123:
2084:
881:
contain the enamel homologue ganoine, but the dermal bones and teeth don't. Moving up in the phylogenetic tree, more derived extinct and extant species show a shift of enamel-containing structures from the scales, to the dermal plate and eventually the teeth, with enamel lost in dermal teeth-like
869:
The location of the resorption cups, places where resorption of the tooth base took place, and newly formed teeth are not perfectly aligned, which suggests a flexible form of tooth replacement. Nonetheless, some form of patterning can be recognised in the teeth. Multiple layers of resorption cups
824:
pattern has been divided into ten morphotypes, each presumably covering a distinct section of the body. However, some variation in scale morphology might be due to different developmental stages and different species, as no distinction was made between
833:
when reconstructing the squamation. Peg-and-socket articulation of the scales is already present in this basal fish genus and its scales are reminiscent of those of actinopterygian scales in early developmental stages, which indicates that
503:
It has also been suggested to be a basal osteichthyan. For example, the teeth lack enamel and have a broad tooth field, well-developed dental organization is absent and tooth production is extraosseous, which are indications that
870:
have been found, which means shedding by resorption could take place multiple times. The presence of a primitive form of tooth development in the most basal osteichthyans sheds light on the manner by which this has evolved.
882:
structures and in some cases even in the teeth of the most derived groups of tetrapods and teleosts. This might indicate that enamel first evolved on dermal tissues like scales and only later in teeth.
854:. The lack of teeth and the recognition of initial denticle organisation suggested a basal phylogenetic position within the osteichthyes. It was even argued that the presumed dentary fossil of
858:
is uninformative of dental evolution, as the fossil did not represent dental development, but rather development of the dermal skeleton. This would mean the tooth-like structures of
1086:
Chen, Donglei; Janvier, Philippe; Ahlberg, Per E.; Blom, Henning (August 2012). "Scale morphology and squamation of the Late
Silurian osteichthyanAndreolepisfrom Gotland, Sweden".
862:
neither match with teeth of chondrichthyans nor with those of osteichthyans and are more similar to the development of structures in dermal scales. Recently it was shown that
791:
Simplified
Phylogeny based on Chen, D., Blom, H., Sanchez, S. et al. The stem osteichthyan Andreolepis and the origin of tooth replacement. Nature 539, 237–241 (2016).
1142:
Chen, Donglei; Blom, Henning; Sanchez, Sophie; Tafforeau, Paul; Ahlberg, Per E. (2016-10-17). "The stem osteichthyan
Andreolepis and the origin of tooth replacement".
2172:
866:
did have functional teeth that were shed by basal-resorption, something that was overlooked during previous research efforts due to methodological limitations.
1292:
Janvier, Philippe (1978). "On the oldest known teleostome fish
Andreolepis hedei Gross (Ludlow of Gotland), and the systematic position of the lophosteids".
2241:
2159:
1567:
527:, the latter was placed in the new family Andreolepididae. These two genera form the oldest and most basal osteichthyans that are known thus far.
1020:
Botella, Hector; Blom, Henning; Dorka, Markus; Ahlberg, Per Erik; Janvier, Philippe (August 2007). "Jaws and teeth of the earliest bony fishes".
2296:
2226:
423:
have been found in marine sediment, indicating that this fish lived in a marine environment, in both shallow and deeper waters. Remains of
2246:
1001:
2256:
2291:
1914:
341:
was described. Scales, platelets and a spine from the
Central Urals in Russia have thereafter been assigned to a new species,
1715:
334:, which is considered a rather primitive mode of tooth replacement. This makes it informative about the evolution of teeth.
2231:
2266:
2251:
1560:
122:
2286:
2276:
280:, which lived around 420 million years ago. It was described by Walter Gross in 1968 based on scales found in the
2261:
2281:
2271:
2041:
851:
377:
365:
1424:
Cunningham, John A.; Rücklin, Martin; Blom, Henning; Botella, Hector; Donoghue, Philip C. J. (2012-05-23).
