180:
386:. Tandroy homes are traditionally square (not rectangular, as elsewhere on the island), raised on low stilts, topped with a peaked roof and constructed of vertically-hung planks of wood affixed to a wooden frame. These houses traditionally have no windows and feature three wooden doors: the front door is the women's entrance, the door at the rear of the house is for children, and the third door is used by the men. Fences are often constructed around Antandroy houses using
480:
467:("your eternal place"). These are large and rectangular - the larger the tomb, the more wealthy the man - and are decorated with colorful paintings. Tall stones are traditionally placed on each side to represent male and female; in recent years, towers are often constructed in lieu of the stones. The skulls of the zebu slaughtered for the funeral feast are placed on top of the tomb to indicate the deceased's wealth.
343:
171:
heavily on tubers, yams, millet and other crops that are less dependent on water for cultivation than the rice so prevalent elsewhere on the island. The herding of zebu remains the principal economic activity of the
Tandroy, and their tombs are commonly decorated with numerous zebu skulls as an indication of wealth.
470:
Transfer of the coffin to the tomb may take as long as several months while the building is completed. During this period of construction another two-day mourning ceremony takes place; zebu sacrifice and ritual wailing may again take place upon placing the coffin in the tomb. Once the coffin has been
458:
Upon the death of an
Tandroy, family members organize a communal funeral feast. Zebu are sacrificed and their meat given to the community. After laying in state for several days, the deceased's body is placed in a coffin, and more zebu are slaughtered. The mood at this ceremony can be celebratory,
170:
and complex funeral rites, certain practices set them apart. They are particularly known for their distinctive dances, cotton woven clothing, elaborately decorated tombs, and unique use of plank architecture in the construction of their houses. Also unlike most
Malagasy ethnic groups they rely more
114:
mainland. In the 17th century however, the
Tandroy emerged as a confederation of two groups ruled by the Zafimanara dynasty until flooding caused the kingdom to disband around 1790. The difficult terrain and climate of Tandroy protected and isolated the population, sparing them from subjugation by
238:
The inhabitants of the
Tandroy region identify with one of two distinct traditions. The oral history of the Karimbola clan inhabiting the western portion of Tandroy does not describe a migration into the area, but rather implies the inhabitants were always present. In the early 18th century, the
251:
refugees. By the early 18th century a centralized confederation emerged to unite all those living between the
Menarandra and Mendare rivers. This confederation was ruled by a dynasty of Zafimanara, a sub-group of the Mahandrovato clan, which gave the region and its people the name Tandroy.
311:
The
Tandroy share the common Malagasy beliefs in a creator god and the eternal life and power of the ancestors, who intervene in the affairs of the living and who must be respected. The Tandroy commune with and can be possessed by the ancestors by entering a trance state called
123:
also struggled to exert its influence over this population. Since independence the
Tandroy have suffered prejudice and economic marginalization, prompting widespread migration and intermarriage with other ethnic groups, and leading them to play a key role in
290:. The harshness of the environment they inhabit has historically served to largely isolate and protect them from attack by other Malagasy ethnic groups; the French also struggled to exert authority over the Antandroy after colonization. After national
259:(1897-1960), the Tandroy - alongside the Mahafaly - were viewed as the most uncivilized of the island's ethnic groups. This perception spread among fellow Malagasy, establishing a stereotype that characterized the Antandroy as half-clothed savages.
302:
Tandroy families are patriarchal and women are expected to be subordinate to the males in their family. Circumcision is an important ritual for male
Tandroy, and among some communities the foreskin is shot from the barrel of a gun in celebration.
407:
wrappers and loincloths. Weaving continues to be done uniquely by women, who use a wooden spindle rolled against their thigh to twist the cotton into threads for weaving. Before the thread is dipped in a stiffening solution it is called
588:. Described as "undoubtedly the best ethnographic museum in Madagascar", the Museum of the Tandroy features photo exhibitions and displays traditional arts and handicrafts; a model Tandroy house may be visited on the adjacent grounds.
459:
and among some
Tandroy, community members will pick up the coffin and run into the sea with it. Afterward the coffin is placed in a tomb for the male head of household and his immediate family members. Like the neighboring
401:
As the southern arid region of Tandroy is hot much of the year, clothing among the Tandroy is often minimal. Traditional clothing is mainly made of hand-carded and spun cotton which is woven to form
294:
in 1960, the Tandroy (as well as the Merina) became the most common practitioners of interethnic marriage, in large part to the frequent migration of Tandroy men in search of economic opportunity.
471:
placed, stones are heaped over it to fill the tomb. The deceased's house is then destroyed by fire to complete the funeral rites. Family and community members will not return to visit the tomb.
