302:, who had originally been sent by the Tokugawa shogunate to Nagasaki to negotiate with Perry, and who was familiar with the treaty which had already been signed with the Americans. Mizuno's preconceptions on the British intentions were bolstered by Nishi's mistranslations, and over the course of three sessions of negotiations (October 4, October 9 and October 14) the outline of a treaty was drafted, which Mizuno, together with
415:
In the short-term, the
Japanese were satisfied with the agreement, which gave no concessions which had not already been granted to the Americans, and which at least temporarily averted the possibility of immediate military confrontation. However, on the British side, Stirling came under immediate
123:
exclusively at
Nagasaki under a strict government monopoly. The isolation policy was challenged several times by the British, most notably in 1673, when an English ship named "Returner" visited Nagasaki harbor, and was refused permission to renew trading relations, and in 1808, when the warship
114:
in 1613), only three other
English ships brought cargoes directly from London to Japan. The British withdrew in 1623 without seeking permission from the Japanese, and in 1639, the Tokugawa shogunate announced a policy of isolating the country from outside influences with foreign trade to be
244:
Stirling was not actually authorized to negotiate a treaty, and the signing of the convention came about due to a series of miscommunications. Stirling initially had two objectives: to find and attack the
Russian fleet even if it were in Japanese waters, and to reaffirm Japan's
280:
Specifically, Sterling sought confirmation that
Japanese ports would continue to be denied to Russian vessels, at least for the duration of the war, even if this meant that damaged British ships would also be denied permission to dock in Japan for repairs and re-provision.
420:
for foreigners was vaguely worded. Furthermore, the final clause in the treaty seemed to preclude the possibility of further negotiations. The only opening left to Great
Britain was an informal promise that he would send a steam yacht as a present for the Shogun of Japan.
1080:
1695:
1018:
1008:
1712:
158:
if necessary. There was considerable internal debate in Japan on how best to meet this potential threat to Japan's economic and political sovereignty, but after Perry threatened to continue directly on to
715:
Beasley, W. G. (1950). The
Language Problem in the Anglo-Japanese Negotiations of 1854. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 13 (3), 746–758.Retrieved from :
1023:
288:, officials in the Tokugawa shogunate agreed that forming an agreement with the British was not only unavoidable, but that the British could be a powerful force to offset Russian designs on the
403:
to interact in any way with foreigners was out of the question. Stirling concluded the treaty with representatives of the shogun, and the text was endorsed subsequently, albeit reluctantly, by
390:
Article Six, stipulated that the terms of the treaty were to be ratified by Her
Majesty, the Queen of Great Britain and the "His Highness the Emperor of Japan" within 12 months. At the time,
1819:
993:
1747:
1773:
1013:
1461:
1650:
1115:
110:
permit giving "free licence to abide, buy, sell and barter" in Japan. However, during the ten year activity of the company between 1613 and 1623, apart from the first ship (
439:
system" which characterized Asian and
Western relations during this period. The Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty was also followed by similar agreements with the Russians (
1793:
1362:
1150:
463:
1680:
1236:
1271:
1175:
246:
1839:
1231:
1075:
1003:
919:
457:
428:
261:
and recent negotiations with the
Americans, assumed that the British were in Nagasaki to demand similar concessions. Stirling brought his own interpreter,
45:
1814:
1303:
1095:
1742:
1700:
427:
was sent by Queen Victoria in 1858 to negotiate the trade agreement, using the delivery of the yacht as an excuse to start discussions. This led to the
56:, a similar agreement between Japan and the United States six months earlier which effectively ended Japan's 220-year-old policy of national seclusion (
1251:
1367:
1085:
1283:
1607:
1100:
1665:
1170:
1140:
1357:
1155:
1055:
1145:
1416:
1246:
1266:
1401:
1340:
856:
828:
706:
658:
1617:
1483:
1045:
1090:
998:
1612:
1050:
1727:
1622:
1533:
1226:
1214:
1824:
204:
1488:
1330:
1221:
1194:
1690:
1160:
805:
750:
731:
892:
1675:
1411:
1105:
782:
774:
87:
1456:
1209:
1722:
1685:
1629:
1555:
1315:
1788:
1600:
1528:
912:
1352:
1325:
1298:
1278:
1204:
1130:
1120:
1110:
1670:
1595:
1320:
1182:
424:
880:
Personal Narrative of a Voyage to Japan, Kamtschatka, Siberia, Tartary and Various Parts of Coast of China in HMS Barracouta
142:
sent a letter urging Japan to end the isolation policy on its own before change would be forced from the outside. In 1852,
1125:
959:
1768:
1732:
674:
266:
208:
147:
139:
1513:
976:
1844:
1590:
1508:
1396:
1335:
175:
and Hakodate to American vessels, ensured the safety of American castaways and established the position of an American
1550:
1421:
1545:
1308:
1293:
1187:
981:
964:
869:
591:
988:
1717:
1570:
1523:
1498:
905:
766:
1241:
1737:
1431:
1381:
270:
971:
1575:
1377:
848:
820:
452:
1493:
1580:
1565:
1199:
1655:
1468:
1261:
865:
469:
176:
1540:
1834:
1829:
1478:
1135:
1028:
944:
475:
344:
Setting dates for opening of Nagasaki and Hakodate, with the British agreeing to follow local regulations
168:
53:
138:
By the early nineteenth century, the policy of isolation was increasingly under challenge. In 1844, King
1165:
230:
215:
284:
Assuming that Stirling was in Nagasaki to demand the same concessions as Perry, during discussions in
1406:
1288:
416:
criticism as the treaty made no provision for formal trade relations with Japan, and the question of
236:
224:
33:
195:
in an attempt to force the opening of Japan. At the time, Russia was at war with Great Britain (the
1560:
1503:
1436:
432:
417:
368:
Most favored nation agreement for any future port openings; equal treatment with Dutch and Chinese
211:
led a fleet of British warships to Nagasaki on September 7, 1854. Stirling's flagship was the sail
163:, the nation's capital and to burn it to the ground if necessary, he was allowed to land at nearby
71:
135:
to attack Dutch shipping and threatened to destroy the town unless it was provided with supplies.
1849:
1473:
1391:
1345:
1038:
1033:
277:
interpreter who had a predilection for altering the tone or content of what he was interpreting.
250:
164:
143:
125:
83:
63:
49:
1774:
South Korean-Japanese Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection (1993)
1451:
1446:
1441:
954:
852:
824:
801:
778:
770:
746:
727:
702:
654:
480:
440:
294:
172:
155:
25:
191:
arrived at Nagasaki with a fleet of four vessels, just one month after the visit to Perry to
1707:
1660:
512:
404:
400:
336:
Opening of the ports of Nagasaki and Hakodate to British ships for provisioning and repairs
188:
151:
99:
91:
435:
for foreigners, and minimal import taxes for foreign goods. The Japanese chafed under the "
1585:
1426:
595:
396:
299:
192:
95:
843:
Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy
815:
Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy
1778:
1256:
1116:
US-Japanese Convention Revising Certain Portions of Existing Commercial Treaties (1878)
837:
809:
436:
289:
274:
254:
221:
132:
107:
1808:
871:
Narrative of the expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan, 1856
587:
Narrative of the expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan, 1856
308:
1696:
Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan (1960)
384:
Once the treaty is ratified, it will not be later modified by future British visits
199:), and alarmed at the possibility that Russia would obtain the upper hand in Japan,
1518:
257:. However, the Tokugawa shogunate, already cautious of the British in light of the
120:
511:
The Red Seal permit was re-discovered in 1985 by Professor Hayashi Nozomu, in the
841:
813:
760:
694:
646:
1237:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan (1898)
196:
116:
265:
a Japanese castaway of limited education, and also relied on the assistance of
1081:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Austria-Hungary and Japan (1869)
200:
103:
1529:
Japan-Manchukuo-Soviet Protocol for Cession of North Manchuria Railway (1935)
154:
to force the opening of Japanese ports to American trade, through the use of
1232:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan (1897)
1076:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan (1868)
1065:
934:
258:
1304:
Additional Agreement of the Japan-China Treaty relating to Manchuria (1905)
1096:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Peru and Japan (1873)
392:
585:
1758:
1640:
860:
832:
262:
67:
1713:
Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea (1965)
793:
516:
304:
212:
717:
1783:
1019:
Treaty of Peace, Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan (1860)
1009:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan (1858)
58:
897:
800:
by Pamela Statham-Drew (University of Washington Press (June 2003))
1141:
Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan (1887)
1358:
Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1911)
1156:
Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1894)
798:
James Stirling: admiral and founding governor of Western Australia
273:
factor at Nagasaki. The Japanese were served by Nishi Kichibei, a
1252:
Japan-Greece Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (1899)
1146:
Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan (1888)
431:
of 1858, which allowed the establishment of foreign concessions,
1247:
Japan-Thailand Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty (1898)
167:
on July 14 and to deliver his letter. The visit resulted in the