491:
has been considered a primitive actinopterygian, partly based on scale characteristics and the presence of
2099:
1553:
2236:
2198:
337:
Fossil remains are mostly limited to scales, platelets and fragmented bones. At first only the species
2146:
2083:
2012:
1499:
1324:
1151:
1029:
357:
281:
1871:
1646:
1974:
1673:
1426:"Testing models of dental development in the earliest bony vertebrates, Andreolepis and Lophosteus"
457:
516:
1942:
1892:
1531:
1403:
1356:
1230:
1183:
1111:
1061:
939:
877:
together with genetic inferences also helped to elucidate the evolution of enamel. The scales of
449:
285:
117:
1882:
447:
have also been found in the same sediment layers. Examples of encountered vertebrate genera are
2203:
2185:
2177:
1523:
1515:
1465:
1447:
1395:
1348:
1340:
1274:
1222:
1175:
1167:
1103:
1053:
1045:
981:
2190:
2137:
1507:
1455:
1437:
1387:
1332:
1264:
1214:
1159:
1095:
1037:
973:
929:
331:
296:
2030:
1690:
461:
300:
1503:
1328:
1155:
1033:
961:
499:, which was thought to be limited to actinopterygians whereas true enamel is limited to
1903:
1704:
1460:
1425:
977:
303:
821:
2220:
1926:
1790:
1779:
1615:
1576:
1234:
1187:
649:
603:
500:
385:
249:
182:
69:
30:
1407:
1115:
943:
1952:
1732:
1535:
1203:"Late Silurian vertebrate microfossils from the Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia"
1202:
1065:
835:
720:
496:
432:
314:
210:
164:
1360:
1218:
1201:
Burrow, Carole J.; Turner, Susan; Trinajstic, Kate; Young, Gavin C. (2019-02-27).
1099:
2131:
2001:
1992:
1811:
1311:
Zhu, Min; Zhao, Wenjin; Jia, Liantao; Lu, Jing; Qiao, Tuo; Qu, Qingming (2009).
633:
469:
465:
436:
381:
293:
274:
44:
2122:
1375:
1269:
1252:
1980:
1963:
1861:
1831:
1821:
1800:
1636:
1600:
1391:
838:
might have been a mechanism by which differences in scale morphology evolved.
681:
453:
440:
424:
310:
267:
89:
54:
1519:
1451:
1399:
1344:
1278:
1226:
1171:
1107:
1049:
985:
1851:
1841:
1769:
1661:
580:
393:
324:
to determine its origins and found that it dated back to the late
Silurian.
134:
94:
38:
1527:
1469:
1442:
1352:
1313:"The oldest articulated osteichthyan reveals mosaic gnathostome characters"
1179:
1057:
934:
917:
1486:
Qu, Qingming; Haitina, Tatjana; Zhu, Min; Ahlberg, Per Erik (2015-09-23).
2116:
2047:
2018:
1749:
1594:
1487:
1312:
475:
444:
428:
154:
84:
79:
64:
59:
49:
1511:
1336:
1163:
1041:
918:"Andreolepis (Actinopterygii) in the upper Silurian of northern Eurasia"
2164:
492:
369:
307:
299:
Andreolepididae and is generally regarded as a primitive member of the
99:
74:
345:, due to differences in fossil morphology. Remains have been found in
1588:
1376:"A reappraisal of the origin and basal radiation of the Osteichthyes"
373:
361:
353:
346:
289:
144:
2093:
313:
structure; however some new research regards it as a stem group of
820:
have a rhombic shape and contain a thin monolayer of ganoine. The
270:
2151:
1545:
277:
2097:
1549:
519:, but considering the distinct differences between the genera
1488:"New genomic and fossil data illuminate the origin of enamel"
1253:"Scales, Enamel, Cosmine, Ganoine, and Early Osteichthyans"
997:
995:
962:"Fraglich Actinopterygier-Schuppen aus den Silur Gotlands"
922:
Proceedings of the
Estonian Academy of Sciences, Geology
487:
The exact position in the phylogenetic tree is debated.
388:, the former of which it was originally described from.
392:
fossils have also recently been recovered from
Western
1374:
Friedman †, Matt; Brazeau ‡, Martin D. (2010-01-29).
