380:
groundnuts, lentils, millet, sorghum and mangos (rice is not possible due to arid climate). Cash crops include sisal (grown only in the lower
Mandrare river region) and groundnuts (cotton production has declined). There also pastoralists who raise cattle, sheep, goats and chickens. Zebu are central to the religious and social life of the Antandroy. While they supply milk, meat and leather, they are also a very important determinant of the status and wealth of the Tandroy people. While Androy borders the ocean, there is minimal fishing, most for local consumption. Of the almost 20,000 km2, only 344 km2 are forested.
812:
provide disaster relief in response to a serious drought which was followed by floods. On April 1–2 more than 1,000 armed members of the MO.NI.MA. attacked 5 military posts in the Tulear province, resulting in 1 of the security forces killed and 11 wounded. This was quickly and harshly suppressed by the government, with 45 of the MONI.MA. killed, 9 wounded and 847 held for questioning. Monja Jaona and hundreds of MO.NI.MA. members were arrested and sent by cargo ship from Fort
Dauphin to Nosy Lava where they were imprisoned.
49:
61:
1698:
1554:
321:
estimated 150,000 Tandroy living in other parts of the island, many of them having moved due to recurring famine in the Androy region. In 2013 some 349,675 people - almost half of the total population of Androy - lived in the
Ambovombe-Androy District, which has a population density of 60/km2. The strip along the southeast coast (which has been described by some as "the Tandroy Cradle"), is the most densely populated.
77:
1347:
346:(famine). Coupled with this are almost constant strong, drying winds, especially along the coast, known as "Tiokatimo." Water is in such short supply that it is delivered by truck to some people and sold by those who sell it from oxcarts to others. The periodic famines have caused somewhere between 15 and 30% of the Antandroy to have left Androy, having moved west to Toliary or to northern Madagascar.
661:
cactus by cochineal beetle (had been introduced near
Toliary in 1925 and spread east, north and south at a rate of 100 km per year, leading to the death of somewhere between 10,000 and 100,000 cattle, turning the countryside gray and leading to extensive deforestation and emigration of Antandroy
383:
Trades include silversmiths (generally part-time), tailors, cobblers and carpenters. Basketry is still practiced, but blacksmiths and those who dye cotton cloth, weave silk and make pottery have declined. Stores are mostly quite small, located in urban centers and are mostly owned by Indo-Pakistanis,
446:
Some argue the
Tandroy are a "composite ethnicity" of many clans of diverse origins (including the Sakalava, Bara, Mahafaly and Antanosy) who arrived in migration "waves," settling in Androy only several centuries ago. There is also evidence of "pre-Tandroy" inhabitants from as far back as the 11th
653:
1928 - Henry de
Heaulme arrives in Fort Dauphin, having driven down from Tananarive in a Harley Davidson motorcycle with his wife and son in the side car. His intent was to export mica from Anosy and sisal from Androy through Fort Dauphin. This family also gets involved in conservation efforts and
811:
1971 - Monja Jaona claimed authorship of April armed insurrection by impoverished peasants in Androy who were upset by the corruption of government tax collectors at a time when their cattle herds were being ravaged by disease. There were also frustrations due to the failure of the government to
341:
The Androy region is semi- to sub-arid with an average rainfall of just 400 mm (15.7 in) (350 mm (13.8 in) along the southwestern coast to 700 mm (27.6 in) towards the north), which is unevenly distributed during the year (though there's generally more rain
December
320:
who also live there. The
Tandroy may also be called the "'Antandroy'", but "'Tandroy'" is preferable. (With "'roy'" meaning thorn, and the prefix "'an'" meaning "'place of'", the additional "'t'" means "'from'". Thus, adding another "'an'" to make '"Antandroy'" is redundant.) There are another
379:
Due to inadequate water and a large population, Androy is a region of chronic food insecurity and is one of the poorest regions in
Madagascar. Most people are subsistence farmers (it is estimated that less than 5% of the land is farmed) growing cassava, maize, sweet potatoes, legumes, cowpeas,
