223:
56:
1264:
63:
578:
canal to the south of the city, which carried water and commerce east to
Baghdad. The Nahr al-Saqlawiyya or Nahr al-Qarma canal, which branches off from the Euphrates to the west of the city, is sometimes erroneously held to be the Nahr Isa, but it is more likely that it is to be identified with the
857:
It is now entirely deserted, occupied only by mounds of ruins, whose great number indicate the city's former importance. Its ruins are 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) northwest of
Fallujah, with a circumference of some 6 kilometres (3.7 mi). The remains include traces of the late medieval wall, a
1130:
Oriens
Christianus, in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus: quo exhibentur ecclesiæ, patriarchæ, cæterique præsules totius Orientis. Tomus secundus, in quo Illyricum Orientale ad Patriarchatum Constantinopolitanum pertinens, Patriarchatus Alexandrinus & Antiochenus, magnæque Chaldæorum &
593:) stayed at the town in 799 and in 803. The town's prosperity was founded on agricultural activities, but also on trade between Iraq and Syria. The town was still prosperous in the early 9th century, but the
197:
in 762. It remained a moderately prosperous town through the 10th century, but quickly declined thereafter. As a local administrative centre, it survived until the 14th century, but was later abandoned.
222:
510:. Ibn Abi Waqqas initially considered Anbar as a candidate for the location of one of the first Muslim garrison towns, but the fever and fleas endemic in the area persuaded him otherwise.
613:, and the devastation was compounded by another Bedouin attack two years later. The town's decline accelerated after that: while the early 10th-century geographer
1368:
1288:
487:(r. 656–661) passed through the city, he was warmly welcomed by ninety-thousand Jews who then lived there, and he "received them with great friendliness."
610:
1378:
1363:
1243:
1373:
226:
Assyrian wall relief showing a scribe and a horseman trampling enemies. From Anah, al-Anbar
Governorate, Iraq. 9th–7th century BCE. Iraq Museum
1398:
1252:
1160:
502:
word for "granary" or "storehouse") from the granaries in its citadel, a name that had appeared already during the 6th century. According to
781:
772:
763:
754:
745:
733:
724:
712:
700:
691:
682:
673:
435:. The town's garrison was Persian, but it also contained sizeable Arab and Jewish populations. Anbar was adjacent or identical to the
1383:
1062:
978:. Translated by Nosson Dovid Rabinowich. Jerusalem: Rabbi Jacob Joseph School Press - Ahavath Torah Institute Moznaim. p. 125.
87:
1279:
309:
mšyk). As a major crossing point of the
Euphrates, and occupying the northernmost point of the complex irrigation network of the
1310:
640:
retained Anbar as an administrative centre, a role it retained until the first half of the 14th century; the
Ilkhanid minister
420:
313:, the town was of considerable strategic significance. As the western gate to central Mesopotamia, it was fortified by the
1205:
1182:
973:
665:
1403:
1225:
The Lands of the
Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia, from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur
55:
456:
436:
1388:
1327:
1211:
1188:
1298:
1393:
827:
464:
444:
385:
1306:
804:
513:
According to medieval Arabic sources, most of the inhabitants of the town migrated north to found the city of
360:
294:
186:
902:
Thomas A. Carlson et al., “Peruz Shapur — ܐܢܒܐܪ ” in The Syriac
Gazetteer last modified December 9, 2016,
507:
432:
401:
171:
151:
819:
617:
still calls the town modest but populous, with the ruins of the buildings of as-Saffah still visible,
834:
823:
641:
606:
206:
130:
1275:
845:
522:
412:
411:
The city was fortified by a double wall, possibly through the use of Roman prisoner labour; it was
661:
594:
480:
428:
247:
1337:
1248:
1229:
1200:
1177:
1156:
1135:
1058:
979:
664:. The names of fourteen of its bishops of the period 486–1074 are known, three of whom became
539:
484:
368:
344:
302:
190:
633:
625:, who wrote a generation later, attest to its decline, and the diminution of its population.
