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493:. In the ancient period, the city had private and public baths, running water, sewerage, and underfloor heating. The streets were paved with stone, and there were inns, a royal palace, stone houses, and fountains with drinking water. There were potteries with ancient forges, and an artisan quarter with numerous workshops. Residential quarters partly lay under what is nowadays the rural locality of
1647:
661:
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Ethnologists and historians state that there is a connection between
Mokshaland animal-style archeological findings and early Russian reliefs, especially the so-called "smiling lions" in the inner decor of
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334:
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From The Second
Jerusalem To The Third Rome. Sacred Tstardom Symbols. Ideocratic Paradigm Genesis In Russian Culture in between 11th and 13th centuries
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if the cities had not been destroyed in the Middle Ages. The animal style dates back to
Scythian art, having been prominent in the
638:
2246:
1319:"Great City" Localization In The Light Of 1184 Events Reconstruction. Statehood Of East Bulghars between 9th and 13th centuries
434:
The city's foundation date is unknown. The archeological findings confirmed the first city population was Moksha. According to
442:
means "former bog place covered with grass". The city lay in a lowland on a former bog. The first mention of the city was in
1400:
Making Mongol
History: Rashid al-Din and the Jamiʿ al-Tawarikh (Edinburgh Studies in Classical Islamic History and Culture)
1301:
2064:
766:'Alanian') princess Maria Shvarnovna. Artisans in this unique Russian style came together with her and they were
716:
643:
679:
723:. They believe similar "Mokshan lions" might have been preserved in the stone buildings of Ancient Noronshasht and
1646:
683:
749:
450:). After the 13th century, the city was often referred to as Mukhsha or Mukhshi, which was the name of the
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1114:Карамзин Н. М. История государства Российского: в 12 томах. — СПб.: Тип. Н. Греча, 1816—1829
909:
783:
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2130:
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1626:
554:
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346:
119:
410:. The ruins, which include stone buildings, fortifications, and a pagan cemetery, are in
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1973:
1953:
1943:
1686:
1636:
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In Search Of
Mukhshi. Saratov University History, Archeology and Ethnography Society
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1802:
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This article is about the historical city. For
Russian Fort Narovchat, see
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2013:
1983:
1938:
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34:
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1988:
1958:
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142:
1370:
Serebrenikov, B.A.; Feoktistov, A.P.; Polyakov, O.Y., eds. (1998) .
2038:
1978:
1918:
1887:
1817:
1541:
1124:
Laurentian Codex, 1377, Russian
National Library, Saint-Petersburg
767:
637:
621:
577:
563:
465:). The official city name used in the Mongol period was Nurinjat.
333:
1857:
1767:
1762:
837:
The medieval city ruins were discovered by
Russian archeologist
490:
399:
1430:
1156:
848:
801:
654:
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1279:
Excavations
Description. Archeologist Vitaly Lebedev's works
1426:
1302:"Golden Horde City Mokhshi Topography in 13-14th Centuries"
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818:
521:
438:
754:
547:
357:
2118:
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1755:
1654:
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1417:Cherapkin, Iosif (1929). "Mokshoks Yarmak Lepne ".
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394:in 1230-1237. It was the administrative center of
1306:Вестник Пензенского Государственного Университета
1145:
1026:
497:. Northwest of Narovchat is the pagan cemetery.
981:lit.: "holed", probably later equal to Russian
561:might have been minted in Noronshasht as well.
21:Narovchat, Narovchatsky District, Penza Oblast
1442:
8:
1300:Ikonnikov, Dmitry; Baisheva, Marina (2018),
1157:Serebrenikov, Feoktistov & Polyakov 1998
682:. There might be a discussion about this on
473:Noronshasht was the capital of the medieval
378:
123:
26:
95:
67:
48:Kabeer on Al-Idrisi World map 804/1154 A.D.
1449:
1435:
1427:
1340:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1312:(21), Penza State University Review: 82–90
1291:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1268:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1245:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
634:. Gold-finished bronze. ca. 2nd century AD
42:
25:
1402:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
1178:
778:. Larionov also mentions animal style in
731:. Schapov explains this by the fact that
702:Learn how and when to remove this message
1213:
1202:
553:still means "money" in the contemporary
1393:(in Russian), Penza: Sokolov Publishing
1190:
1167:
1134:
1103:
1092:
1081:
1070:
1059:
1048:
1037:
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1007:
941:
1333:
1284:
1261:
1238:
780:Church of the Intercession on the Nerl
446:'s map in 1154, under the name Kabir (
398:and one of its centres of coinage. In
338:Moxel capital city in Moxel in 13th c.