815:
1972 - Monja Jaona and the MO.NI.MA. party, which had become a left-wing opposition movement, gained the support of
Tananarive's university students and urban radicals who, though MO.NI.MA. was banned by the government, led demonstrations against President Tsiranana until his fall May
847:
2003 - Drought and famine in Androy. This was the first drought that had been well documented and was picked up rapidly by charitable organizations and by the press that led to first massive reactions from the international community (European Union, USAID, GTZ, Care, Japan AĂŻd,
478:, Andaro on a tributary of the Linta near Fotadrevo, east of Lanany river's junction with the Manambovo, west of Vohimena, north of Vohipary and at Bebajine. Based on archeological finds, several of these towns appear to have been involved in trade by sea with
870:
2021-23 - Drought and famine in Androy. This is the first time that climatic change caused a famine in Madagascar that was announced by the UN (sic). A conclusion that was given erroneously after an AFP/France 24 journalist, Gaëlle
510:
Royal center of the Andriamanare (Zafimanara), Tandroy's royal clan/dynasty (who dominated Androy till the 18th century), at Ampotake. There were also royal centers located in Montefeno and Anjampanorora (25 km south of
677:
are also observed . This resulted in half the population of in the Tsihombe district decreasing by half, though the number of dead versus those who emigrated out of the area is unclear. Furthermore, a cricket invasion took
299:
In 2013 the estimated total population of Androy Region was 733,933 inhabitants, with a population growth rate of 2.7% (means population will double in 25 years if not reduced). The population is almost entirely
500:
population in Androy fell dramatically, as did imports, with most settlements located for defense of villagers (one of the largest at that time, Ampahijoloke, was defended on three sides by river cliffs).
805:)--Madagascar for the Malagasy—party which he led till his death. This became a significant regional party which represented both radical intellectuals and peasants from the south (especially Androy).
187:
1520:
342:
through February). Other than the Mandrare river, most riverbeds are dry for much of the year and it has frequent droughts (generally every eight to ten years) which often lead to
720:
in the South:to chart the exact positions of the two brothers capes-the "True" and the "False"-so called by the mariners.The true one -Southernmost point of Madagascar- is named
384:
Chinese and Malagasy from the highlands. There are also weekly markets where homegrown produce is sold and things like soap, cooking pots and other things can be purchased.
754:
1955-56 - In the Androy district, the indigenous production of food crops was : cassava 18.000t, corn 4.000t, grain sorghum 1.000t, beans 800t, groundnuts 700t .
650:
cactus, called raketa gasy. Though cacti were beneficial - staple feed for human beings and cattle - it was getting difficult to save farmlands in order to grow crops.
1336:
1241:
673:
and Androy regions:it had provided protection to herders and their cattle as well as both fruit and water to people and cattle. Eminent damages on local species of
1180:
552:
1649 - Ancient royal settlement at Montefeno, ruled by King Andrianmififarivo, king of Ampatres, was visited by soldiers sent by Governor Étienne de Flacourt from
844:(eating without return). Major famine in Androy with major responses by UNICEF and the World Food Program and also by Catholic and Malagasy Lutheran churches.
936:
882:) and the south of Androy. This may end speculations of the origins of the droughts and that UN might even replace back El Niño to the Pacific Ocean.
1542:
1280:
1269:
582:
visited the royal capital of Fenoarivo (Ambaro) shortly thereafter. His crew is massacred by the Antandroy and he is kept as a slave till 1709.
1227:
787:
is one of the last impressive steel bridges, built in the nineties, just before the technological move to the prestressed concrete works.
1329:
1216:
626:
1901-1903 - French conquered Androy, though area remained in a State of Emergency due to continued Antandroy resistance to French rule
1070:
48:
254:
Androy Region is divided into four districts, which are sub-divided into 56 municipalities, which cover 881 villages (fokontany).