316:. Crocodiles are commonly feared among the Tandroy, and members of the Zafindravoay clan believe they are the descendants of a union between a Tandroy woman and a crocodile. In addition, the
565:
Cattle herding is the main economic activity of the Antandroy. They also practice subsistence farming of cassava, millet, rice and maize. Honey is also a major product of the Antandroy.
1303:
382:
Whereas most dwellings in Madagascar are traditionally constructed from pliable plant materials, the Tandroy are one of the few ethnic groups to use wood plank to build their
525:. Tandroy vocal music features rich polyharmonic melodies. The unique traditional dances of the Tandroy are performed with spears and accompanied by
1296:
568:
Historically, the Tandroy were known as great ironsmiths; their skill in repairing firearms was particularly reputed in the imperial period prior to
252:
Zafimanara power waned around 1790 when significant flooding and the consequent ecological upheaval prompted them to flee to the Manombo plateau.
1272:
1251:
1230:
1127:
1106:
1085:
1064:
330:
missionaries; this remains the predominant form of Christianity among the Tandroy, although most continue to adhere to traditional beliefs.
1507:
1289:
1474:
511:
but with nylon fishing line for strings and five or seven movable frets that facilitate modification of the instrument's tuning. The
1209:
1188:
1167:
1148:
166:
While the Tandroy share many common cultural features with other ethnic groups in Madagascar, such as respect for the ancestors, a
243:
people. In the eastern portion of Tandroy, the original population of the Mahandrovato clan was gradually outnumbered by
1464:
267:
1469:
546:
334:
soothsayers are a common feature of Tandroy village society and are a respected authority in traditional communities.
283:
103:
517:
is a stringed instrument popular with the Tandroy that has a gourd resonator and is played with a bow, much like the
438:(taboos) established by elders and ancestors. Antandroy women are prohibited from milking zebu. There is a general
1312:
383:
323:
416:
is used in numerous Antandroy rituals such as the circumcision ceremony, and is tied around others' wrists by an
192:
66:
320:
spirit is believed to be able to exert positive or negative influence over events in the life of a Tandroy.
230:
There are around 600,000 Tandroy as of 2013. They constitute the fifth largest ethnic group on the island.
1459:
368:
353:
1378:
83:
379:, generally boiled in water and occasionally served in whole milk or flavored with crushed peanuts.
572:
in 1897. Today, many Antandroy men travel seasonally to neighboring areas to search for paid work.
526:
263:
179:
129:
862:
116:
479:
1268:
1247:
1226:
1205:
1184:
1163:
1144:
1123:
1102:
1081:
1060:
569:
542:
443:
291:
256:
167:
120:
803:
1428:
1338:
1320:
893:
854:
815:
550:
326:
was introduced in southern Madagascar beginning in the late 19th century, predominantly by
1413:
1373:
1358:
1333:
581:
403:
360:
244:
239:
westernmost portion of Tandroy was conquered by the Menarandra dynasty of the neighboring
224:
79:
1501:
1403:
200:
87:
446:, and a particular Tandroy king was forbidden to so much as look at one. It is also
412:("living yarn") and is believed to be imbued with spiritual power. For this reason,
1408:
1343:
530:
513:
434:
395:
348:
898:
881:
1262:
1241:
1220:
1199:
1178:
1138:
1117:
1096:
1075:
521:
played further north, but with the resonator carved to resemble a three-stringed
1433:
1363:
1353:
1158:
Emoff, Ron (2008). "Music of Madagascar: An Overview". In Koskoff, Ellen (ed.).
502:
327:
248:
223:
than Austronesian facial features. The Tandroy trace their ancestry back to the
220:
111:
1438:
1383:
1281:
585:
342:
196:
54:
493:(box zithers) from pine planks, using unwound bicycle cables as strings. The
1328:
216:
204:
819:
1443:
1418:
1398:
1388:
489:
460:
240:
1488:
866:
387:
364:
271:
100:
17:
580:
A museum dedicated to Tandroy culture and history operates within the
1423:
1119:
Encyclopedia of National Dress: Traditional Clothing Around the World
554:
522:
507:
376:
287:
212:
208:
125:
107:
858:
487:
Stringed instruments are common among the Tandroy. They construct
1393:
1368:
662:
660:
478:
341:
270:
in 1972 was sparked by the armed protest of Antandroy peasants in
178:
372:
1285:
195:
of endemic plants that characterize the southwestern region of
963:
961:
959:
957:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
1098:
David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"
1080:(9th ed.). Guilford, CT: The Globe Pequot Press Inc.
