20:
290:
patriarchal attitudes to women, lords' dominance over their servants, and humans' over animals. Thirteen, for example, have as their solution an implement, which speaks of itself through the riddle as a servant to its lord; but these sometimes also suggest the power of the servant to define the master. Riddles have also been shown as both inducing and easing anxiety, through their reinterpretation of the known world.
246:; their solutions are not given, and several end with an injunction to 'say what I am called', suggesting that they were indeed recited as verbal entertainment; yet they clearly have diverse origins. The search for answers to the riddles has been addressed at length by Patrick J. Murphy, focusing on thought patterns of the period, but there is still no unanimous agreement on some of them.
242:, which in its current, fragmentary state contains around 94 riddles (scholars debate precisely how many there are because divisions between poems are not always clear). There is speculation that there may once have been, or have been intended to be, 100 riddles in the book, since this would match the Latin collections discussed above. The riddles are all written in
297:
of
Aldhelm and his Anglo-Latin successors are presented in manuscripts with their solutions as their title, and seldom close with a challenge to the reader to guess their solution. Unlike the Latin Anglo-Saxon riddles, the Old English ones tend not to rely on intellectual obscurity to make the riddle
69:
Riddles are an internationally widespread feature of oral literatures and scholars have not doubted that they were traditional to Old
English culture. But the history of riddles as a literary genre in England seems to be rooted in an influential collection of late Antique Latin riddles, possibly from
272:
The Old
English riddles have been much more studied than the Latin ones, but recent work has argued that the two groups need to be understood together as 'a vigorous, common tradition of Old English and Anglo-Latin enigmatography'. Much past work on the Old English riddles has focused on finding and
289:
and with artefacts such as the Alfred Jewel or the
Brussels Cross, which endow inanimate things with first-person voices. By representing the familiar, material world from an oblique angle, many riddles from early medieval England complicate or challenge social norms such as martial masculinity,
171:
survive in two manuscripts, as a set of one hundred riddles. It is almost certain that
Tatwine had read the riddles of Aldhelm; Frederick Tupper believed that this influence was minimal, but subsequent scholars have argued that Tatwine's riddles owed a substantial debt to those of Aldhelm. Both
92:
proceeded during the seventh century, Old
English-speakers studied Latin and gained access to Latin literacy and literary traditions. Apparently relatively early in his career, a prominent early Christian aristocrat, scholar, abbot and bishop from Wessex, Aldhelm, composed the
122:
Aldhelm's most prominent themes were 'the natural world, daily life, church furniture, and the classroom. A bookish quality is evident in many of the other topics addressed, which would certainly have been outside the daily experience of Anglo-Saxon
England'.
298:
more difficult for the reader, rather focusing on describing processes of manufacture and transformation. The reader must be observant to any double meanings or "hinge words" in order to discover the answer to the riddle.
183:
of ten riddles on the virtues and another of ten on the vices. These were "for the moral instruction of an unnamed female correspondent", were influenced greatly by
Aldhelm, and contained many references to works of
38:
was a major, prestigious literary form in early medieval
England, and riddles were written both in Latin and Old English verse. The pre-eminent composer of Latin riddles in early medieval England was
351:
145:
Perhaps because of its use in Anglo-Saxon education, Aldhelm's collection inspired several more Anglo-Latin riddle collections. Recent scholarship suggests that nineteen riddles attributed to
253:
British
Library, Cotton Vitellius E.xviii, made in Winchester, within a short text on secret codes, found among a collection of notes, charms, prayers, and computistical tables.
1114:
Helen Price, 'Human and NonHuman in Anglo-Saxon and British Postwar Poetry: Reshaping Literary Ecology' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Leeds, 2014), esp. ch. 2;
490:, ed. and trans. by Nancy Porter Stork, Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, Studies and Texts, 98 (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1990)
1199:
1084:
E.g. Helen Price, 'Human and NonHuman in Anglo-Saxon and British Postwar Poetry: Reshaping Literary Ecology' (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Leeds, 2013),
922:
19:
281:. The Exeter Book riddles can be situated within a wider tradition of 'speaking objects' in Anglo-Saxon culture and have much in common with poems such as
1146:
1018:
163:
riddles, which were supplemented by a further sixty attributed to a scholar with the name Eusebius whose identity is not securely known. These
227:
Aldhelm's Latin riddling was also inspiring the composition of riddles in Old English as early as the eighth century: this is attested by the
1175:
1038:
898:
661:
89:
23:
Opening of Aldhelm's riddles in the late tenth- or early eleventh-century manuscript London, British Library, Royal MA 12 c xxiii, folio 84r
457:, ed. by Fr. Glorie, trans. by Erika von Erhardt-Seebold, Corpus christianorum: series latina, 133-133a, 2 vols (Turnholt: Brepols, 1968),
172:
Tatwine and Eusebius composed on everyday objects and abstract concepts, including the theological, philosophical, and mythological.