665:
1930-31 - Deadly famine, exacerbated by droughts and a pastoral farming crisis because of the destruction of prickly pear cactus
2045:
790:
1950s-60s - Boetchi (Swiss), de Heaulme and Jenny families and the Lyonnaise and Marseillaise companies exported wild beans of
430:
411:
222:(Mimosa delicatula) but more commonly translated as "spiny land") is the deep south of Madagascar. It is located south of the
2067:
1322:
1281:
Pearson, Mike P. et al. (1996, December). Stone enclosures, political frontiers and monumental tombs: Survey in Androy 1996.
1256:
Pearson, Mike P. (1992). Tombs and monumentality in southern Madagascar: Preliminary results of the central Androy survey.
206:. It covers an area of 19,540 km, and had a population of 903,376 inhabitants in 2018. The administrative capital is
1238:
587:
different clans from the east, north and northwest invaded Androy and put an end to the ruling dynasty of the Andriamañar
2008:
1291:
1158:
561:
late 1600s - King Andrianjoma, who lived near Ambaro, became the founding ancestor of the Tekonda line of Andriamañare.
1535:
60:
592:
beginning of the development of what Mike Pearson et al. described as the "megalithic and monumental" Antandroy tombs
226:
and conventionally delimited between the Mandrare and Menarandra rivers. It is 19,540 km and is bordered by the
522:
616:
further expansion of number of communities in Androy, especially near Faralambo where the Afomarolahy clan settled
434:
107:
1935:
288:
1147:
1136:
1125:
1114:
1103:
1081:
1048:
1037:
1203:
943:
1605:
1351:
175:
1314:
1720:
1528:
544:
1270:
Pearson, Mike P. et al. (1996, June). The Early Antandroy Kingdom: Excavations and Survey in Androy 1995.
1413:
1371:
1355:
579:
199:
1853:
1600:
470:
Manda ("enclosure") Civilization, which arose in the 10th Century and fell in the 13th, had towns near
1949:
768:- wheel diameter 6m - on a 15m high tower: it pumps out 10 cubic meters/hr water from a 45m deep well.
708:) is established by Établissements Gallois. Henri de Heaulme established his sisal plantation and the
367:
355:
1802:
1396:
398:
1836:
1755:
1306:
1059:
898:
740:
1945 - massive sacrifices of zebus for rain falls, in partnership with the colonial administration.
223:
937:"Troisieme Recensement General de la Population et de L'Habitation (RGPH-3) Resultats Provisoires"
1730:
1581:
1471:
1446:
875:
284:
258:
1115:
HOLAZAE N., 2016. ANALYSE SOCIOLOGIQUE DE LA REALITE DU « KERE » DANS LA REGION ANDROY
737:
1943-44 - Up to half of those in Androy emigrated due to the severe famine. Another 15,000 died.
646:
by Botanist H.Perrier de la Bâthie, in an attempt to ensure biological control of the invasive
595:
1769 - Introduced in Fort Dauphin during a settlement French attempt, spiny prickly pear cactus
802:
1954:
1917:
1892:
1841:
1807:
1642:
1637:
1422:
1418:
1170:
Madagascar: les pertes agricoles dans le sud du pays font craindre une grave crise alimentaire
1092:
330:
276:
1770:
1307:
Pearson, Mike P. (2011). Tombs, Landscape and Society in Southern Madagascar - Parts I to VI.
1971:
1912:
1883:
1652:
1621:
1573:
1505:
1492:
791:
772:
721:
674:
666:
658:
647:
596:
361:
231:
207:
167:
92:
1026:
1015:
2062:
1827:
1797:
1760:
1740:
1706:
1697:
1682:
1476:
1430:
1245:
744:
709:
689:
326:
322:
270:
264:
747:, a spineless cactus, is completed. Twenty thousand hectares planned in the so-called
1960:
1647:
1388:
2056:
1672:
1559:
864:
794:(1220 tons in 1957), cattle (10-30,000/year), mica and sisal, much of it from Androy.