375:
milk and curd. Other staples include yams, taro root, and
845:
Chapman, Olive (1940). "Primitive tribes in Madagascar".
717:
705:
286:
inhabiting the arid southern part of the island called
106:
inhabiting the arid southern part of the island called
1261:
Raison-Jourde, Françoise; Randrianja, Solofo (2002).
677:
675:
635:
633:
631:
629:
1243:
The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary
1452:
1319:
1222:
Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
72:
60:
48:
38:
777:
729:
666:
191:means "people of the thorns" in reference to the
1160:The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music
359:The Tandroy consume less rice than the average
1177:Fage, J.D.; Crowder, M.; Oliver, R.A. (1984).
501:are the Antandroy names of a popular Southern
199:. Their traditional homeland forms the modern
1297:
1183:. Cambridge, MS: Cambridge University Press.
804:"L'alimentation des Bara (Sud de Madagascar)"
651:
215:; the population is most concentrated around
8:
33:
1039:
991:
979:
967:
789:
753:
741:
620:
424:) is also sometimes used to make clothing.
1304:
1290:
1282:
367:province. They have rather subsisted on a
32:
1264:La nation malgache au défi de l'ethnicité
1162:. New York: Routledge. pp. 123–129.
897:
442:in Antandroy society against killing the
1027:
1015:
765:
450:to mention the name of a deceased king.
420:(healer) to offer protection. Raw silk (
282:The Tandroy are a traditionally nomadic
832:
596:
1074:Bradt, Hilary; Austin, Daniel (2007).
1059:(in French). Berlin: Berger-Levrault.
948:
936:
924:
912:
808:Journal de la Société des Africanistes
463:, the tombs of the Tandroy are called
274:against corruption in tax collection.
183:Distribution of Malagasy ethnic groups
1246:. Westport CT: Greenwood Publishing.
1003:
639:
529:punctuated with shrill whistles and
7:
693:
681:
398:from the surrounding spiny forests.
371:of maize, sweet potato, manioc, and
110:, tracing their origins back to the
49:Regions with significant populations
1204:(in French). Paris: Ernest Leroux.
718:Raison-Jourde & Randrianja 2002
706:Raison-Jourde & Randrianja 2002
584:, approximately two hours north of
541:The Tandroy speak a dialect of the
432:The Tandroy adhere to a variety of
203:, which is roughly located between
139:, but it is technically redundant:
135:The Tandroy may also be called the
1101:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
363:because of the extreme aridity of
128:that sparked the end of President
25:
257:French colonization of Madagascar
1143:. San Francisco, CA: Routledge.
547:Malayo-Polynesian language group
483:A performance of Antandroy dance
352:played by a member of the group
119:in the 19th century; later, the
1201:Tabou Et Totémisme à Madagascar
1180:The Cambridge History of Africa
1140:Encyclopedia of African Peoples
778:Fage, Crowder & Oliver 1984
730:Fage, Crowder & Oliver 1984
667:Fage, Crowder & Oliver 1984
1267:(in French). Paris: Karthala.
219:. They tend to bear stronger
1:
899:10.1525/aa.1928.30.3.02a00010
882:"Culture Areas in Madagascar"
1055:Acquier, Jean-Louis (1997).
1508:Ethnic groups in Madagascar
1313:Ethnic groups of Madagascar
1057:Architectures de Madagascar
545:, which is a branch of the
132:'s administration in 1972.
1524:
284:ethnic group of Madagascar
266:presidency and end of the
211:and between the ocean and
104:ethnic group of Madagascar
27:Ethnic group in Madagascar
1483:
1122:. Los Angeles: ABC Clio.
802:Faublée, Jacques (1942).
121:French colonial authority
77:
67:Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy
65:
53:
43:
847:The Geographical Journal
292:independence from France
1219:Ogot, Bethwell (1999).
1095:Campbell, Gwyn (2012).
1040:Bradt & Austin 2007
992:Bradt & Austin 2007
980:Bradt & Austin 2007
968:Bradt & Austin 2007
886:American Anthropologist
790:Bradt & Austin 2007
754:Bradt & Austin 2007
742:Bradt & Austin 2007
621:Bradt & Austin 2007
1137:Diagram Group (2013).
880:Linton, Ralph (1928).
820:10.3406/jafr.1942.2534
576:Additional information
484:
356:
184:
1240:Olson, James (1996).
1198:Gennep, A.V. (1904).
1116:Condra, Jill (2013).
553:, spoken in southern
482:
396:indigenous succulents
345:
307:Religious affiliation
182:
155:; and the additional
73:Related ethnic groups
262:The toppling of the
99:are a traditionally
84:Austronesian peoples
1006:, pp. 123–129.