767:
742:
687:
435:
368:
1237:
539:, ed. by Jan Kwapzt, David Petrain, and Mikolaj Szymanski, Beiträge zur Altertumskunde (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2013), pp. 184-95.
1131:
Jennifer Neville, 'The Unexpected Treasure of the "Implement Trope": Hierarchical Relationships in the Old English Riddles',
579:, ed. by Michael Lapidge, John Blair, Simon Keynes, and Donald Scragg, 2nd edn (Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, 2013), s.v.
1242:
522:, ed. by Andy Orchard and Katherine O’Brien O’Keeffe, 2 vols (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005), I 284-304.
316:, Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library 69 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2021); accompanied by Andy Orchard,
347:
950:
Words, Words, Words: Philology and Beyond: Festschrift for Andreas Fischer on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday
649:
614:
Klein, Thomas (2019). "Pater Occultus: The Latin Bern Riddles and Their Place in Early Medieval Riddling".
478:, ed. by Rvdolfvs Ehwald, Monumenta Germanicae Historica, Auctorum Antiquissorum, 15, 3 vols (Berlin, 1919)
361:
31:
829:
Tatuini omnia opera, Variae collectiones aenigmatum merovingicae aetatis, Anonymus de dubiis nominibus
799:
Tatuini omnia opera, Variae collectiones aenigmatum merovingicae aetatis, Anonymus de dubiis nominibus
455:
Tatuini omnia opera, Variae collectiones aenigmatum merovingicae aetatis, Anonymus de dubiis nominibus
1060:
Say what I am Called: The Old English Riddles of the Exeter Book and the Anglo-Latin Riddle Tradition
107:, as well as another, possibly north-Italian collection of metrical Latin riddles known today as the
95:
83:
1075:(University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2011), p. 16, citing Glorie and Sorrell.
273:
debating solutions, but a new wave of work has started using riddles as a way to study Anglo-Saxon
222:
168:
140:
875:
Riddling the voices of others: The Old English Exeter Book riddles and a pedagogy of the anonymous
1193:
999:
991:
916:
631:
249:
There are also two Old English prose riddles, surviving on folio 16v in the mid-eleventh-century
243:
164:
151:
136:
132:
47:
1181:
1171:
1034:
983:
904:
894:
763:
738:
683:
657:
1232:
1026:
975:
623:
597:
320:, Supplements to the Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2021).
238:
However, the vast majority of Old English riddles are attested in the later tenth-century
377:
The Exeter Anthology of Old English Poetry: An Edition of Exeter Dean and Chapter MS 3501
360:, Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records 3 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1936), digitised at
264:
script which some scholars have viewed as a riddle (with the proposed solution 'whale').
328:, ed. by Megan Cavell and others, 2nd edn (Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2020–).
832:
802:
462:
458:
210:
180:
176:
520:
Latin Learning and English Lore: Studies in Anglo-Saxon Literature for Michael Lapidge
1226:
1003:
635:
278:
257:
228:
112:
488:
Through a Gloss Darkly: Aldhelm’s Riddles in the British Library ms Royal 12.C.xxiii
407:
952:, edited by Sarah Chevalier and Thomas Honegger (Tübingen: Franke, 2012), pp. 1-11.
831:, Corpus christianorum: series latina, 133-133a, 2 vols (Turnholt: Brepols, 1968),
801:, Corpus christianorum: series latina, 133-133a, 2 vols (Turnholt: Brepols, 1968),
680:
Isidorean Perceptions of Order: The Exeter Book Riddles and Medieval Latin Enigmata
108:
1147:"Into the Darkness First: Neoplatonism And Neurosis In Old English Wisdom Poetry"
1102:
656:. Oxford Medieval Texts. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2019. Pp. xvi, 605. $ 135.00.