693:
669:
by cochineal beetle. This cactus, previously introduced in Fort Dauphin, spread over
490:(sites of "pre-Tandroy" inhabitants identified by stone-and earth-walled enclosures).
487:
304:("people of the thorny bush") or Karembola (in the southwest), with small numbers of
1966:
1897:
1745:
1632:
1590:
1480:
1463:
1401:
1384:
1346:
571:
early 1700s - Menarandra area of southwestern Androy annexed by Maroserana dynasty
1677:
1405:
1192:
Madagascar, les effets de la grave sécheresse provoquée par le phénomène El Niño
1071:
La disparition des Opuntia et les famines périodiques dans le Sud de Madagascar.
1000:
798:
553:
239:
968:
1986:
1725:
1687:
1563:
1553:
1484:
1426:
1376:
1359:
1191:
1169:
1148:
ANALYSE SOCIOLOGIQUE DE LA REALITE DU « KERE » DANS LA REGION ANDROY
1137:
ANALYSE SOCIOLOGIQUE DE LA REALITE DU « KERE » DANS LA REGION ANDROY
1126:
ANALYSE SOCIOLOGIQUE DE LA REALITE DU « KERE » DANS LA REGION ANDROY
1082:
ANALYSE SOCIOLOGIQUE DE LA REALITE DU « KERE » DANS LA REGION ANDROY
1049:
ANALYSE SOCIOLOGIQUE DE LA REALITE DU « KERE » DANS LA REGION ANDROY
1038:
ANALYSE SOCIOLOGIQUE DE LA REALITE DU « KERE » DANS LA REGION ANDROY
859:
521:
1529 - July 28,East of False Cape,Manambovo River mouth. Landing of Raoul and
483:
203:
82:
2023:
2010:
921:
17:
1873:
1863:
1817:
1812:
1787:
1735:
1610:
1451:
1380:
1294:
Pastoralists, warriors and colonists: The archaeology of southern Madagascar
892:
639:
462:
426:
158:
151:
657:
1928-29 - Droughts and a pastoral farming crisis due to the destruction of
547:
reaches the Mandrare river and carves two words on a stone: "Cave Incolas".
1204:"Sécheresse à Madagascar : « on meurt de faim et de soif »"
1060:
Les jardins scolaires des écoles du premier degré à Madagascar (1916-1951)
1027:
Les jardins scolaires des écoles du premier degré à Madagascar (1916-1951)
1016:
Les jardins scolaires des écoles du premier degré à Madagascar (1916-1951)
751:
operation. The Opuntia with a red prickly pear fruit is called raketamena.
1976:
1944:
1902:
1868:
1792:
1781:
1765:
1715:
1662:
1627:
1615:
1438:
1434:
765:
761:
479:
317:
309:
305:
243:
227:
447:
and 12th centuries. For a timeline of the history of Androy, see below.
1923:
1750:
1595:
610:
578:, an English East Indiaman, at Belitsaky (25 km from Ambovombe?).
475:
422:
301:
837:(dried manioc) because most people only ate dried manioc for survival.
1981:
1907:
1858:
1847:
1775:
1667:
1509:
1459:
771:
1957 - Erection of a 414m long steel bridge, designed by Anciens Ets
471:
313:
1181:
Famine à Madagascar : Premières victimes dans la région Androy
779:- insures the first all-year-long road link between the Androy and
1657:
1501:
1455:
1217:
Madagascar prays for rain as U.N. warns of 'climate change famine'
879:
857:
2016 - Drought and famine in Androy. The UN claimed it was due to
780:
705:
697:
670:
418:
235:
942:. Institut National de la Statistique Madagascar. Archived from
163:
1524:
1318:
1228:
Androy : Un pipeline de 97 km pour lutter contre le kere
1159:
An atypical urban famine Antananarivo, Madagascar 1985-1986
830:(one is wide in his vestimentary) because of malnutrition.