570:French colonization
388:prickly-pear cactus
130:Philibert Tsiranana
35:
652:Diagram Group 2013
485:
357:
298:Family affiliation
185:
117:Kingdom of Imerina
1495:
1494:
1475:Vazaha (European)
1470:Vazaha (European)
1274:978-2-84586-304-0
1253:978-0-313-27918-8
1232:978-0-85255-095-3
1225:. Paris: UNESCO.
1129:978-0-313-37637-5
1108:978-90-04-19518-9
1087:978-1-84162-197-5
1066:978-2-7003-1169-3
549:derived from the
543:Malagasy language
527:distinctive music
444:radiated tortoise
93:
92:
16:(Redirected from
1515:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1283:
1278:
1257:
1236:
1215:
1194:
1173:
1154:
1133:
1112:
1091:
1070:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
989:
983:
977:
971:
965:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
916:
910:
904:
903:
901:
877:
871:
870:
842:
836:
830:
824:
823:
799:
793:
787:
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
709:
703:
697:
691:
685:
679:
670:
664:
655:
649:
643:
637:
624:
618:
551:Barito languages
394:) or lengths of
369:traditional diet
39:Total population
36:
21:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1479:
1465:Sinoa (Chinese)
1460:Karana (Indian)
1448:
1315:
1310:
1275:
1260:
1254:
1239:
1233:
1218:
1212:
1197:
1191:
1176:
1170:
1157:
1151:
1136:
1130:
1115:
1109:
1094:
1088:
1073:
1067:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1002:
998:
990:
986:
978:
974:
966:
955:
947:
943:
935:
931:
923:
919:
911:
907:
879:
878:
874:
859:10.2307/1788495
844:
843:
839:
831:
827:
814:(12): 157–202.
801:
800:
796:
788:
784:
776:
772:
764:
760:
752:
748:
740:
736:
728:
724:
716:
712:
704:
700:
692:
688:
680:
673:
665:
658:
650:
646:
638:
627:
619:
598:
594:
582:Berenty Reserve
578:
563:
539:
505:similar to the
477:
475:Dance and music
456:
430:
340:
309:
300:
280:
236:
225:Sakalava people
177:
175:Ethnic identity
168:common language
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1521:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1500:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1456:
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1446:
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1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
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1325:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1308:
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1294:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1258:
1252:
1237:
1231:
1216:
1210:
1195:
1189:
1174:
1168:
1155:
1149:
1134:
1128:
1113:
1107:
1092:
1086:
1071:
1065:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1042:, p. 245.
1032:
1030:, p. 423.
1020:
1018:, p. 441.
1008:
996:
984:
972:
970:, p. 204.
953:
951:, p. 340.
941:
939:, p. 289.
929:
927:, p. 457.
917:
915:, p. 456.
905:
892:(1): 363–390.
872:
837:
825:
794:
782:
780:, p. 688.
770:
768:, p. 472.
758:
746:
734:
732:, p. 682.
722:
710:
708:, p. 142.
698:
696:, p. 426.
686:
684:, p. 435.
671:
669:, p. 686.
656:
644:
625:
595:
593:
590:
577:
574:
562:
559:
538:
535:
476:
473:
455:
452:
429:
426:
339:
336:
308:
305:
299:
296:
279:
276:
268:First Republic
235:
232:
193:spiny thickets
176:
173:
91:
90:
75:
74:
70:
69:
63:
62:
58:
57:
51:
50:
46:
45:
41:
40:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1520:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1379:Betsimisaraka
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
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1332:
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1255:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1211:9785878397216
1207:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1190:9780521224093
1186:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1169:9780415972932
1165:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1150:9781135963415
1146:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1131:
1125:
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1120:
1114:
1110:
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1100:
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1093:
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1083:
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1072:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1028:Campbell 2012
1024:
1021:
1017:
1016:Campbell 2012
1012:
1009:
1005:
1000:
997:
994:, p. 18.
993:
988:
985:
982:, p. 16.
981:
976:
973:
969:
964:
962:
960:
958:
954:
950:
945:
942:
938:
933:
930:
926:
921:
918:
914:
909:
906:
900:
895:
891:
887:
883:
876:
873:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
841:
838:
835:, p. 45.
834:
829:
826:
821:
817:
813:
810:(in French).
809:
805:
798:
795:
792:, p. 19.
791:
786:
783:
779:
774:
771:
767:
766:Campbell 2012
762:
759:
756:, p. 14.
755:
750:
747:
744:, p. 22.
