435:, 1952, General Beaufre was the leader of the group for NATO tactical studies. He was considering a structure of small buried defensive positions for protection against nuclear strike – they were called the shield (‘bouclier’). In order to intervene in the vast vacant spaces he was suggesting using very light and mobile troops equipped with nuclear cannons. His thesis was taking place in a very uncertain world where both parties were potentially thinking about using
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For
Beaufre, deterrence was above all the threat of nuclear war. The atomic threat guaranteed peace better than conventional arms did. Of course Beaufre saw the problem principally from the French strategic viewpoint. He was not convinced by conventional deterrence: "The classical arms race creates
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General André Beaufre is the originator of the term "Total
Strategy". A multi-component strategy developed by the security establishment, drawing upon the experience of other countries in counter-revolutionary warfare and low-intensity conflict, and refining and adding to such techniques within the
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Edward N. Luttwak, Le
Paradoxe de la Strategie (The paradox of strategy) (Paris: Odile Jacabs, 1989), 245 and following pages. Deterrence in a 360-degree view is also known as deterrence in all azimuths. To be more linguistically precise, see Pedro Felipe Monlau and Joaquin Gil, eds., Etymological
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Beaufre's thought is not restricted to a defence of nuclear deterrence. Elsewhere in his treatise he reflects on the possibility of combining nuclear deterrence with conventional deterrence. He summarizes his concept in this manner: "The nuclear and classical levels tied to each other, essentially
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Beaufre believed that military action should be avoided in a nuclear scenario and that victory should be won by paralyzing the adversary through indirect action. It is not simply a matter of terrifying the enemy; it is also a matter of hiding one's own fear by executing those actions that show the
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for the dissolution of the boundaries between military and civil society; a military approach that acknowledged the existence of an extended battlefield. In
Beaufre's theory, the battlefield must be extended to encompass all aspects of a civil society, particularly social and ideological spheres,
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where the threat of nuclear war was effective. The existence of this threat caused a psychological result and prevented adversaries from taking up arms. Adversaries had to measure the risk they were running if they unleashed a crisis, because the response would have produced political, economic,
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At the same time
Beaufre published "An Introduction to Strategy" and later "Deterrence and Strategy". His insight greatly influenced deterrence-theory analysis within international-relations circles. Military historians characterized "An Introduction to Strategy" as the most complete strategy
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context. As a theorist, he features prominently in the more intellectual of the SADF training courses. According to Philip
Frankel (an internationally renowned expert in civil-military studies), who has conducted the most comprehensive study of the development of the SADF's "Total Strategy",
656:
Turton, A.R., & Earle, A. 2005. Post-Apartheid
Institutional Development in Selected Southern African International River Basins. In Gopalakrishnan, C., Tortajada, C. & Biswas, A.K. (Eds.). Water Institutions: Policies, Performance & Prospects. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Pages
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Victory in a conventional war is unilateral; in a nuclear war, destruction is bilateral. The simple expectation of success by one party can unleash aggression in his adversary. Beaufre develops this idea in more detail in a theory called "the dialectic of the expectations of victory."
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virtually every course at the Joint
Defence College is based on one or other of Beaufre strategic works. This concept also found its way into the management of water resources flowing in rivers that cross international political borders, specifically in South Africa.
580:"The game of strategy can, like music, be played in two keys. The major key is direct strategy, in which force is the essential factor. The minor key is indirect strategy, in which force recedes into the background and its place is taken by psychology and planning."
646:
Blanchon, D. & Turton, A.R. 2005. Les
Transferts Massifs d’Eau en Afrique du Sud. In Lasserre, F. (Ed.) Transferts Massifs d’Eau: Outils de Development ou Instruments de Pouvoir? (In French). Sainte-Foy, Quebec: Presses de l’Université du Québec. (Pp 247 –
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Turton, A.R. 2004. The
Evolution of Water Management Institutions in Select Southern African International River Basins. In Tortajada, C., Unver, O. & Biswas, A.K. (Eds.) Water as a Focus for Regional Development. London: Oxford University Press. Pages
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Turton, A.R. 2003. The Political Aspects of Institutional Development in the Water Sector: South Africa and its International River Basins. Unpublished draft of a D.Phil. Thesis. Department of Political Science. Pretoria: University of
583:"A South African policy which does not disarm (the opposition to apartheid from the Third World)... by some well conceived reforms and by a big information effort, risks allowing a hostile atmosphere to build up and to harden."