239:
43:
1019:"The Franks Casket Speaks Back: The Bones of the Past, the becoming of England"
1185:
908:
827:'Aenigmata "lavreshamensia" ', ed. by Fr. Glorie, trans. by Karl J. Minst, in
627:
601:
550:
Was Symphosius an African? A Contextualizing Note on Two Textual Clues in the
274:
104:
71:
64:
1062:, Toronto Anglo-Saxon Series, 2 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009).
987:
948:
Dieter Bitterli, 'Two Old English Prose Riddles of the Eleventh Century', in
496:, ed. and trans. by A. M. Juster (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2015)
260:, a box made of whale bone, also features a text written in Old English with
1030:
859:
The Broadview Anthology of British Literature: Volume 1: The Medieval Period
392:, (Madison, WI: Center for the History of Print and Digital Culture, 2019-).
149:(d. 735) in an eleventh-century manuscript indeed belong to his partly lost
1165:
888:
115:, Aldhelm included in this his own collection of one hundred hexametrical
99:, a Latin treatise on the poetic arts. Apparently inspired by the hundred
979:
202:
196:
160:
42:(d. 709), while the Old English verse riddles found in the tenth-century
995:
963:
844:
Thomas Klein, ‘The Old English Translation of Aldhelm’s Riddle Lorica’,
518:
Andy Orchard, "Enigma Variations: The Anglo-Saxon Riddle-Tradition," in
362:
https://web.archive.org/web/20181206091232/http://ota.ox.ac.uk/desc/3009
159:(d. 734), a Mercian priest and Archbishop of Canterbury, composed forty
1115:
1085:
964:"The Mediterranean Scenes on the Franks Casket: Narrative and Exegesis"
250:
156:
39:
35:
797:'Aenigmata Bonifatii', ed. by Fr. Glorie, trans. by Karl J. Minst, in
325:
The Riddle Ages: Early Medieval Riddles, Translations and Commentaries
190:
185:
1119:
549:
261:
18:
1216:, Studies in the early Middle Ages, 13 (Turnhout: Brepols, 2006).
484:, trans. by Michael Lapidge and James L. Rosier (Cambridge, 1985)
387:
537:
The Muse at Play: Riddles and Wordplay in Greek and Latin Poetry
408:
https://en.wikisource.org/Anglo-Saxon_Riddles_of_the_Exeter_Book
318:
A Commentary on the Old English and Anglo-Latin Riddle Tradition
146:
213:
are also thought to have been composed in Anglo-Saxon England.
1099:
Nonhuman Voices in Anglo-Saxon Literature and Material Culture
1101:(Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017), pp. 17-26;
818:(Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1948), p. 64.
379:, 2nd edn, 2 vols (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 2000)
324:
682:. Morgantown: West Virginia University Press. p. 221.
1151:
Darkness, Depression and Descent in Anglo-Saxon England
861:. 2nd ed. Ontario, Canada: Broadview Press,2009. Print.
577:
The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England
406:(Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1963),
372:(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1977)
356:
Elliott van Kirk Dobbie and George Philip Krapp (eds),
762:. CAmbridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 242.
439:(Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982)
430:(Ottawa: Canadian Federation for the Humanities, 1982)
1214:
Old English Enigmatic Poems and the Play of the Texts
1167:
In enigmate : the history of a riddle, 400-1500
890:
In enigmate : the history of a riddle, 400-1500
74:, whose work English scholars emulated and adapted.
571:
569:
567:
565:
421:
The Word Exchange: Anglo-Saxon Poems in Translation
416:, revised edition (London: Enitharmon Press, 2008)
346:, ed. by Frederick Tupper (Boston: Ginn, c1910),
939:. University Park: Penn State University Press.
535:: Symphosius' Reworking of the Riddle Form', in
314:The Old English and Anglo-Latin Riddle Tradition
1145:Boryslawski, Rafal (2019). Wehlau, Ruth (ed.).
1135:, 62 (2011), 505-519. doi: 10.1093/res/hgq131.
968:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
419:Greg Delanty, Seamus Heaney and Michael Matto,
436:A Feast of Creatures: Anglo-Saxon Riddle-Songs
1103:http://www.oapen.org/search?identifier=631090
8:
231:, a translation of Aldhelm's riddle on the
1198:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
921:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
369:The Old English Riddles of the Exeter Book
70:north Africa, attributed to a poet called
1153:. Western Michigan University: Kalamazoo.
877:. Diss. Illinois State University, 2007.
733:Lapidge, Michael; Rosier, James (2009).