952:
950:
948:
838:
416:
1124:
796:
657:
583:
162:
142:
1223:
1322:
1314:
1219:
808:
499:
1357:
1348:
1318:
1302:
1283:
1270:
1046:
629:
337:
242:
to the east. The origins of the city are unknown, but ancient, perhaps dating to the
582:
It continued to be a place of much importance throughout the
Abbasid period. Caliph
969:
333:
239:
1128:
1050:
800:
559:
troops. There he died and was buried at the palace he had built. His successor,
340:
270:
1196:
660:
community from the fifth century: the town was the seat of a bishopric of the
622:
618:
602:
1341:
1139:
983:
102:
89:
637:
560:
528:
503:
460:
424:
329:
243:
231:
1233:
17:
614:
575:
556:
452:
440:
318:
314:
235:
202:
238:
canal, the first of the navigable canals that link the
Euphrates to the
1292:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 944.
598:
571:
544:
415:
after an agreement with its garrison in March 363 by the Roman emperor
194:
514:
1178:"Geographical and administrative divisions: settlements and economy"
494:) for the surrounding district, but the town itself became known as
1269:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
645:
518:
506:, the third mosque to be built in Iraq was erected in the city by
310:
221:
189:
of the 3rd–4th centuries, and briefly became the capital of the
182:
903:
648:, and the city was surrounded by a wall of sun-dried bricks.
542:, made it his capital in 752, constructing a new town half a
284:
274:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
1134:(in Latin). Paris: Ex Typographia Regia. coll. 1171-1174.
451:), and lies a short distance from the present-day town of
841:
in the United States of America (1982.01.11 – 1985.08.03)
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
427:. By 420, it is attested as a bishopric, both for the
379:
1107:
1105:
935:
933:
858:
square fortification, and the early Islamic mosque.
1057:. Vol. 3 (Second ed.). BRILL. p. 29.
176:
156:
1201:"The political history of Iran under the Sasanians"
844:Titular Bishop Shlemon Warduni (since 2001.01.12),
230:The city is located on the left bank of the Middle
126:
118:
35:
299:𐭬𐭱𐭩𐭪
1349:GCatholic, with titular incumbent biography links
483:in July 633, after a fiercely fought siege. When
570:), remained in the city until the founding of
181:) was an ancient and medieval town in central
8:
40:
597:during the later 9th century exposed it to
1328:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1096:
1084:
1033:
996:
890:
32:
1336:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 484–485.
628:The town was sacked again in 1262 by the
574:in 762. The Abbasids also dug the great
1244:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
959:, "Peroz-Shapur" (J. Wienand), p. 1159.
924:
866:
117:
82:
48:
1111:
336:. After his decisive victory over the
1297:Streck, M. & Duri, A. A. (1960).
1228:. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc.
814:It has had the following incumbents:
125:
7:
939:
601:attacks in 882 and 899. In 927, the
468:
448:
389:
372:
364:
307:𐭌𐭔𐭉𐭊
306:
298:
166:
1247:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
553: 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi)
421:his invasion of the Sasanian Empire
347:in 244, Shapur renamed the town to
146:
41:
1369:Dioceses of the Church of the East
1176:Brunner, Christopher (1968–1991).
367:, meaning "victorious Shapur"; in
25:
1155:(Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013
644:had a canal dug from the city to
265:The town was originally known as
205:. The city gives its name to the
1262:
956:
830:(Iraq) (1980.10.03 – 1981.11.10)
525:cleared the canals of the city.
246:era and even earlier: the local
61:
54:
1379:Former populated places in Iraq
1364:History of Al Anbar Governorate
1241:Nicholson, Oliver, ed. (2018).
