966:
959:La República
958:
950:
945:
937:
932:
924:
919:
911:
906:
897:
889:
884:
876:
872:
868:
863:
845:
842:boilermakers
836:
828:
823:
815:
810:
802:
797:
789:
784:
748:chrématistai
746:
739:
730:
721:
718:
711:
683:
669:
660:
657:
627:
622:
619:
586:
584:
567:
565:
539:
531:
528:
524:
519:
498:
466:raw material
459:
448:
442:
439:Aristophanes
426:
424:
408:
402:
389:
387:
370:erga gynaïka
369:
365:
350:
334:
309:
302:
273:
262:
257:
253:
242:
233:
218:
211:
196:
185:
175:
171:
164:
154:
144:
137:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
104:
86:
84:historians.
82:
75:
61:
46:
39:
32:
28:
27:
1506:Handicrafts
996:Aristotle,
714:manufacture
707:Demosthenes
568:ergasterion
540:ergasterion
478:cane fields
265:Erechtheion
214:Erechtheion
151:agriculture
115:demiourgós,
1495:Categories
1102:, p. 15-16
1022:Xenophon,
970:Xenophon,
949:Xenophon,
855:References
695:Hyperbolus
587:ergasteria
520:ceramarcas
1357:, p. 325.
1063:Xenophon
972:Económico
961:vi.495d-e
951:Económico
735:liturgies
398:Euripides
385:oneself.
281:Syracusan
271:per day.
197:Thus, in
159:Aristotle
128:technítês
1448:, p. 326
1435:, p. 433
1433:op. cit.
1422:, p. 329
1409:, p. 652
1407:op. cit.
1396:, p. 193
1314:, p. 324
1301:, p. 256
1286:op. cit.
1253:, p. 255
1167:, p. 253
1165:op. cit.
1154:, p. 836
1124:Lysias,
1115:, p. 651
1113:op. cit.
1080:, p. 320
1078:op. cit.
1025:op. cit.
998:Retórica
940:, p. 832
914:, p. 835
831:, p. 657
829:op. cit.
818:, v. 493
792:, p. 835
755:See also
731:apophora
722:akinduno
661:banausoi
512:drachmae
494:amphoras
482:basketry
462:ceramics
382:spindles
358:spinning
338:Penelope
258:apophorá
229:horsemen
225:hoplites
207:Socrates
140:Xenophon
120:bánausos
1526:Pottery
1446:op.cit.
1420:op.cit.
1394:op.cit.
1366:Lysias
1355:op.cit.
1344:, p. 52
1342:op.cit.
1312:op.cit.
1299:op.cit.
1288:, p. 82
1275:370 b-d
1271:Plato,
1251:op.cit.
1180:, p. 82
1178:op.cit.
1152:op.cit.
1100:op.cit.
1067:iii.7.6
938:op.cit.
912:op.cit.
790:op.cit.
699:shields
665:autarky
611:Piraeus
603:Corinth
595:ceramic
576:portico
450:Odyssey
435:sickles
431:scythes
362:weaving
354:carding
342:Ulysses
293:shields
289:Piraeus
269:drachma
249:Laurion
176:scholé,
147:autarky
1531:Crafts
1487:, 2006
1028:iv.2-3
1013:i.74.7
726:Pasion
703:Sicily
673:purple
631:Priene
556:Thebes
516:Thasos
508:porous
499:pithoi
486:demand
474:bricks
405:Hesiod
368:, the
321:enocoe
285:Lysias
276:metics
245:slaves
221:Lysias
203:Athens
192:Thebes
188:Sparta
155:oikos,
124:baunos
57:slaves
53:metics
955:Plato
877:Topoi
777:Notes
691:Cleon
623:chora
607:Agora
591:Delos
572:agora
554:from
532:chôra
490:tiles
455:forge
444:Peace
427:oikos
407:, in
394:women
390:oikos
366:oikos
346:oikos
310:oikos
227:, of
172:Laws,
168:Plato
42:Polis
34:oikos
1330:Ibid
974:iv.3
585:The
504:jars
480:for
470:clay
415:plow
360:and
274:The
90:Muse
55:and
1383:i.9
1000:i.9
441:in
323:by
190:or
47:In
1497::
1483:,
1470:in
1370:19
1319:^
1234:en
1208:en
1191:en
1128:19
957:,
869:en
737:.
689:.
667:.
633:.
617:.
380:,
356:,
720:(
654:.
562:.
542:)
331:.
252:(
24:.
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