1267:
Japan-China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1903)
901:
608:
The Language Problem in the Anglo-Japanese Negotiations of 1854
249:
in the conflict. To this end, he carried a copy of the British
1341:
Japan-China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao (1909)
352:
Other ports to be used by British ships only when in distress
285:
160:
1748:
Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China (1978)
1618:
Japan-Thailand Offensive and Defensive Alliance Treaty (1941)
1101:
Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874
1046:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan (1866)
1024:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan (1861)
792:. Pacific Historical Review, 10 (4), 411–434.Retrieved from:
1171:
Japan-Brazil Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation (1895)
1091:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan (1871)
1014:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan (1858)
999:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan (1859)
893:
The Anglo-Japanese Convention of 14 October 1854 (full text)
762:
A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds.
319:
The "Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty" has seven articles:
1056:
Russo-Japanese Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island (1867)
1051:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan (1866)
633:
A History of Japan, 1582–1941: Internal and External Worlds
98:. He facilitated the creation of a British trading post at
82:
Anglo-Japanese relations began in 1600 at the start of the
1651:
Security Treaty between the United States and Japan (1951)
1227:
Japan–Netherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
994:
Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan) (1859)
1489:
German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1927)
1222:
Franco–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
1195:
German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
150:
was sent with a fleet of warships by American President
70:
were opened to British vessels, and Britain was granted
1363:
Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1911)
1161:
Italo–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)
1151:
Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)
1457:
Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues (1922)
1210:
Japan–China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)
171:
signed on March 31, 1854, which opened the ports of
1756:
1638:
1376:
1064:
933:
1686:Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia (1958)
1004:Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1858)
1743:Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation (1976)
699:Great Britain and the Opening of Japan, 1834–1858
651:Great Britain and the Opening of Japan, 1834–1858
1691:Japan–South Vietnam Reparations Agreement (1959)
1086:Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty (1871)
676:The Japanese and Europe: Images and Perceptions,
464:Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation
52:. Signed on October 14, 1854, it paralleled the
48:and Japan, then under the administration of the
1794:American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact (2023)
622:, International House of Japan (2006), 222–232.
37:
1676:Japan–Philippines Reparations Agreement (1956)
1671:Treaty of Peace between Japan and Burma (1954)
1666:Treaty of Peace between Japan and India (1952)
1596:Japan-Manchukuo-China Joint Declaration (1940)
1183:Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula (1895)
695:"Chapter V: The Stirling Convention:1854–1855"
647:"Chapter V: The Stirling Convention:1854–1855"
913:
653:. Japan Library paperback. pp. 113–144.
515:. Massarella, Derek; Tytler Izumi K. (1990) "
292:. Consequently, Stirling was received by the
8:
1402:Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement (1918)
1126:Japan-Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty (1884)
960:Dutch-Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854)
1733:Japan-North Vietnam Joint Communiqué (1973)
1556:Japan-Netherlands Shipping Agreement (1936)
458:Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce
429:Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce
376:Treaty to be ratified within twelve months
62:). As a result of the treaty, the ports of
1820:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)
1789:Australian-Japanese Security Treaty (2022)
1331:Japan–Russia Secret Agreements (1907–1916)
977:Japan-Netherlands Additional Treaty (1856)
920:
906:
898:
1681:Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956
1591:Japan-China Basic Relations Treaty (1940)
1368:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911
945:Japan-US Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854)
875:New York : D. Appleton and Company.