1131:Jacobitarum Diœceses exponuntur
975:The Iggeres of Rav Sherira Gaon
848:of the Chaldean Catholic Church
588:
565:
533:
323:
837:(1982.01.11 – 1985.08.03), as
822:(1980.10.03 – 1981.11.10), as
666:Chaldean Patriarchs of Babylon
1:
1374:Eastern Catholic titular sees
1206:The Cambridge History of Iran
1183:The Cambridge History of Iran
549:
490:The Arabs retained the name (
251:
62:
27:Former town in Al Anbar, Iraq
1399:Archaeological sites in Iraq
904:http://syriaca.org/place/211
595:decline of Abbasid authority
579:pre-Islamic Nahr al-Rufayl.
408:) to the Greeks and Romans.
380:
177:
75:Anbar's location inside Iraq
234:, at the junction with the
157:
1420:
1212:Cambridge University Press
1189:Cambridge University Press
405:
285:
275:
201:Its ruins are near modern
185:. It played a role in the
1053:. In Hertzfeld, E (ed.).
828:Bassorah of the Chaldeans
328:) to shield his capital,
83:
49:
1384:Medieval history of Iraq
1153:Annuario Pontificio 2013
805:Chaldean Catholic Church
365:𐭯𐭥𐭩𐭥𐭦𐭱𐭧𐭯𐭥𐭧𐭥𐭩
1289:Encyclopædia Britannica
795:Anbar is listed by the
609:sacked the city during
555:) to the north for his
250:of Tell Aswad dates to
193:before the founding of
30:Place in Al Anbar, Iraq
1055:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1034:Streck & Duri 1960
891:Streck & Duri 1960
656:Anbar used to host an
652:Ecclesiastical history
611:their invasion of Iraq
538:), the founder of the
521:. The famous governor
433:Syriac Orthodox Church
392:). It became known as
373:𐭐𐭓𐭂𐭅𐭆𐭔𐭇𐭐𐭅𐭇𐭓
227:
529:Abu'l-Abbas as-Saffah
479:The city fell to the
225:
1276:Peters, John Punnett
835:Ibrahim Namo Ibrahim
824:Coadjutor Archeparch
642:Shams al-Din Juvayni
607:Abu Tahir al-Jannabi
423:. It was rebuilt by
207:Al-Anbar Governorate
1404:History of Fallujah
1214:. pp. 116–180.
1191:. pp. 747–777.
818:Titular Archbishop
523:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
508:Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas
99: /
1311:Lévi-Provençal, E.
662:Church of the East
481:Rashidun Caliphate
429:Church of the East
228:
187:Roman–Persian Wars
103:33.3750°N 43.717°E
1389:Abbasid Caliphate
1254:978-0-19-866277-8
1161:978-88-209-9070-1
1099:, pp. 66–67.
999:, pp. 65–66.
809:titular bishopric
807:, established as
540:Abbasid Caliphate
485:Ali ibn Abi Talib
457:Babylonian Jewish
437:Babylonian Jewish
413:sacked and burned
378:
345:Battle of Misiche
191:Abbasid Caliphate
175:
155:
136:
135:
16:(Redirected from
1411:
1394:Capitals in Asia
1345:
1293:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1237:
1215:
1192:
1164:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1125:Le Quien, Michel
1121:
1115:
1109:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1000:
994:
988:
987:
966:
960:
954:
943:
937:
928:
922:
907:
900:
894:
888:
839:Apostolic Exarch
820:Stéphane Katchou
786:
783:
777:
774:
768:
765:
759:
756:
750:
747:
738:
735:
729:
726:
717:
714:
705:
702:
696:
693:
687:
684:
678:
675:
592:
590:
569:
567:
554:
551:
537:
535:
470:
465:Imperial Aramaic
450:
445:Imperial Aramaic
407:
391:
386:Imperial Aramaic
383:
377:romanized:
376:
374:
366:
327:
325:
308:
300:
288:
287:
278:
277:
256:
253:
248:artificial mound
180:
170:
168:
160:
150:
148:
114:
113:
111:
110:
109:
104:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
65:
64:
58:
44:
43:
33:
21:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1354:
1353:
1296:
1274:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1240:
1220:Le Strange, Guy
1218:
1195:
1175:
1172:
1170:General sources
1167:
1151:
1147:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1103:
1097:Le Strange 1905
1095:
1091:
1085:Le Strange 1905
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1032:
1003:
997:Le Strange 1905
995:
991:
968:
967:
963:
955:
946:
938:
931:
923:
910:
901:
897:
889:
868:
864:
855:
833:Titular Bishop
797:Catholic Church
793:
784:
775:
766:
757:
753:Unnamed bishop
748:
736:
727:
715:
703:
694:
685:
676:
654:
587:
584:Harun al-Rashid
564:
552:
532:
477:
455:, formerly the
322:
263:
261:Sasanian period
254:
220:
215:
108:33.3750; 43.717
107:
105:
101:
98:
93:
90:
88:
86:
85:
79:
78:
77:
76:
73:
72:
71:
70:
66:
45:
38:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1417:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1307:Kramers, J. H.
