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The large 2 cm gall growth appears as a mass of green to yellowish-green, ridged, and at first sticky plant tissue on the bud of the oak, that breaks out as the gall between the cup and the acorn. If only a few grubs are developing within, then it may appear only as a group of bland folds. Where
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have both the required host species and indeed
Woodway House was one of the first places in Devon to record and send off for research purposes specimens of both life-cycle stages of this invasive species. Long known in western and northern Europe, having spread from southern and eastern Europe over
364:
The abnormal acorns develop during summer and the acorn is either wholly or partially replaced by the gall growth. The knoppers become woody and brown in early autumn, after which they fall from the tree and the adult sexual female gall wasp emerges through a vent in the top of the gall in spring.
215:
L.), introduced into
Britain in 1735, is required for the completion of the life cycle of the gall. The knopper is a recent introduction to the British Isles, first arriving in the 1960s and now found throughout England, Wales and as far north as Scotland; first occurring for example in 2007 at
356:
underwent a population explosion in
England and for a time there was concern that it would seriously affect acorn fertility and thus the future of England's most iconic tree. This has not been the case, and control is regarded as unnecessary. Knopper galls were first noted at
325:
L.). Therefore, as with most oak gall wasps, this species has alternate sexual and parthenogenetic (all female) generations. The sexual generation develops in spring in small conical galls that form on the male catkins of the Turkey oak.
262:
The word knopper derives from the German word 'Knoppe', meaning a kind of felt cap or helmet worn during the 17th century; also a small rounded protuberance, often decorative, such as a stud, a tassel or a knob.
209:
of the oak host, making this gall potentially more of a threat to the reproductive ability of the tree than those that develop on leaves, buds, stems, etc. The Turkey oak (
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in southern
Scotland in 1995 and their distribution is often restricted to old country and urban estates where the Turkey oak has been previously planted.
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appears to have arrived naturally from the continent, probably crossing the
English Channel on high altitude wind currents.
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several grubs are competing for space the shape may become much more contorted, with several tightly bunched galls.
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Although normally distinctive the knopper gall can, under some growth conditions, be mistaken for the
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and observations on other community members of the agamic (knopper) galls of
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307:(Burgsdorf, 1783) (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) is a small gall wasp with an
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live harmlessly within the knopper gall and some of these, as well as
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The level of attack by the insect varies greatly from year to year.
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British Plant Galls: Identification of Galls on Plants & Fungi
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in the
Bristol area. Cecidology, 2003 (Vol. 18) (No. 2) p.42–50.
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202:
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345:, the first recorded sightings being in Devon in the 1950s.
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two-phase life-cycle that requires both pedunculate oak (
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develop as a chemically induced distortion of growing
537:
The Spread of
Knopper Gall Wasps into the Clyde area
753:
731:
A photograph of a longitudinal section of the gall.
709:. University of Kentucky Department of Entomology.
663:. AIDGAP. Shrewsbury, UK: Field Studies Council.
539:. Glasgow Naturalist 2004, Vol. 24, pp. 131–132.
659:Redfern, Margaret & Shirley, Peter (2002).
489:Turkey oak introduction & gall distribution
588:(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on the inquiline
8:
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31:
20:
341:came from the continent to Devon via the
606:the first identification of the species.
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296:by insects referred to as parasitoids.
713:from the original on 13 September 2006
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615:
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205:thus produced can greatly reduce the
7:
859:eb04596e-2921-48fb-88e9-a92e598b5eca
726:The UK Safari site on Knopper galls.
620:Royal Horticultural Society website.
242:formed on acorns on the branch of a
197:, which lay eggs in buds with their
228:The physical appearance of the gall
14:
315:L.) (or occasionally sessile oak
300:Life-cycle and arrival in Britain
638:Details of its spread to the UK.
397:
385:
373:
177:species inducing knopper galls.
49:
736:Video footage of Scottish Galls
1:
244:pedunculate (or English) oak
584:Randolph, S. Parasitism by
380:Knopper galls and acorn cup
1011:
682:British Plant Gall Society
625:November 16, 2007, at the
535:Tait, Norman & Pearl.
280:Inquilines and parasitoids
270:, caused by the gall wasp
985:Insects described in 1783
590:Synergus gallaepomiformis
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46:Scientific classification
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39:
30:
23:
392:Developing knopper galls
947:andricus-quercuscalicis
784:andricus-quercuscalicis
755:Andricus quercuscalicis
692:Infoplease Encyclopedia
643:August 9, 2007, at the
594:Andricus quercuscalicis
549:The origin of the name.
305:Andricus quercuscalicis
252:Andricus quercuscalicis
170:Andricus quercuscalicis
155:Andricus quercuscalicis
25:Andricus quercuscalicis
255:
240:(upper left and right)
137:A. quercuscalicis
980:Hymenoptera of Europe
975:Gall-inducing insects
273:Andricus grossulariae
235:
218:Eglinton Country Park
193:L.) trees, caused by
854:Fauna Europaea (new)
337:the last 400 years,
319:L.) and Turkey oak (
187:on pedunculate oak (
586:Cecidostiba fungosa
404:Turkey oak foliage.
284:A number of insect
40:Mature gall on oak
464:Rose bedeguar gall
449:Oak artichoke gall
256:
957:
956:
932:Open Tree of Life
747:Taxon identifiers
707:"Common oak gall"
417:Alder tongue gall
354:A. quercuscalicis
347:A. quercuscalicis
339:A. quercuscalicis
290:A. quercuscalicis
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161:(Burgsdorf, 1783)
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563:. Archived from
561:"Acorn Cup gall"
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503:. Archived from
501:"Growth details"
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444:Oak marble gall
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343:Channel Islands
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248:parthenogenetic
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16:Species of wasp
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676:External links
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322:Quercus cerris
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268:acorn cup gall
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222:North Ayrshire
212:Quercus cerris
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567:on 2010-09-23
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507:on 2010-09-23
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422:Cola-nut gall
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190:Quercus robur
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181:Knopper galls
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146:Binomial name
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715:. Retrieved
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569:. Retrieved
565:the original
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509:. Retrieved
505:the original
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459:Red-pea gall
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24:
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880:iNaturalist
697:10 November
332:gardens in
294:parasitised
250:generation
103:Hymenoptera
964:Categories
571:2007-11-16
511:2007-11-16
471:References
369:Developing
286:inquilines
199:ovipositor
195:gall wasps
83:Arthropoda
990:Oak galls
970:Cynipidae
439:Oak apple
352:In 1979,
317:Q.petraea
207:fecundity
175:gall wasp
131:Species:
113:Cynipidae
69:Kingdom:
63:Eukaryota
791:BioLib:
770:Q4759305
764:Wikidata
711:Archived
641:Archived
623:Archived
410:See also
359:Canonbie
313:Q. robur
309:obligate
124:Andricus
109:Family:
79:Phylum:
73:Animalia
59:Domain:
872:4497124
807:3830178
654:Sources
119:Genus:
99:Order:
93:Insecta
89:Class:
995:Acorns
937:364136
885:127732
846:197709
833:239912
820:ANDIQU
779:ARKive
688:"Gall"
667:
201:. The
185:acorns
944:PPE:
924:19102
911:75158
828:EUNIS
794:65805
476:Notes
334:Devon
237:Galls
173:is a
906:NCBI
867:GBIF
815:EPPO
719:2006
699:2007
665:ISBN
434:Gall
203:gall
893:NBN
802:EoL
220:in
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690:.
612:^
520:^
276:.
224:.
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701:.
671:.
574:.
514:.
254:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