84:Epistola ad Acircium § The Enigmata
869:
867:
737:. Woodbridge: D.S. Brewer. p. 66.
588:Milovanović-Barham, Čelica, 'Aldhelm's
506:
389:Old English Poetry in Facsimile Project
1191:
914:
404:Anglo-Saxon Riddles of the Exeter Book
127:Bede, Tatwine, Eusebius, and Boniface
90:conversion of England to Christianity
7:
1116:http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6607/
1086:http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6607/
514:
512:
510:
277:through the critical approaches of
14:
1023:Postcolonising the Medieval Image
678:Salvador-Bello, Mercedes (2014).
1120:https://www.academia.edu/6827866
652:of Michael Lapidge, ed. and tr.
412:Kevin Crossley-Holland (trans),
46:include some of the most famous
816:The Literary Riddle before 1600
722:. Boston: Ginn. pp. xxxiv.
1073:Unriddling the Exteter Riddles
785:Isidorean Perceptions of Order
720:The Riddles of the Exeter Book
705:Isidorean Perceptions of Order
426:F. H. Whitman (ed and trans),
344:The Riddles of the Exeter Book
16:Part of Anglo-Saxon literature
1:
1017:Karkov, Catherine E. (2017),
937:Unriddling the Exeter Riddles
846:The Review of English Studies
575:Andy Orchard, 'Enigmata', in
312:Andy Orchard (ed and trans),
857:Black, Joseph, et al., eds.
469:
333:The Exeter Book riddles only
848:, n. s., 48 (1997), 345–49.
113:Byzantine literary riddling
30:are a significant genre of
1259:
718:Tupper, Frederick (1910).
433:Craig Williamson (trans),
220:
130:
81:
62:
1133:Review of English Studies
962:Cross, Katherine (2015).
935:Patrick J. Murphy. 2011.
760:The Poetic Art of Aldhelm
735:Aldhelm: The Poetic Works
628:10.1007/s11061-018-9586-4
602:10.1017/S0263675100004300
494:Saint Aldhelm's "Riddles"
482:Aldhelm: The Poetic Works
302:Editions and translations
268:Scholarly interpretations
1071:E.g. Patrick J. Murphy,
592:and Byzantine Riddles',
444:Anglo-Latin riddles only
423:(New York: Norton, 2010)
1031:10.4324/9781315232164-3
559:, 56.3, (2009), 324-26.
449:All Anglo-Latin riddles
414:The Exeter Book Riddles
366:Craig Williamson (ed),
307:All Anglo-Saxon riddles
1238:Old English literature
758:Orchard, Andy (1994).
470:Aldhelm's riddles only
375:Bernard J. Muir (ed),
155:. Bede's contemporary
32:Anglo-Saxon literature
24:
287:The Husband's Message
283:The Dream of the Rood
111:, perhaps along with
22:
980:10.1086/JWCI26321947
596:, 22 (1993), 51-64,
96:Epistola ad Acircium
59:Antique inspirations
1170:. Dublin, Ireland.
1164:Sebo, Erin (2018).
893:. Dublin, Ireland.
887:Sebo, Erin (2018).
666:The Medieval Review
654:Bede's Latin Poetry
648:Joseph P. McGowan,
594:Anglo-Saxon England
557:Notes & Queries
552:Aenigmata Symphosii
428:Old English Riddles
223:Exeter Book riddles
217:Old English riddles
169:riddles of Eusebius
141:Riddles of Eusebius
28:Anglo-Saxon riddles
1243:Old English poetry
244:alliterative verse
179:(d. 754) composed
165:riddles of Tatwine
152:Liber epigrammatum
137:Riddles of Tatwine
133:Liber epigrammatum
25:
1177:978-1-84682-773-0
1058:Dieter Bitterli,
1040:978-1-315-23216-4
900:978-1-84682-773-0
787:. pp. 222–4.
662:978-0-19-924277-1
352:Wikimedia Commons
48:Old English poems
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783:Salvador-Bello.
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755:
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703:Salvador-Bello.
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668:(4 April 2021).
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533:In scirpo nodum
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472:
451:
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402:Paull F. Baum,
399:
358:The Exeter Book
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270:
235:(breastplate).
225:
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131:Main articles:
129:
103:('enigmas') of
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707:. p. 222.
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622:(3): 399–417.
606:
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221:Main article:
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211:Lorsch riddles
177:Saint Boniface
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82:Main article:
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63:Main article:
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