103:Ancient Noronshasht (European Russia)
7:
379:
124:
642:"Mokshan lions" in inner decor of
574:coin minted between 830 and 840 AD
75:Location of the site within Russia
14:
2257:Former populated places in Russia
1645:
852:
805:
659:
508:
386:)) was a large trade hub on the
94:
87:
66:
59:
485:. Noronshasht was conquered by
481:mentions the name of its king,
1321:(in Russian), Cheboksary: Taus
586:probably minted in Noronshasht
406:and became the capital of the
1:
1146:Ikonnikov & Baisheva 2018
1027:Ikonnikov & Baisheva 2018
963:later equal to Russian rouble
477:kingdom Murunza. The Russian
16:Archaeological site in Russia
717:Cathedral of Saint Demetrius
644:Cathedral of Saint Demetrius
548:
358:
1349:Larionov, Vladimir (2019).
1231:Krotkov, Aleksandr (1923),
755:
626:Animal style mask found in
402:the city was taken over by
106:Show map of European Russia
2273:
2242:Medieval history of Russia
539:
350:
328:museum-nar.penz.muzkult.ru
18:
2252:Geography of Penza Oblast
2201:
1643:
1464:
1372:Moksha-Russian Dictionary
798:Discovery and excavations
788:Cathedral of the Nativity
744:
418:at the confluence of the
53:
41:
31:
1317:Madurov, Dmitry (2012),
1277:Lebedev, Vitaly (1958),
1254:Lebedev, Vitaly (1957),
590:Other coins were called
430:Foundation and etymology
414:near the modern town of
390:and the capital city of
78:Show map of Penza Oblast
2247:Defunct towns in Russia
2135:Khazar ancestry claims
1398:Kamola, Stefan (2019).
1256:Mysterious City Mokhshi
283:Mongol Takeover in 1237
33:νορονσαστ, Noronshasht
1883:Semikarakorsk Fortress
1389:Golubev, O.V. (2020),
1374:(in Russian). Digora.
1355:(in Russian). Litres.
1326:Schapov, V.A. (2013),
861:This section is empty.
729:Saltovo-Mayaki culture
647:
635:
632:Saltovo-Mayaki culture
587:
575:
339:
320:Penza Oblast Authority
2126:Khazar Correspondence
1421:(in Moksha). Saransk.
1235:(in Russian), Saratov
1017:, pp. 11, 16, 19
733:Vsevolod the Big Nest
641:
625:
581:
567:
337:
293:Excavation dates
116:Alternative name
672:confusing or unclear
1519:Dnieper trade route
1330:(in Russian), Penza
1281:(in Russian), Penza
1258:(in Russian), Penza
680:clarify the section
461:(after the name of
180:53.8493°N 43.7374°E
176: /
28:
2183:Mandgelis Document
2166:Khazars in fiction
2105:Svetlana Pletnyova
1747:Yitzhak ha-Sangari
900:Mokshaland History
817:. You can help by
648:
636:
588:
576:
520:. You can help by
340:
2214:
2213:
2095:Alexander Harkavy
2065:Mikhail Artamonov
1514:Volga trade route
972:lit.: "not holed"
951:ﻥﺭﻥﺝﺍﻁ, Nurinjat
881:
880:
839:Aleksandr Krotkov
835:
834:
765:
753:
712:
711:
704:
538:
537:
368:
356:
332:
331:
304:Aleksandr Krotkov
269:Satellite of
253:Early Middle Ages
2264:
2193:Schechter Letter
2149:Crimean Karaites
2100:Thomas S. Noonan
1649:
1484:Arab–Khazar wars
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1193:, pp. 16–17
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992:
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979:
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970:
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955:
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910:Khazar Khaganate
876:
873:
863:You can help by
856:
849:
830:
827:
809:
802:
784:Andrew the Pious
760:
758:
748:
746:
737:Andrew the Pious
707:
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479:Laurentian Codex
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355:romanized:
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273:Khazar Khaganate
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185:53.8493; 43.7374
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2159:Jewish Cossacks
2131:Khazar language
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2110:Omeljan Pritsak
2085:Peter B. Golden
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1902:
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1391:Mokhshi Coinage
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815:needs expansion
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555:Moksha language