743:
738:
735:
731:
726:
723:
720:, p. 56.
719:
714:
711:
707:
702:
699:
695:
690:
687:
683:
678:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
648:
645:
642:, p. 32.
641:
636:
634:
632:
630:
626:
623:, p. 24.
622:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
597:
591:
589:
587:
583:
575:
573:
571:
566:
560:
558:
556:
552:
548:
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536:
534:
532:
531:fipple flutes
528:
524:
520:
516:
515:
510:
509:
504:
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481:
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462:
454:Funeral rites
453:
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427:
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250:
246:
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210:
206:
202:
201:Androy Region
198:
194:
190:
181:
174:
172:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
147:; the prefix
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
122:
118:
113:
109:
105:
102:
98:
89:
88:Bantu peoples
85:
81:
76:
71:
68:
64:
59:
56:
52:
47:
42:
37:
19:
1485:
1348:
1344:Antambahoaka
1263:
1242:
1221:
1200:
1179:
1159:
1139:
1118:
1097:
1076:
1056:
1035:
1023:
1011:
999:
987:
975:
944:
932:
920:
908:
889:
885:
875:
853:(1): 14–25.
850:
846:
840:
833:Acquier 1997
828:
811:
807:
797:
785:
773:
761:
749:
737:
725:
713:
701:
689:
647:
579:
567:
564:
540:
519:jejy voatavo
518:
512:
506:
498:
494:
488:
486:
469:
464:
457:
447:
439:
433:
431:
421:
417:
413:
409:
402:
400:
391:
381:
358:
354:Vilon'androy
347:
331:
324:Christianity
322:
317:
313:
310:
301:
281:
261:
254:
237:
229:
221:East African
188:
186:
165:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
134:
96:
94:
30:Ethnic group
1354:Antankarana
949:Gennep 1904
937:Gennep 1904
925:Condra 2013
913:Condra 2013
503:chordophone
255:Throughout
112:East Africa
1439:Zafimaniry
1384:Bezanozano
1321:Indigenous
1077:Madagascar
1049:References
1004:Emoff 2008
640:Olson 1996
586:Taolagnaro
197:Madagascar
55:Madagascar
44:c. 600,000
1486:See also:
1453:Immigrant
1429:Tsimihety
1349:Antandroy
1339:Antaisaka
1329:Antaifasy
694:Ogot 1999
682:Ogot 1999
495:mandolina
414:fole velo
410:fole velo
318:kokolampo
264:Tsiranana
217:Ambovombe
205:Amboasary
187:The name
137:Antandroy
61:Languages
1502:Category
1444:Zafisoro
1419:Sihanaka
1414:Sakalava
1399:Masikoro
1389:Mahafaly
1374:Betsileo
1359:Antanosy
1334:Antemoro
537:Language
490:marovany
461:Mahafaly
361:Malagasy
328:Lutheran
245:Antanosy
241:Mahafaly
153:place of
126:protests
82:groups,
80:Malagasy
1489:Vazimba
867:1788495
561:Economy
514:lokanga
418:ambiasa
365:Toliara
349:lokanga
338:Culture
332:Mpisoro
278:Society
272:Toliara
234:History
189:Tandroy
101:nomadic
97:Tandroy
34:Tandroy
18:Tandroy
1424:Tanala
1404:Merina
1271:
1250:
1229:
1208:
1187:
1166:
1147:
1126:
1105:
1084:
1063:
865:
555:Borneo
523:fiddle
508:kabosy
499:gitara
465:fanesy
392:raketa
377:millet
288:Androy
213:Bekily
209:Beloha
159:means
151:means
143:means
108:Androy
78:Other
1409:Mikea
1394:Makoa
1369:Beosi
863:JSTOR
592:Notes
422:landy
404:lamba
384:homes
145:thorn
1434:Vezo
1364:Bara
1269:ISBN
1248:ISBN
1227:ISBN
1206:ISBN
1185:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1124:ISBN
1103:ISBN
1082:ISBN
1061:ISBN
497:and
448:fady
440:fady
435:fady
428:Fady
373:zebu
346:The
314:bilo
249:Bara
247:and
207:and
161:from
115:the
95:The
894:doi
855:doi
816:doi
533:.
141:roy
1504::
956:^
890:30
888:.
884:.
861:.
851:96
849:.
812:12
806:.
674:^
659:^
628:^
599:^
557:.
227:.
163:.
149:an
86:,
1305:e
1298:t
1291:v
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1193:.
1172:.
1153:.
1132:.
1111:.
1090:.
1069:.
902:.
896::
869:.
857::
822:.
818::
654:.
390:(
157:t
20:)
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