399:was the de facto ruler of Japan; for the
1608:Treaty between Thailand and Japan (1940)
1412:Covenant of the League of Nations (1919)
321:
42:, The Anglo Japanese Convention of 1854)
1630:Japanese Instrument of Surrender (1945)
1551:Canada-Japan New Trade Agreement (1935)
1484:Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention (1925)
950:Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty (1854)
492:
315:Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty (1854)
1613:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact (1941)
1417:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)
743:Japan: From Prehistory to Modern Times
618:Mitani Hiroshi, David Noble (trans.),
187:In early August 1853, Russian admiral
1701:U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement
989:Japan-Russia Additional Treaty (1858)
790:The Anglo-Japanese Convention of 1854
501:The Anglo-Japanese Convention of 1854
16:First treaty between the UK and Japan
7:
1769:US-Japanese Fishery Agreement (1991)
1718:Ogasawara Reversion Agreement (1968)
1499:Japan-China Customs Agreement (1930)
1284:Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1904
882:London : Smith, Elder & Co.
1728:Japan–China Joint Communiqué (1972)
1509:Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement (1932)
1840:Treaties of the Tokugawa shogunate
1738:Japan–China Trade Agreement (1974)
1723:Okinawa Reversion Agreement (1971)
1422:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (1919)
74:status with other western powers.
14:
1205:Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement (1896)
1106:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)
972:Japan-US Additional Treaty (1855)
584:Perry, Matthew Calbraith (1856).
360:Agreement to abide by local laws
1576:Van Mook-Kotani Agreement (1938)
102:in 1613, led by English captain
21:Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty
1514:Japan-Manchukuo Protocol (1932)
1656:Treaty of San Francisco (1951)
1581:Arita-Craigie Agreement (1939)
1566:Hart-Ishizawa Agreement (1937)
1469:Washington Naval Treaty (1922)
1397:Lansing–Ishii Agreement (1917)
1336:Root–Takahira Agreement (1908)
1321:Franco-Japanese Treaty of 1907
1262:Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902)
1200:Komura-Weber Memorandum (1896)
1:
1815:Japan–United Kingdom treaties
1571:India-Japan Agreement of 1937
1546:Chin-Doihara Agreement (1935)
1524:India-Japan Agreement of 1934
1316:Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907
1294:Taft–Katsura agreement (1905)
1136:Convention of Tientsin (1885)
868:, Matthew Calbraith. (1856).
726:. Stamford University Press.
523:, Vol. 45, No. 2, pp 189–205.
209:East Indies and China Station
140:William II of the Netherlands
44:was the first treaty between
1242:Nishi–Rosen Agreement (1898)
1166:Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895)
673:Bert Edström, Bert. (2000).
131:entered Nagasaki during the
1407:Treaty of Versailles (1919)
1289:Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)
741:Hall, John Whitney (1991).
722:Beasley, William G (1972).
701:. Japan Library paperback.
94:, who became an advisor to
38:
1866:
1825:1854 in the United Kingdom
1561:Anti-Comintern Pact (1936)
1504:London Naval Treaty (1930)
1494:Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928)
1479:Klaipėda Convention (1924)
1392:Japan-China Treaty of 1915
1353:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910
1326:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907
1299:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
1279:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904
1131:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885
1121:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882
1111:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876
767:Cambridge University Press
745:. University of Michigan.
411:Consequences of the treaty
267:Jan Hendrik Donker Curtius
1784:Japan-Korea GSOMIA (2016)
1541:He–Umezu Agreement (1935)
1474:Treaty of Lausanne (1923)
1432:Gongota Agreement of 1920
1034:Agreement of Paris (1864)
878:Tronson, John M. (1859).
631:Cullen, Louis M. (2003).
271:Dutch East Indies Company
115:maintained only with the
29:
1452:Nine-Power Treaty (1922)
1447:Four-Power Treaty (1921)
1442:Treaty of Trianon (1921)
955:Treaty of Shimoda (1855)
849:Harvard University Press
821:Harvard University Press
453:Anglo-Japanese relations
1708:Tokyo Convention (1963)
1661:Treaty of Taipei (1952)
1437:Treaty of Sèvres (1920)
645:W. G. Beasley (1995) .
470:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
183:The Stirling expedition
1586:Tripartite Pact (1940)
1427:Svalbard Treaty (1920)
1029:London Protocol (1862)
693:W.G. Beasley (1995) .
476:Convention of Kanagawa
311:signed on October 14.