1948:
1938:
1888:
1878:
1867:
1857:
1847:
1837:
1827:
1817:
1807:
1796:
1786:
1775:
1765:
1755:
1745:
1657:
1642:
1632:
1207:
2106:
2029:
2000:
1991:
1962:
1925:
1902:
1730:
1703:
1688:
1656:
1613:
850:did not contain true teeth, but instead harbored
846:Previously it was thought that the dentary of
1561:
8:
508:is located at the base of the osteichthyes.
330:was capable of shedding its teeth by basal
2094:
1997:
1931:
1738:
1700:
1696:
1625:
1621:
1610:
1568:
1554:
1546:
20:
1459:
1441:
1268:
933:
842:Tooth replacement and evolution of enamel
320:Researchers have used microremains of an
891:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
384:, Russia. Other fossils were found in
1481:
1479:
1419:
1417:
7:
1246:
1244:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
955:
953:
812:Squamation and scale characteristics
697:
673:
626:
619:
595:
573:
553:
546:
530:
1380:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
978:10.1111/j.1502-3931.1968.tb01736.x
14:
2242:Silurian genus first appearances
2082:
356:have also been uncovered in the
121:
1:
2297:Fossil taxa described in 1968
1251:Schultze, Hans-Peter (2016).
1219:10.1080/03115518.2019.1566496
2227:Prehistoric bony fish genera
1100:10.1080/08912963.2012.668187
873:Fossils including those of
2313:
2247:Silurian genus extinctions
1270:10.1016/j.crpv.2015.04.001
836:developmental heterochrony
540:Phylogeny of Gnathostomes
511:Gross has formerly placed
407:due to the resemblance to
2080:
1934:
1741:
1699:
1628:
1624:
1609:
1583:
1392:10.1080/02724630903409071
1002:The Paleobiology Database
807:Evolutionary significance
717:
702:
695:
678:
671:
646:
631:
624:
617:
600:
593:
578:
571:
558:
551:
535:
378:West Khatanzeya Formation
234:
229:
216:
209:
118:Scientific classification
116:
23:
2257:Silurian fish of Europe
396:and were identified as
366:Himmiste Beds Formation
16:Extinct genus of fishes
2292:Fossil taxa of Gotland
1443:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0357
1257:Comptes Rendus Palevol
960:Gross, Walter (1968).
935:10.3176/geol.2001.3.03
495:, a homologue to true
292:. It is placed in the
2199:Paleobiology Database
2232:Transitional fossils
1512:10.1038/nature15259
1504:2015Natur.526..108Q
1337:10.1038/nature07855
1329:2009Natur.458..469Z
1164:10.1038/nature19812
1156:2016Natur.539..237C
1042:10.1038/nature05989
1034:2007Natur.448..583B
2267:Fossils of Estonia
2252:Silurian bony fish
1294:ENSV TA Toim. Geol
1088:Historical Biology
916:Märss, T. (2001).
2287:Fossils of Sweden
2277:Fossils of Russia
2214:
2213:
2186:Open Tree of Life
2100:Taxon identifiers
2091:
2090:
2078:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
1726:
1725:
1684:
1683:
1498:(7571): 108–111.
1323:(7237): 469–474.
1150:(7628): 237–241.
1028:(7153): 583–586.
803:
802:
795:
794:
785:
784:
776:
775:
767:
766:
758:
757:
749:
748:
740:
739:
731:
730:
660:
659:
259:
258:
219:Andreolepis hedei
205:
186:
2304:
2262:Silurian Estonia
2207:
2206:
2194:
2193:
2181:
2180:
2168:
2167:
2155:
2154:
2142:
2141:
2140:
2127:
2126:
2125:
2095:
2086:
1998:
1950:
1940:
1932:
1890:
1880:
1869:
1859:
1849:
1839:
1829:
1819:
1809:
1798:
1788:
1777:
1767:
1757:
1747:
1739:
1701:
1697:
1659:
1644:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1611:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1547:
1540:
1539:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1463:
1445:
1421:
1412:
1411:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1272:
1248:
1239:
1238:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1139:
1120:
1119:
1083:
1070:
1069:
1017:
1004:
999:
990:
989:
957:
948:
947:
937:
913:
698:
674:
627:
620:
596:
574:
554:
547:
537:
536:
531:
501:sarcopterygians.