1303:Gibb, H. A. R.
1294:
1284:Chisholm, Hugh
1259:
1253:
1238:
1216:
1193:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1145:
1116:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1063:
1047:Lewis, Bernard
1038:
1036:, p. 485.
1001:
989:
961:
944:
942:, p. 125.
929:
927:, p. 759.
908:
895:
893:, p. 484.
865:
863:
860:
854:
851:
850:
849:
842:
831:
792:
789:
788:
787:
778:
769:
760:
751:
742:
739:
730:
728: 906-920
721:
718:
709:
706:
697:
688:
679:
653:
650:
591: 786–809
568: 754–775
536: 749–754
500:Middle Persian
476:
475:Islamic period
473:
361:Middle Persian
326: 241–272
295:Middle Persian
262:
259:
255: 3000 BC
219:
216:
214:
211:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
81:
80:
74:
68:
67:
60:
59:
53:
52:
51:
50:
47:
46:
39:
36:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1416:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1271:public domain
1260:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1210:. Cambridge:
1209:
1207:
1202:
1199:(1968–1991).
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:. Cambridge:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1087:, p. 66.
1086:
1081:
1078:
1066:
1064:9789004081185
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
990:
985:
981:
977:
976:
971:
965:
962:
958:
953:
951:
949:
945:
941:
936:
934:
930:
926:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
909:
905:
899:
896:
892:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
867:
861:
859:
852:
847:
846:Curial Bishop
843:
840:
836:
832:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:
815:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
790:
779:
770:
761:
752:
743:
740:
731:
722:
719:
710:
707:
698:
689:
680:
671:
670:
669:
667:
663:
659:
651:
649:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
626:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
585:
580:
577:
573:
562:
558:
547:
546:
541:
530:
526:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
482:
474:
472:
466:
462:
458:
454:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
403:
402:Ancient Greek
399:
395:
387:
382:
370:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:
338:Roman emperor
335:
331:
320:
316:
312:
304:
296:
292:
282:
272:
268:
260:
258:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
224:
217:
212:
210:
208:
204:
199:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
173:
164:
159:
153:
144:
140:
132:
129:
121:
112:
84:Coordinates:
57:
34:
19:
1333:
1326:
1287:
1242:
1224:
1204:
1181:
1152:
1148:
1129:
1119:
1092:
1080:
1068:. Retrieved
1054:
1041:
992:
974:
970:Sherira Gaon
964:
925:Brunner 1975
898:
856:
813:
794:
690:Salibazachi
655:
627:
581:
543:
527:
512:
495:
492:Fīrūz Shābūr
491:
489:
478:
431:and for the
410:
397:
393:
381:prgwzšhypwhr
357:Pērōz-Šābuhr
356:
352:
349:Peroz-Shapur
348:
334:Roman Empire
290:
280:
266:
264:
240:River Tigris
229:
200:
138:
137:
1323:Pellat, Ch.