808:
1960 - Madagascar declared its independence from France.
688:
1936 - Drought. Also, the first sisal plantations near
727:
1940 - Vichy France takes over control of Madagascar.
287:
was made in February 2023 that would create also the
969:"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab"
1933:
1882:
1826:
1705:
1580:
1001:Pearson, M.P. (2002, Oct). Shipwreck into slavery.
174:
157:
147:
139:
131:
126:
118:
113:
103:
98:
88:
70:
32:
991:Institut National de la Statistique, Antananarivo.
931:
929:
783:regions ( RIG 13 ). The Antandroy-so called
516:beginning of expansion of the Antandroy kingdom
863:, but forgetting that this only occurs in the
1536:
1330:
874:2023 - a pipeline of 97 km was built between
801:formed the Madagasikara Otronin'ny Malagasy (
8:
609:Androy remained independent of the expanded
465:eggs near Talaky at the Manambovo rivermouth
854:2011 - Major drought & famine in Androy
1543:
1529:
1521:
1337:
1323:
1315:
654:later also gets into the tourism business.
632:1917 - State of Emergency in Androy ended.
461:possible evidence of human consumption of
29:
716:1937 - Hydrographic assignment of Aviso
681:1932 - Hosting the Opuntia cacti,a mite
333:has about 110,147 (50/km2) inhabitants.
325:had about 164,751 inhabitants (32/km2),
2038:
914:
173:
156:
125:
112:
97:
87:
69:
57:
45:
122:19,317 km (7,458 sq mi)
599:spreads throughout the Androy region.
146:
138:
130:
117:
102:
7:
760:1956 - Amboliandro Atsimo (commune:
730:1941-1944 : great famine named
635:1920 - Drought and famine in Androy.
2046:antanimora-sud-demande un district
283:A request for the division of the
25:
826:1982 - Drought and famine called
743:1955 - Plantation on 4.000 ha of
370:(Ifotaky Nord) New Protected Area
1696:
1552:
1345:
291:district with 9 municipalities.
242:to the north (starting at about
75:
59:
47:
1104:Madagascar - Political parties.
897:information about history from
734:(that means: many human bones).
329:has about 109,361 (23/km2) and
218:Androy (literally "the land of
840:1989-1992 - Drought and famine
764:) was set up a water pumping
1:
1093:Madagascar Security Concerns.
234:), the Antanosy to the east (
53:The typical scenery of Androy
1003:British Archaeology Magazine
901:et al. See References below.
108:Lahimaro Tsimandilatse Soja
2084:
1239:The Central Androy Project
851:2006-07 - Famine in Androy
833:1986 - Drought and famine
437:(110 km) in the East.
1996:
1694:
1570:
1366:
1292:Pearson, Mike P. (2010).
638:1924 - Introduction of a
230:people to the northwest (
58:
46:
39:
1998:4 districts; 56 communes
629:1916 - famine in Androy.
574:1703 - Shipwreck of the
250:Administrative divisions
148: • Ethnicities
887:Additional Informations
819:1980 - Drought called
1564:Republic of Madagascar
1360:Republic of Madagascar
1244:June 16, 2011, at the
683:Dactylopius tomentosus
495:14th to 15th Centuries
456:10th to 13th Centuries
198:is the most southerly
143:47/km (120/sq mi)
65:Location in Madagascar
2068:Regions of Madagascar
2024:24.80000°S 45.30000°E
973:hdi.globaldatalab.org
580:Robert Drury (sailor)
104: • Governor
1803:Tanambao Tsirandrana
1721:Ambatomainty, Androy
1472:Toamasina (Tamatave)
949:on November 18, 2020
414:crosses this region.
140: • Density
27:Region in Madagascar
2029:-24.80000; 45.30000
2020: /
899:Mike Parker Pearson
545:Étienne de Flacourt
224:Tropic of Capricorn
1731:Anivorano Mitsinjo
724:.Latitude 25°35'S.