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518:needs expansion
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436:Iosif Cherapkin
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236:before 7th c AD
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1308:(in Russian),
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1179:Cherapkin 1929
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2178:Kievan Letter
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1944:Black Klobuks
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1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1687:Hazer Tarkhan
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:Other figures
1653:
1648:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1529:Khazar rulers
1526:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:Pax Khazarica
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1447:
1445:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1381:5-200-02012-3
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1215:
1214:Larionov 2019
1210:
1207:
1204:
1203:Larionov 2019
1199:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1001:
991:
988:
984:
978:
975:
969:
966:
960:
957:
954:
950:
945:
942:
935:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
883:
875:
866:
862:
858:
855:
851:
850:
844:
842:
840:
829:
820:
816:
813:This section
811:
808:
804:
803:
797:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
763:
757:
751:
742:
738:
735:, brother of
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
706:
703:
695:
685:
684:the talk page
681:
675:
673:
668:This section
666:
657:
656:
650:
645:
640:
633:
629:
624:
617:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
585:
582:Erzya silver
580:
573:
570:
569:Pax Khazarica
566:
562:
560:
556:
552:
550:
543:
532:
523:
519:
516:This section
514:
511:
507:
506:
500:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
468:
466:
464:
460:
456:
453:
449:
445:
441:
440:Middle Moksha
437:
429:
427:
425:
424:Moksha Rivers
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
376:
372:
366:
360:
348:
344:
336:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
286:
282:
278:
274:
271:
267:
264:
261:
257:
254:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
161:
157:
154:
151:
147:
144:
140:
137:
133:
130:
121:
118:
114:
90:
62:
52:
45:
40:
36:
30:
22:
2170:
1798:Golden Hills
1662:Alp Iluetuer
1418:
1399:
1390:
1371:
1351:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1305:
1278:
1255:
1232:
1209:
1198:
1191:Schapov 2013
1186:
1181:, p. 14
1174:
1168:Golubev 2020
1163:
1152:
1141:
1135:Krotkov 1923
1130:
1119:
1110:
1104:Lebedev 1958
1099:
1093:Lebedev 1957
1088:
1082:Madurov 2012
1077:
1071:Krotkov 1923
1066:
1060:Lebedev 1957
1055:
1049:Lebedev 1957
1044:
1038:Madurov 2012
1033:
1022:
1015:Lebedev 1958
1010:
990:
985:, less value
977:
968:
959:
944:
869:
865:adding to it
860:
836:
823:
819:adding to it
814:
772:Animal style
713:
698:
689:
678:Please help
669:
651:Moksha lions
618:Architecture
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
589:
583:
545:
526:
522:adding to it
517:
472:
459:Golden Horde
451:
447:
433:
412:Penza Oblast
408:Golden Horde
342:
341:
139:Penza Oblast
2227:Volga Finns
2090:Lev Gumilev
2080:Norman Golb
2075:D.M. Dunlop
1907:Tributaries
1783:Chersonesus
1717:Ras Tarkhan
1667:Alp Tarkhan
1597:Manasseh II
1328:Clan Symbol
994:copper coin
739:, married (
359:Noronshasht
343:Noronshasht
183: /
159:Coordinates
27:Noronshasht
2221:Categories
2154:Subbotniks
1999:Laz people
1964:East Slavs
1914:Abkhazians
1898:Tamatarkha
1868:Samosdelka
1732:Sviatoslav
1577:Manasseh I
1504:Radhanites
1002:References
925:Bjarmaland
770:who share
674:to readers
646:, Vladimir
463:Mokshaland
317:Management
288:Site notes
171:43°44′15″E
168:53°50′57″N
2139:Ashkenazi
2029:Pechenegs
1929:Baranjars
1672:Balgitzin
1557:Zachariah
1494:Meshchera
1469:Byzantium
1419:Valda Yan
920:Gardariki
872:June 2024
841:in 1915.