169:Convention of Kanagawa
78:The isolation of Japan
54:Convention of Kanagawa
39:Nichi-Ei Washin Jōyaku
1779:Kyoto Protocol (1997)
1257:Boxer Protocol (1901)
759:Cullen, L.M. (2003).
724:The Meiji Restoration
573:The Meiji Restoration
547:The Meiji Restoration
534:The Meiji Restoration
517:The Japonian Charters
253:on Russia, signed by
443:, 7 February 1855).
86:with the arrival of
1845:October 1854 events
1519:Tanggu Truce (1933)
620:Escape from Impasse
521:Monumenta Nipponica
433:extraterritoriality
418:extraterritoriality
207:, commander of the
72:most favored nation
838:Auslin, Michael R.
810:Auslin, Michael R.
594:2017-05-19 at the
251:declaration of war
229:and paddle sloops
205:Sir James Stirling
144:United States Navy
84:Tokugawa shogunate
50:Tokugawa shogunate
1802:
1801:
928:Treaties of Japan
857:978-0-674-01521-0
829:978-0-674-01521-0
708:978-1-873410-43-1
660:978-1-873410-43-1
481:Treaty of Shimoda
441:Treaty of Shimoda
388:
387:
263:Yamamoto Otokichi
220:, accompanied by
156:gunboat diplomacy
106:, who obtained a
1857:
1626:
1604:
1537:
1465:
1349:
1312:
1275:
1218:
1191:
1179:
1042:
985:
968:
935:Bakumatsu period
922:
915:
908:
899:
788:Fox, G. (1941).
756:
737:
712:
680:
671:
665:
664:
642:
636:
629:
623:
616:
610:
604:
598:
582:
576:
569:
563:
556:
550:
543:
537:
530:
524:
513:Bodleian Library
509:
503:
497:
322:
189:Yevfimy Putyatin
152:Millard Fillmore
92:Gillingham, Kent
90:, a seaman from
43:
41:
31:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1761:
1752:
1643:
1634:
1620:
1598:
1531:
1459:
1384:
1372:
1343:
1306:
1269:
1212:
1185:
1173:
1068:
1060:
1036:
979:
962:
937:
929:
926:
889:
753:
740:
734:
721:
709:
692:
689:
684:
683:
672:
668:
661:
644:
643:
639:
630:
626:
617:
613:
606:W. G. Beasley,
605:
601:
596:Wayback Machine
583:
579:
571:W. G. Beasley,
570:
566:
557:
553:
545:W. G. Beasley,
544:
540:
532:W. G. Beasley,
531:
527:
510:
506:
498:
494:
489:
449:
413:
397:Tokugawa Iesada
317:
300:Mizuno Tadanori
185:
96:Tokugawa Ieyasu
80:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1863:
1861:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1807:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1645:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1388:
1386:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
974:
969:
957:
952:
947:
941:
939:
931:
930:
927:
925:
924:
917:
910:
902:
896:
895:
888:
887:External links
885:
884:
883:
876:
863:
835:
806:978-1876268947
795:
786:
757:
752:978-0939512546
751:
738:
733:978-0804708159
732:
719:
713:
707:
688:
685:
682:
681:
666:
659:
637:
635:, pp. 173–185.