431:Route nationale 13
412:Route nationale 10
358:New Protected Area
285:Ambovombe District
259:Ambovombe District
132: • Total
119: • Total
2003:
2002:
1854:Mahenina Ankamena
1643:Anjeky Ankilikira
1518:
1517:
1423:Atsimo-Atsinanana
368:Ifotaky Avaratra
331:Tsihombe District
289:Antanimora Atsimo
193:
192:
16:(Redirected from
2075:
2048:
2043:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2013:
1700:
1574:Ambovombe-Androy
1558:Communes in the
1557:
1556:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1522:
1506:Atsimo-Andrefana
1493:Toliara (Tulear)
1349:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1289:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1236:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1106:
1101:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1013:
1007:
998:
992:
989:
983:
982:
980:
979:
965:
959:
958:
956:
954:
948:
941:
933:
924:
919:
792:Castor oil plant
777:Pont du Mandrare
722:Cape Saint Marie
675:Castor oil plant
667:Opuntia dillenii
659:Opuntia dillenii
648:Opuntia dillenii
597:Opuntia dillenii
362:Cap Sainte Marie
356:Behara Tranomaro
277:Tsiombe District
232:Atsimo-Andrefana
208:Ambovombe-Androy
185:
93:Ambovombe-Androy
81:
79:
78:
63:
51:
30:
21:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2040:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1929:
1878:
1822:
1798:Morafeno Bekily
1761:Belindo Mahasoa
1741:Ankaranabo Nord
1701:
1692:
1683:Marovato Befeno
1576:
1566:
1551:
1549:
1519:
1514:
1477:Alaotra-Mangoro
1431:Haute Matsiatra
1362:
1343:
1313:
1312:
1305:
1301:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1264:
1260:(253), 941–948.
1255:
1251:
1246:Wayback Machine
1237:
1233:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1211:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1076:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1010:
999:
995:
990:
986:
977:
975:
967:
966:
962:
952:
950:
946:
939:
935:
934:
927:
920:
916:
911:
889:
757:1956 - Drought.
745:Opuntia stricta
710:Berenty Reserve
704:Amboasary-Sud (
690:Berenty Reserve
623:
606:
568:
540:
523:Jean Parmentier
507:
497:
458:
453:
444:
407:
395:
390:
377:
364:Special Reserve
352:
350:Protected Areas
339:
327:Beloha District
323:Bekily District
297:
271:Beloha District
265:Bekily District
252:
216:
183:
182:
76:
74:
66:
54:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2081:
2079:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2037:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1961:Antanimora Sud
1957:
1952:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1936:Antanimora Sud
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1833:
1831:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1648:Antanimora Sud
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1578:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1488:
1487:
1467:
1466:
1442:
1441:
1419:Amoron'i Mania
1409:
1408:
1392:
1391:
1389:Vakinankaratra
1367:
1364:
1363:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1299:
1296:. Oxbow Books.