826:July 2024
750:romanized
692:July 2024
600:variaftom
529:July 2024
495:Narovchat
487:Batu Khan
444:al-Idrisi
416:Narovchat
404:Batu Khan
388:Silk Road
351:νορονςαςτ
309:Condition
296:1923-1927
241:Abandoned
2206:Category
2188:Red Jews
2144:Cossacks
2058:Scholars
2014:Mordvins
1984:Kipchaks
1939:Bashkirs
1853:Sambalut
1848:Samandar
1828:Khazaran
1793:Güsliyev
1788:Dagestan
1773:Balanjar
1737:Theodora
1707:Papatzys
1622:Aaron II
1617:Benjamin
1582:Hanukkah
1572:Hezekiah
1489:Kipchaks
1479:Abbasids
1474:Bulgaria
1458:Khazaria
1336:citation
1287:citation
1264:citation
1241:citation
884:See also
721:Vladimir
604:variavne
598:(gold),
542:Mordovka
420:Sheldais
312:In ruins
259:Cultures
225:Material
199:Cultural
135:Location
2232:Khazars
2044:Uralics
2024:Onogurs
2009:Magyars
2004:Lezgins
1994:Kassogs
1934:Barsils
1924:Arsiyah
1863:Samiran
1838:Levedia
1813:Kazarki
1742:Tzitzak
1727:Sfengus
1682:Bulchan
1612:Menahem
1607:Aaron I
1592:Zebulun
1567:Obadiah
1552:Parsbit
1224:Sources
890:Mokshas
776:Mokshas
764:
756:yasinya
752::
741:Russian
670:may be
559:shelegs
501:Coinage
469:History
457:of the
455:Mukhsha
396:Murunza
373:',
367:
325:Website
249:Periods
233:Founded
220:History
2172:Kuzari
2119:Legacy
2034:Sabirs
1989:Kumyks
1979:Kabars
1974:Juhuri
1959:Cumans
1949:Burtas
1878:Sarkel
1873:Saqsin
1858:Sambat
1833:Khumar
1808:Kavkaz
1756:Places
1722:Serach
1712:Pesakh
1702:Leo IV
1677:Barjik
1637:George
1627:Joseph
1406:
1378:
1359:
983:kopeck
930:sheleg
915:Alania
905:Burtas
792:Suzdal
725:Sernya
628:Sernya
612:serene
606:, and
584:shelik
572:sheleg
557:, and
549:Yarmaq
483:Puresh
475:Moksha
375:Arabic
347:Moksha
280:Events
204:Length
149:Region
143:Russia
120:Arabic
2039:Sarir
2019:Oghuz
1919:Alans
1893:Taman
1888:Sudak
1823:Kerem
1818:Kerch
1803:Kaffa
1632:David
1587:Isaac
1562:Bulan
1547:Bihar
1542:Busir
1537:Irbis
949:Turki
936:Notes
895:Moxel
774:with
768:Alans
745:ясыня
448:Great
392:Moxel
369:'
244:1600s
228:stone
212:Width
153:Moxel
1969:Huns
1768:Azaq
1763:Atil
1692:HLGW
1602:Nisi
1509:Rus'
1404:ISBN
1376:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1342:link
1293:link
1270:link
1247:link
786:and
762:lit.
608:sere
592:valf
491:1237
452:ulus
422:and
400:1237
380:كبير
365:lit.
207:2000
196:Type
125:كبير
1778:Bar
953:IPA
867:.
821:.
790:in
782:of
719:in
610:or
596:oka
524:.
489:in
384:IPA
371:IPA
215:900
129:IPA
35:IPA
2223::
1338:}}
1334:{{
1304:,
1289:}}
1285:{{
1266:}}
1262:{{
1243:}}
1239:{{
794:.
759:,
747:,
743::
630:.
614:.
602:,
594:,
426:.
362:,
353:,
349::
141:,
1450:e
1443:t
1436:v
1412:.
1384:.
1365:.
1344:)
1310:1
1295:)
1272:)
1249:)
1216:.
874:)
870:(
828:)
824:(
705:)
699:(
694:)
690:(
686:.
676:.
531:)
527:(
377::
345:(
122::
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