708:
Dictionary of the Spanish Language (Buenos Aires, Argentina: 1946), 1,056. "Suadir" comes from the Latin word "suadere" or "to persuade." From the word "suasum" comes "suasible" ("suasibilis") and "suasorio" ("suasorios").
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campaign against Egypt in 1956. Beaufre later became chief of the general staff of the Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers in Europe in 1958. He was serving as chief French representative to the permanent group of the
577:"No explanation for the current strategic situation is satisfactory without a definition of the nuclear situation; no definition of the nuclear situation is possible without knowledge of the laws that rule deterrence."
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with classic atomic weapons, brings to the latter the stability it lacks and returns to the former the elemental risk of instability that it needs in order to continue its role as the great stabilizer."
559:" because the instability the conventional mode provokes makes nuclear deterrence necessary, precisely in order to obtain stability. In sum, true deterrence is obtained only through nuclear deterrence.
704:, 1977), 227. In September 1997, I met Maisonneuve (former director of the French Foundation National Defense Studies) just after he had published this book. He expanded on concepts raised in the book.
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319:, who opposed French rule. Beaufre then studied at the École Supérieure de Guerre and at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques and was subsequently assigned to the French army's general staff.
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An Ordinary Atrocity, Sharpeville and its Massacre (Author: Philip Frankel, 2001). Tells the exciting and hitherto invisible story of this watershed moment in South Africa's experience.
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but argued that French nuclear independence would give the West greater unpredictability vis-à-vis the Soviet Union and thus strengthen the deterrent capacity of the NATO alliance.
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During the early 1960s Beaufre came to prominence as a theoretical military strategist and as an advocate of the independent French nuclear force, which was a major priority of
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and was well known in the English-speaking world as a military strategist and as an exponent of an independent French nuclear force. He commanded the French forces in the
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in 1960 when he was promoted to général d'armée. Beaufre retired from the Army in 1961 for health reasons. He died in 1975 while engaged in a series of lectures in
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James, L.H. 1980. Total Water Strategy Needed for the Vaal Triangle: Meeting the Challenge of the Eighties. In Construction in Southern Africa, May, 1980; 103-111.
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such as the radio and the classroom. According to Beaufre, the proper concern of the military should be extended to co-ordinating all aspects of a civil society.
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lies in the contradictions between nuclear and conventional deterrence. When one party develops greater offensive capability than another, instability results.
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opposite. This equilibrium-through-terror axiom ruled during the Cold War and prevented a nuclear confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union.
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For more information about Beaufre influence in South American see "Bases for a New Strategic Modality for Chile," Armed Forces and Society Magazine (
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social, and moral damage from which recovery wouldn't have been easy; material damage and psychological factors played a decisive role in deterrence.
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383:, Beaufre writes: "The collapse of the French Army is the most important event of the 20th century". He states that had the French Army held, the
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See Eric de la Maisonneuve, La Violence qui vient? Essai sur la guerre moderne (The coming violence? Essays on modern warfare) (Paris:
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292:; 25 January 1902 – 13 February 1975) was a French Army officer and military strategist who attained the rank of
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Beaufre's thesis, that the threat of using atomic weapons is the only means for worldwide stabilization, is pessimistic. His
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Beaufre defined nuclear deterrence as the only kind of deterrence that produces the effect seeks to avoid or to end war.
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Council II in 1966 and later commented on them in the "Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World."
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treatise published in that generation. The Vatican analyzed the papers extensively at the fourth session of
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Kolodziej, Edward A. (1967). "French Strategy Emergent: General André Beaufre—A Critique".
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The Suez Expedition 1956 (English Translation, Faber & Faber 1969)
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regime would have almost certainly fallen. There would have been no
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Beaufre is saying that nuclear and conventional deterrence are "
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in 1940–41 during World War II, he was arrested by the French
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The significance of conventional deterrence in Latin America
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While serving as permanent secretary of national defence in
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La stratégie de l'action (Paris : ED. DE L'AUBE, 1997)
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instability, just as the nuclear race creates stability."
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La guerre révolutionnaire... (Paris : Fayard, 1972)
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French military personnel of the First Indochina War
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on several fronts until the end of the war in 1945.
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Researching the Future, Warfare Tomorrow and Beyond
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Introduction to Strategy (New York: Praeger, 1965 )
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