253:
242:
203:
196:
181:
176:
126:
125:
111:
41:
29:Temporal range:
21:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2282:Silurian Sweden
2272:Silurian Russia
2217:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2202:
2197:
2189:
2184:
2176:
2171:
2163:
2158:
2150:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2102:
2092:
2087:
2054:
2042:Tetrapodomorpha
2031:Tetrapodomorpha
2025:
1987:
1958:
1921:
1898:
1735:
1722:
1693:
1691:Eugnathostomata
1680:
1652:
1618:
1605:
1579:
1574:
1544:
1543:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1430:Biology Letters
1423:
1422:
1415:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1263:(1–2): 83–102.
1250:
1249:
1242:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1141:
1140:
1123:
1085:
1084:
1073:
1019:
1018:
1007:
1000:
993:
959:
958:
951:
915:
914:
893:
888:
844:
814:
809:
804:
786:
777:
768:
759:
750:
741:
732:
661:
485:
417:
358:Hemse Formation
282:Hemse Formation
248:
240:
225:
222:
202:
194:
180:
178:Andreolepididae
174:
120:
112:
110:
109:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
37:418.7–416
36:
35:
33:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2310:
2308:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2195:
2182:
2169:
2156:
2143:
2128:
2112:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2035:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1977:
1968:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1915:Actinopterygii
1908:
1906:
1904:Actinopterygii
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1886:
1876:
1872:Ramirosuarezia
1865:
1855:
1845:
1835:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1794:
1784:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1742:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1716:Chondrichthyes
1709:
1707:
1705:Chondrichthyes
1694:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1667:
1665:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1647:Ramirosuarezia
1640:
1629:
1619:
1614:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1541:
1475:
1436:(5): 833–837.
1413:
1366:
1303:
1284:
1240:
1213:(2): 204–219.
1193:
1121:
1094:(4): 411–423.
1071:
1005:
991:
972:(2): 184–218.
949:
928:(3): 174–189.
890:
889:
887:
884:
843:
840:
816:The scales of
813:
810:
808:
805:
801:
800:
797:
796:
793:
792:
788:
787:
783:
782:
779:
778:
774:
773:
770:
769:
765:
764:
761:
760:
756:
755:
752:
751:
747:
746:
743:
742:
738:
737:
734:
733:
729:
728:
725:
724:
716:
713:
712:
709:
708:
701:
696:
694:
691:
690:
687:
686:
677:
672:
670:
667:
666:
663:
662:
658:
657:
654:
653:
650:Chondrichthyes
645:
642:
641:
638:
637:
630:
625:
623:
618:
616:
613:
612:
609:
608:
599:
594:
592:
589:
588:
585:
584:
577:
572:
570:
567:
566:
563:
562:
557:
552:
550:
545:
542:
541:
534:
529:
515:in the family
484:
481:
433:heterostracans
416:
413:
304:Actinopterygii
257:
256:
255:
254:
243:
232:
231:
227:
226:
223:
214:
213:
207:
206:
192:
188:
187:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
114:
113:
105:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
42:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2309:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2085:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1927:Sarcopterygii
1924:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:Entelognathus
1774:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1616:Gnathostomata
1612:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1577:Gnathostomata
1571:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1548:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
956:
954:
950:
945:
941:
936:
931:
927:
923:
919:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
892:
885:
883:
880:
876:
871:
867:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
841:
839:
837:
832:
828:
823:
819:
811:
806:
799:
798:
790:
789:
781:
780:
772:
771:
763:
762:
754:
753:
745:
744:
736:
735:
727:
726:
723:
722:
715:
714:
711:
710:
707:
706:
700:
699:
693:
692:
689:
688:
685:
684:
683:
676:
675:
669:
668:
665:
664:
656:
655:
652:
651:
644:
643:
640:
639:
636:
635:
629:
628:
622:
621:
615:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
605:
604:Entelognathus
598:
597:
591:
590:
587:
586:
583:
582:
576:
575:
569:
568:
565:
564:
561:
556:
555:
549:
548:
544:
543:
539:
538:
533:
532:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
507:
502:
498:
494:
490:
482:
480:
478:
477:
472:
471:
467:
463:
459:
458:Archegonaspis
455:
451:
446:
442:
438:
437:osteostracans
434:
430:
426:
422:
414:
412:
410:
406:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:Great Britain
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
352:
351:A. hedei
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
323:
318:
316:
315:osteichthyans
312:
309:
306:based on its
305:
302:
298:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
276:
272:
269:
265:
264:
251:
247:
244:
239:
236:
235:
233:
228:
221:
220:
215:
212:
208:
201:
200:
193:
190:
189:
184:
179:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
124:
119:
115:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
32:
26:
22:
19:
2237:Pridoli life
2107:
1953:Styloichthys
1951:
1941:
1891:
1881:
1870:
1860:
1850:
1840:
1830:
1820:
1810:
1799:
1789:
1778:
1768:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1733:Osteichthyes
1645:
1635:
1495:
1491:
1433:
1429:
1386:(1): 36–56.