624:
611:
599:
577:
564:
551:
538:
525:
504:
491:
490:
488:
485:
484:
483:
478:
473:
467:
461:
455:
448:
445:
437:unequal treaty
412:
409:
386:
385:
382:
378:
377:
374:
370:
369:
366:
362:
361:
358:
354:
353:
350:
346:
345:
342:
338:
337:
334:
330:
329:
326:
316:
313:
295:Nagasaki bugyō
275:Dutch language
255:Queen Victoria
222:screw corvette
184:
181:
133:Napoleonic War
79:
76:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1862:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1835:1854 treaties
1833:
1831:
1830:1854 in Japan
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
983:
978:
975:
973:
970:
966:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
940:
936:
932:
923:
918:
916:
911:
909:
904:
903:
900:
894:
891:
890:
886:
881:
877:
874:
872:
867:
864:
862:
861:OCLC 56493769
858:
854:
850:
846:
844:
839:
836:
834:
833:OCLC 56493769
830:
826:
822:
818:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
796:
794:
791:
787:
784:
783:0-521-52918-2
780:
776:
775:0-521-82155-X
772:
768:
764:
763:
758:
754:
748:
744:
739:
735:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
710:
704:
700:
696:
691:
690:
686:
679:
677:
670:
667:
662:
656:
652:
648:
641:
638:
634:
628:
625:
621:
615:
612:
609:
603:
600:
597:
593:
590:
588:
581:
578:
574:
568:
565:
561:
555:
552:
548:
542:
539:
535:
529:
526:
522:
518:
514:
508:
505:
502:
496:
493:
486:
482:
479:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
446:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
419:
410:
408:
406:
405:Emperor Kōmei
402:
398:
395:
394:
383:
380:
379:
375:
372:
371:
367:
364:
363:
359:
356:
355:
351:
348:
347:
343:
340:
339:
335:
332:
331:
327:
324:
323:
320:
314:
312:
310:
309:Nagai Naoyuki
307:
306:
301:
297:
296:
291:
290:Kuril islands
287:
282:
278:
276:
272:
269:, the senior
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
242:
240:
239:
234:
233:
228:
227:
223:
219:
218:
214:
210:
206:
203:vice admiral
202:
198:
194:
190:
182:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
153:
149:
148:Matthew Perry
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
129:
122:
118:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:William Adams
85:
77:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
47:
46:Great Britain
40:
35:
27:
22:
949:
879:
870:
842:
814:
797:
789:
761:
742:
723:
698:
675:
669:
650:
640:
632:
627:
619:
614:
607:
602:
586:
580:
572:
567:
559:
558:J. W. Hall,
554:
546:
541:
533:
528:
520:
507:
500:
495:
423:
414:
391:
389:
318:
303:
293:
283:
279:
243:
237:
231:
225:
216:
186:
137:
127:
111:
81:
57:
20:
18:
1644:(1945–1989)
1639:During the
1621: [
1599: [
1532: [
1460: [
1385:(1913–1945)
1378:World War I
1344: [
1307: [
1270: [
1213: [
1186: [
1174: [
1069:(1868–1912)
1037: [
980: [
963: [
938:(1854–1868)
847:Cambridge:
819:Cambridge:
765:Cambridge:
197:Crimean War
1809:Categories
687:References
425:Lord Elgin
247:neutrality
232:Barracouta
217:Winchester
201:Royal Navy
179:in Japan.
146:Commodore
104:John Saris
1850:Bakumatsu
1066:Meiji era
777:(cloth);
536:, p.74–77
259:Opium War
226:Encounter
126:HMS
1759:Cold War
1641:Cold War
840:(2004).
812:(2004).
592:Archived
562:, p.207.
499:G. Fox,
447:See also
328:Summary
325:Article
165:Kurihama
119:and the
108:Red Seal
68:Hakodate
64:Nagasaki
26:Japanese
1762:(1989–)
785:(paper)
678:p. 101.
575:, p.89.
472:of 1902
466:of 1894
460:of 1858
401:Emperor
305:metsuke
213:frigate
173:Shimoda
128:Phaeton
121:Chinese
34:Hepburn
855:
827:
804:
781:
773:
749:
730:
705:
657:
549:, p.78
393:shōgun
177:consul
100:Hirado
59:sakoku
30:日英和親条約
1757:Post-
1625:]
1603:]
1536:]
1464:]
1348:]
1311:]
1274:]
1217:]
1190:]
1178:]
1041:]
984:]
967:]
866:Perry
560:Japan
487:Notes
193:Uraga
117:Dutch
112:Clove
853:ISBN
825:ISBN
802:ISBN
779:ISBN
771:ISBN
747:ISBN
728:ISBN
703:ISBN
655:ISBN
381:VII
349:III
238:Styx
235:and
66:and
19:The
373:VI
357:IV
341:II
286:Edo
161:Edo
1811::
1623:ja
1601:ja
1534:ja
1462:ja
1382:II
1346:ja
1309:ja
1272:ja
1215:ja
1188:ja
1176:ja
1039:ja
982:ja
965:ja
859:;
851:.
831:;
823:.
808:*
769:.
697:.
649:.
519:"
407:.
365:V
333:I
298:,
241:.
36::
32:,
28::
1380:–
921:e
914:t
907:v
873:.
845:.
817:.
755:.
736:.
711:.
663:.
589:.
24:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.