1284:
1273:
1262:
1249:
1231:
1220:
1209:
1195:
1184:
1173:
1162:
1151:
1140:
1129:
1118:
1107:
1096:
1085:
1074:
1063:
1052:
1041:
1030:
1019:
1008:
993:
984:
960:
925:
913:
912:
910:
907:
906:
905:
902:
895:
888:
885:
884:
883:
872:
868:
855:
852:
849:
845:
838:
831:
828:malalak’akanjo
824:
817:
813:
809:
806:
795:
788:
769:
758:
755:
752:
741:
738:
735:
728:
725:
702:
701:
686:
679:
663:
655:
651:
636:
633:
630:
627:
622:
619:
618:
617:
614:
605:
602:
601:
600:
593:
589:
588:
584:
583:
572:
567:
564:
563:
562:
558:
557:
549:
548:
539:
536:
535:
534:
525:, captains of
518:
517:
513:
512:
506:
503:
502:
501:
496:
493:
492:
491:
467:
466:
457:
454:
452:
449:
443:
440:
439:
438:
415:
406:
403:
402:
401:
399:Bekily Airport
394:
391:
389:
386:
376:
373:
372:
371:
365:
359:
351:
348:
338:
335:
296:
293:
281:
280:
274:
268:
262:
251:
248:
215:
212:
191:
190:
179:
172:
171:
161:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
141:
137:
136:
133:
129:
128:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
72:
68:
67:
64:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2080:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2047:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:Ambatotsivala
1835:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1756:Bekily Centre
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1673:Maroalomainty
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:Androy Region
1555:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1308:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1258:Antiquity, 66
1253:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1004:
997:
994:
988:
985:
974:
970:
964:
961:
945:
938:
932:
930:
926:
923:
918:
915:
908:
903:
900:
896:
894:
891:
890:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
866:
865:Pacific Ocean
862:
861:
856:
853:
850:
846:
843:
839:
836:
832:
829:
825:
822:
818:
814:
810:
807:
804:
800:
796:
793:
789:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
767:
763:
759:
756:
753:
750:
746:
742:
739:
736:
733:
729:
726:
723:
719:
715:
714:
713:
711:
707:
699:
695:
694:Amboasary Sud
692:are close to
691:
687:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
649:
645:
641:
637:
634:
631:
628:
625:
624:
620:
615:
612:
608:
607:
603:
598:
594:
591:
590:
586:
585:
581:
577:
573:
570:
569:
565:
560:
559:
555:
551:
550:
546:
542:
541:
537:
532:
528:
524:
520:
519:
515:
514:
509:
508:
504:
499:
498:
494:
489:
488:Swahili Coast
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
468:
464:
460:
459:
455:
450:
448:
441:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
413:
409:
408:
404:
400:
397:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
374:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
353:
349:
347:
345:
336:
334:
332:
328:
324:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
294:
292:
290:
286:
278:
275:
272:
269:
267:- 20 communes
266:
263:
261:- 21 communes
260:
257:
256:
255:
249:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
213:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
189:
180:
177:
169:
165:
162:
160:
153:
150:
142:
134:
121:
109:
106:
94:
91:
84:
73:
62:
50:
38:
34:Androy Region
31:
19:
18:Androy Region
2041:
2005:
1967:Andalatanosy
1959:
1922:
1898:Antaritarika
1846:
1780:
1746:Antsakoamaro
1633:Andalatanosy
1620:
1606:Ambohimalaza
1591:Ambanisarike
1497:
1491:
1481:Analanjirofo
1470:
1445:
1414:Fianarantsoa
1412:
1395:
1372:Antananarivo
1370:
1302:
1293:
1287:
1276:
1265:
1257:
1252:
1234:
1223:
1212:
1198:
1187:
1176:
1165:
1154:
1143:
1132:
1121:
1110:
1099:
1088:
1077:
1066:
1055:
1044:
1033:
1022:
1011:
1002:
996:
987:
976:. Retrieved
972:
963:
951:. Retrieved
944:the original
917:
858:
842:tsy mitolike
841:
834:
827:
823:(iron belt).
820:
784:
776:
748:
731:
718:Bougainville
717:
703:
682:
644:Coccus cacti
643:
621:20th Century
604:19th Century
575:
566:18th Century
554:Fort Dauphin
538:17th Century
530:
526:
505:16th Century
445:
382:
378:
343:
340:
298:
282:
279:- 7 communes
273:- 8 communes
253:
219:
217:
195:
194:
2027: /
1678:Maroalopoty
1397:Antsiranana
904:Archaeology
876:Efaho River
799:Monja Jaona
685:is noticed.