1383:
1379:
1369:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1260:
1256:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1147:
1143:
1091:
1087:
1025:
1021:
969:
965:
925:
921:
878:
874:
872:
868:
863:
859:
855:
847:
845:
830:
826:
817:
815:
721:Osteichthyes
718:
704:
703:
680:
679:
647:
634:Acanthodians
632:
602:
601:
579:
559:
524:
520:
517:Lophosteidae
512:
510:
505:
488:
486:
474:
448:
425:acanthodians
420:
418:
408:
404:
401:
397:
389:
350:
342:
338:
336:
327:
326:
322:Andreolepsis
321:
319:
262:
261:
260:
245:
237:
218:
217:
211:Type species
198:
197:
177:
165:Osteichthyes
161:Superclass:
24:
18:
2138:Andreolepis
2132:Wikispecies
2108:Andreolepis
2013:Dipnomorpha
2002:Dipnomorpha
1993:Rhipidistia
1981:coelacanths
1943:Ptyctolepis
1893:Terenolepis
1812:Ligulalepis
1760:Andreolepis
1599:Subphylum:
879:Andreolepis
875:Andreolepis
860:Andreolepis
848:Andreolepis
818:Andreolepis
705:Andreolepis
560:Placoderms
525:Andreolepis
513:Andreolepis
506:Andreolepis
489:Andreolepis
470:Phlebolepis
466:Paralogania
450:Gomphonchus
421:Andreolepis
419:Fossils of
415:Environment
398:Andreolepis
390:Andreolepis
382:Nova Zemlya
328:Andreolepis
294:monogeneric
275:prehistoric
263:Andreolepis
241:Gross, 1968
224:Gross, 1968
204:Gross, 1968
199:Andreolepis
25:Andreolepis
2221:Categories
1975:Actinistia
1964:Actinistia
1883:Sparalepis
1862:Psarolepis
1832:Megamastax
1822:Lophosteus
1801:Janusiscus
1674:Placodermi
1662:Placodermi
1637:Janusiscus
1601:Vertebrata
886:References
822:squamation
682:Lophosteus
581:Placoderms
521:Lophosteus
454:Nostolepis
441:thelodonts
376:, and the
332:resorption
2048:tetrapods
2046:includes
2017:includes
1979:includes
1852:Orvikuina
1842:Naxilepis
1770:Dialipina
1587:Kingdom:
1520:0028-0836
1452:1744-9561
1400:0272-4634
1345:0028-0836
1279:1631-0683
1235:134883695
1227:0311-5518
1188:205251184
1172:0028-0836
1108:0891-2963
1050:1476-4687
986:0024-1164
852:denticles
483:Phylogeny
400:sp. aff.
394:Australia
141:Kingdom:
135:Eukaryota
2123:Q1523624
2117:Wikidata
2019:lungfish
1750:Achoania
1595:Chordata
1593:Phylum:
1589:Animalia
1528:26416752
1470:22628098
1408:86402320
1353:19325627
1300:: 86–95.
