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does not fully enclose the space, leading to an aperture between adjacent teeth. This gap has many causes including gingival recession, and gingival withdrawal post-orthodontic work. Interdental "black triangles" were rated as the third-most-disliked aesthetic problem below caries and crown margins.
321:
Cho, Hae-Sung; Jang, Hyun-Seon; Kim, Dong-Kie; Park, Joo-Cheol; Kim, Heung-Joong; Choi, Seong-Ho; Kim, Chong-Kwan; Kim, Byung-Ock (October 2006). "The
Effects of Interproximal Distance Between Roots on the Existence of Interdental Papillae According to the Distance From the Contact Point to the
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1. Inter-proximal space between teeth; diverging roots can result in the presence of an interproximal space when the contact point between the two clinical crowns is situated too incisally, diverging roots may also be a result of orthodontic treatment.
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De Castro Pinto, RC; Colombini, BL; Ishikiriama, SK; Chambrone, L; Pustiglioni, FE; Romito, GA (2010). "The subepithelial connective tissue pedicle graft combined with the coronally advanced flap for restoring missing papilla: A report of two cases".
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3. Gingiva biotype; thick and thin tissues often respond differently to inflammation and trauma, thin gingiva is more liable to recession following restoration / crown preparation / periodontal or implant surgery.
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Ikeda, T; Yamaguchi, M; Meguro, D; Kasai, K (2004). "Prediction and causes of open gingival embrasure spaces between the mandibular central incisors following orthodontic treatment".
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Houston, W. J. B. (1984-08-01). "Textbook of clinical periodontology. Author: Jan Lindhe. Publisher: Munksgaard
International Publishers Ltd., Price: D.kr. 460.00".
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Burke, S; Burch, J; Tetz, J (1994). "Incidence and size of pretreatment overlap and posttreatment gingival embrasure space between maxillary central incisors".
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There are several risk factors leading to the development of black triangles. Papillae dimension can be changed due to any of the following reasons:
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is generally only treated based on the aesthetic preference of the patient (although serious gum recession may warrant periodontal treatment).
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Cunliffe, Joanne; Pretty, Iain (December 2009). "Patients' ranking of interdental "black triangles" against other common aesthetic problems".
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often requires an interdisciplinary approach, involving periodontal, orthodontic and restorative treatment. Possible treatments to correct
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2. The increased distance between inter-proximal contact position to bone crest, example to that is the naturally occurring diastema.
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Previously, lack of proper terminology to report this condition was an issue, often colloquially termed the "black triangle";
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SANAVI, FARSHID; WEISGOLD, ARNOLD S.; ROSE, LOUIS F. (May 1998). "Biologic Width and its
Relation to Periodontal Biotypes".
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https://web.archive.org/web/20101219042017/http://www.1stcosmeticdentist.com/restorative-dentistry-article33.html
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shape; a clinical crown that tends to be triangular in shape can also result in partial interproximal space.
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Clark, D (2008). "Restoratively driven papilla regeneration: Correcting the dreaded 'black triangle'".
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Chow, Yiu Cheung; Wang, Hom-Lay (2010). "Factors and
Techniques Influencing Peri-Implant Papillae".
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4. Patient's age; the gingiva recede with aging which can cause an open gingival embrasure.
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Lenhard, M (2008). "Closing diastemas with resin composite restorations".
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The
European Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry
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American
Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
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has been proposed as a term to describe the appearance.
114:and loss of attachment, resulting in recession.
445:Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry
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241:The European Journal of Esthetic Dentistry
46:, Latin for 'black angle', also known as
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486:"Portuguese Abstract Translations".
410:The European Journal of Orthodontics
365:"Portuguese Abstract Translations".
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26:between mandibular central incisors
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37:between maxillary central incisors
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179:Australian Orthodontic Journal
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156:10.1016/S0889-5406(94)70013-3
494:(5): e87–e93. October 2014.
373:(5): e87–e93. October 2014.
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379:10.1097/id.0000000000000164
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324:Journal of Periodontology
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48:open gingival embrasures
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296:Texas Dental Journal
71:include addition of
422:10.1093/ejo/6.3.234
112:Periodontal disease
60:interdental papilla
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535:Implant Dentistry
488:Implant Dentistry
367:Implant Dentistry
330:(10): 1651–1657.
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129:References
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508:1056-6163
465:1496-4155
430:0141-5387
395:220586634
387:1056-6163
344:0022-3492
218:0965-7452
52:embrasure
594:Category
563:13875737
555:20523177
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391:S2CID
119:crown
56:teeth
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