1315:Schacht, J.
1197:Frye, R. N.
1112:Peters 1911
801:titular see
791:Titular see
785: 1111
776: 1075
767: 1028
758: 1021
353:Pērōz-Šāpūr
341:Gordian III
332:, from the
127:Governorate
106: /
18:Anbar, Iraq
1358:Categories
1299:"Al-Anbār"
1070:12 October
780:Zacharias
749: 987
741:Sebarjesus
737: 960
732:Jaballaha
716: 885
708:Theodosius
704: 740
695: 714
686: 553
677: 540
623:al-Maqdisi
619:Ibn Hawqal
603:Qarmatians
459:center of
439:center of
394:Pirisapora
390:פירוז שבור
244:Babylonian
1342:495469456
1332:Volume I:
1319:Lewis, B.
1278:(1911). "
1208:(8 vols.)
1185:(8 vols.)
1163:), p. 832
1140:955922747
1051:"Ḥadīt̲a"
984:923562173
940:Frye 1983
862:Citations
811:in 1980.
744:Elias II
638:Ilkhanids
561:al-Mansur
557:Khurasani
517:south of
504:Baladhuri
461:Pumbedita
425:Shapur II
406:Βηρσαβῶρα
398:Bersabora
330:Ctesiphon
232:Euphrates
172:romanized
152:romanized
91:33°22.5′N
1325:(eds.).
1222:(1905).
1127:(1740).
1049:(1986).
972:(1988).
720:Enos 890
658:Assyrian
615:Istakhri
576:Nahr Isa
469:פומבדיתא
453:Fallujah
441:Nehardea
369:Parthian
319:Shapur I
315:Sasanian
303:Parthian
236:Nahr Isa
203:Fallujah
158:al-Anbār
131:Al Anbar
1286:(ed.).
1273::
1234:1044046
803:of the
762:Mundar
681:Simeon
672:Narses
634:Kerboka
630:Mongols
599:Bedouin
572:Baghdad
545:farsakh
419:during
359:, from
343:at the
291:Massice
281:Mesiche
267:Misiche
218:Origins
213:History
195:Baghdad
174::
154::
147:الأنبار
119:Country
94:43°43′E
42:الأنبار
1340:
1321:&
1282:". In
1267:
1251:
1232:
1159:
1138:
1061:
982:
771:Maris
723:Elias
636:. The
632:under
605:under
515:Hdatta
449:נהרדעא
417:Julian
317:ruler
301:mšyk;
289:), or
286:Μεσιχή
276:Μισιχή
163:Syriac
143:Arabic
1301:. In
1280:Anbar
853:Today
799:as a
711:John
699:Paul
646:Najaf
519:Mosul
496:Anbar
384:; in
311:Sawad
271:Greek
178:Anbar
167:ܐܢܒܐܪ
139:Anbar
69:Anbar
37:Anbar
1338:OCLC
1249:ISBN
1230:OCLC
1157:ISBN
1136:OCLC
1072:2012
1059:ISBN
980:OCLC
957:ODLA
621:and
183:Iraq
122:Iraq
1334:A–B
826:of
782:fl.
773:fl.
764:fl.
755:fl.
746:fl.
734:fl.
725:fl.
713:fl.
701:fl.
692:fl.
683:fl.
674:fl.
471:).
396:or
355:or
279:),
1360::
1330:.
1317:;
1313:;
1309:;
1305:;
1203:.
1180:.
1104:^
1004:^
947:^
932:^
911:^
869:^
668:.
589:r.
566:r.
550:c.
534:r.
467::
447::
404::
388::
375:,
371::
363::
324:r.
305::
297::
273::
257:.
252:c.
209:.
169:,
165::
161:,
149:,
145::
1344:.
1257:.
1236:.
1142:.
1114:.
1074:.
986:.
906:.
586:(
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548:(
531:(
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400:(
351:(
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293:(
283:(
269:(
141:(
20:)
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