1180:27750278
1116:84869644
1058:17671501
944:67798212
864:A. hedei
856:A. hedei
831:A. petri
827:A. hedei
476:Thelodus
462:Thyestes
445:bivalves
429:anaspids
411:scales.
409:A. petri
343:A. petri
339:A. hedei
246:A. petri
238:A. hedei
230:Species
171:Family:
155:Chordata
151:Phylum:
145:Animalia
131:Domain:
2191:4141681
2178:1373891
2165:4839353
2152:4654014
1536:4457535
1500:Bibcode
1461:3440983
1325:Bibcode
1152:Bibcode
1066:4337868
1030:Bibcode
966:Lethaia
493:ganoine
370:Estonia
354:fossils
286:Gotland
268:extinct
191:Genus:
106:↓
31:Pridoli
1534:
1526:
1518:
1492:Nature
1468:
1458:
1450:
1406:
1398:
1361:669711
1359:
1351:
1343:
1317:Nature
1277:
1233:
1225:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1144:Nature
1114:
1106:
1064:
1056:
1048:
1022:Nature
984:
942:
719:Crown
648:Crown
497:enamel
374:Latvia
364:, the
362:Sweden
349:, and
347:Russia
308:ganoid
297:family
290:Sweden
266:is an
252:, 2001
185:, 2001
2204:34968
2173:IRMNG
1791:Guiyu
1532:S2CID
1404:S2CID
1357:S2CID
1231:S2CID
1184:S2CID
1112:S2CID
1062:S2CID
940:S2CID
405:petri
311:scale
301:class
271:genus
250:Märss
183:Märss
2160:GBIF
2040:see
2011:see
1973:see
1913:see
1714:see
1672:see
1524:PMID
1516:ISSN
1466:PMID
1448:ISSN
1396:ISSN
1349:PMID
1341:ISSN
1275:ISSN
1223:ISSN
1176:PMID
1168:ISSN
1104:ISSN
1054:PMID
1046:ISSN
982:ISSN
829:and
523:and
473:and
443:and
278:fish
45:PreꞒ
2147:EoL
1508:doi
1496:526
1456:PMC
1438:doi
1388:doi
1333:doi
1321:458
1265:doi
1215:doi
1160:doi
1148:539
1096:doi
1038:doi
1026:448
974:doi
930:doi
380:of
368:of
360:of
284:in
273:of
2223::
2201::
2188::
2175::
2162::
2149::
2134::
2119::
1530:.
1522:.
1514:.
1506:.
1494:.
1490:.
1478:^
1464:.
1454:.
1446:.
1432:.
1428:.
1416:^
1402:.
1394:.
1384:30
1382:.
1378:.
1355:.
1347:.
1339:.
1331:.
1319:.
1315:.
1298:27
1296:.
1273:.
1261:15
1259:.
1255:.
1243:^
1229:.
1221:.
1211:43
1209:.
1205:.
1182:.
1174:.
1166:.
1158:.
1146:.
1124:^
1110:.
1102:.
1092:24
1090:.
1074:^
1060:.
1052:.
1044:.
1036:.
1024:.
1008:^
994:^
980:.
968:.
964:.
952:^
938:.
926:50
924:.
920:.
894:^
479:.
468:,
464:,
460:,
456:,
452:,
439:,
435:,
431:,
427:,
402:A.
372:,
317:.
288:,
95:Pg
39:Ma
1949:†
1939:†
1889:†
1879:†
1875:?
1868:†
1858:†
1848:†
1838:†
1828:†
1818:†
1808:†
1804:?
1797:†
1787:†
1783:?
1776:†
1766:†
1756:†
1746:†
1664:"
1660:"
1658:†
1643:†
1633:†
1569:e
1562:t
1555:v
1538:.
1510::
1502::
1472:.
1440::
1434:8
1410:.
1390::
1363:.
1335::
1327::
1281:.
1267::
1237:.
1217::
1190:.
1162::
1154::
1118:.
1098::
1068:.
1040::
1032::
988:.
976::
970:1
946:.
932::
195:†
175:†
100:N
90:K
85:J
80:T
75:P
70:C
65:D
60:S
55:O
50:Ꞓ
34:~
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