337:Climatology
2057:Categories
1987:Sihanamaro
1726:Ambatosola
1709:(20) (607)
1688:Sihanamaro
1584:(21) (604)
1485:Atsinanana
1427:Fitovinany
1377:Analamanga
978:2018-09-13
909:References
835:bekalapake
785:Grand Pont
484:Mozambique
429:leads the
295:Population
238:) and the
204:Madagascar
188:20th of 22
127:Population
99:Government
83:Madagascar
2015:45°18′0″E
2012:24°48′0″S
1938:(9) (604)
1934:proposed
1886:(7) (621)
1874:Tranovaho
1864:Marolinta
1830:(8) (609)
1818:Vohimanga
1813:Tsikolaky
1808:Tanandava
1788:Manakompy
1736:Anja Nord
1622:Ambovombe
1611:Ambonaivo
1582:Ambovombe
1572:Capital:
1452:Betsiboka
1447:Mahajanga
1381:Bongolava
1352:Provinces
893:Antandroy
821:santiravy
803:MO.NI.MA.
732:marotaola
640:Cochineal
531:la Pensée
463:Aepyornis
435:Taolanaro
427:Ambovombe
388:Transport
240:Bara land
159:Time zone
152:Antandroy
1977:Imanombo
1955:Andraivo
1950:Ambinany
1945:Ampamata
1918:Marovato
1903:Faux Cap
1893:Anjapaly
1869:Tranoroa
1842:Behabobo
1793:Maroviro
1782:Bevitiky
1766:Beraketa
1716:Ambahita
1663:Imanombo
1638:Andraivo
1628:Ampamata
1616:Ambondro
1601:Ambinany
1439:Vatovavy
1435:Ihorombe
1242:Archived
766:windmill
762:Tsihombe
527:le Sacre
511:Ambaro).
486:and the
480:Zimbabwe
451:Timeline
318:Betsileo
310:Mahafaly
306:Antanosy
244:Isoanala
228:Mahafaly
1924:Tsiombe
1884:Tsiombe
1771:Besakoa
1751:Bekitro
1596:Ambazoa
1562:of the
1358:of the
1356:Regions
953:May 23,
922:pnae.mg
871:Borgia.
860:El Niño
797:1958 -
662:people.
642:insect
613:Kingdom
611:Imerina
576:Degrave
543:1648 -
476:Bekitro
442:History
423:Betroka
393:Airport
375:Economy
302:Tandroy
135:903,376
89:Capital
71:Country
2063:Androy
1982:Jafaro
1972:Befeno
1913:Nikoly
1908:Imongy
1859:Kopoky
1848:Beloha
1828:Beloha
1776:Beteza
1707:Bekily
1668:Jafaro
1653:Befeno
1510:Menabe
1498:Androy
1460:Melaky
1350:
773:Eiffel
749:Raketa
678:place.
533:ships.
472:Bekily
314:Merina
200:region
196:Androy
178:(2018)
80:
41:Region
1658:Erada
1502:Anosy
1464:Sofia
1456:Boeny
1402:Diana
1385:Itasy
947:(PDF)
940:(PDF)
880:Anosy
848:etc.)
816:1972.
781:Anosy
706:Anosy
698:Anosy
671:Anosy
419:Ihosy
417:from
405:Roads
236:Anosy
181:0.425
1406:Sava
1354:and
955:2020
529:and
474:and
410:the
344:Kere
316:and
214:Area
164:UTC3
114:Area
1496::
1458:-
1454:-
1404:-
1400::
1375::
433:to
246:).
220:roy
202:of
184:low
176:HDI
168:EAT
2059::
1508:-
1504:-
1500:-
1483:-
1479:-
1475::
1462:-
1450::
1437:-
1433:-
1429:-
1425:-
1421:-
1417::
1387:-
1383:-
1379:-
971:.
928:^
775:-
712:.
700:).
556:).
482:,
425:-
421:-
312:,
308:,
210:.
186:·
1989:.
1544:e
1537:t
1530:v
1338:e
1331:t
1324:v
1206:.
1005:.
981:.
957:.
878:(
867:.
696:(
170:)
166:(
20:)
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