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43:
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and is usually not admissible, though there are certain exceptions. However, any hearsay that is not objected to or thrown out by a judge is considered evidence for a jury. This means that trials contain quite a bit of anecdotal evidence, which is considered as relevant evidence by a jury. Eyewitness
239:. Although such evidence is not seen as conclusive, researchers may sometimes regard it as an invitation to more rigorous scientific study of the phenomenon in question. For instance, one study found that 35 of 47 anecdotal reports of drug side-effects were later sustained as "clearly correct."
260:
In any case where some factor affects the probability of an outcome, rather than uniquely determining it, selected individual cases prove nothing; e.g. "my grandfather smoked two packs a day until he died at 90" and "my sister never smoked but died of lung cancer". Anecdotes often refer to the
1017:
Testimonial and anecdotal evidence can be quite useful in the early stages of scientific investigation. Nevertheless, such evidence is almost always much more helpful in the context of discovery (i.e., hypothesis generation) than in the context of justification (i.e., hypothesis testing
126:, where people are talking about different meanings of the term without realizing it. Since an anecdote may be real or fictional, it is often difficult to talk about this form of evidence as a category without explaining exactly what type of anecdotal evidence is being referenced.
215:
people are more likely to remember notable or unusual examples rather than typical examples. Thus, even when accurate, anecdotal evidence is not necessarily representative of a typical experience. Accurate determination of whether an anecdote is typical requires
180:"evidence that comes from an individual experience. This may be the experience of a person with an illness or the experience of a practitioner based on one or more patients outside a formal research study."
228:
and is sometimes referred to as the "person who" fallacy ("I know a person who..."; "I know of a case where..." etc.) which places undue weight on experiences of close peers which may not be typical.
576:
280:, is a common form of evidence used in a court of law. Often this form of anecdotal evidence is the only evidence presented at trial. Scientific evidence in a court of law is called
133:, meaning that there are little or no safeguards against fabrication or inaccuracy. This does not mean that all anecdotal evidence is false, it just means that the methodology of
1169:
183:"the report of an experience by one or more persons that is not objectively documented or an experience or outcome that occurred outside of a controlled environment"
1333:
1338:
231:
Anecdotal evidence can have varying degrees of formality. For instance, in medicine, published anecdotal evidence by a trained observer (a doctor) is called a
743:
Gibson, Rhonda; Zillman, Dolf (1994). "Exaggerated Versus
Representative Exemplification in News Reports: Perception of Issues and Personal Consequences".
203:
or in the case of intentionally fictional anecdotes. Where only one or a few anecdotes are presented, there is a chance that they may be unreliable due to
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242:
Anecdotal evidence is considered the least certain type of scientific information. Researchers may use anecdotal evidence for suggesting new
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291:, that the person is only testifying to their own words and actions, and that someone intentionally lying under oath is subject to
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Because the term connotes three very different kinds of evidence, discussion of the term can result in accidental or intentional
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425:"When and why do people act on flawed science? Effects of anecdotes and prior beliefs on evidence-based decision-making"
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exception, rather than the rule: "Anecdotes are useless precisely because they may point to idiosyncratic responses."
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3. Relaying an account from an fictional source, or story with no attribution, also called an apocryphal saying, an
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testimony (which is a form of anecdotal evidence) is considered the most compelling form of evidence by a jury.
2161:
2001:
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284:, but this is much rarer. Anecdotal evidence, with a few safeguards, represents the bulk of evidence in court.
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199:, because its nature prevents it from being investigated by the scientific method, for instance, in that of
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If an anecdote illustrates a desired conclusion rather than a logical conclusion, it is considered a
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as there are far less legal rigors. Testimony about another person's experiences or words is called
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In the legal sphere, anecdotal evidence, if it passes certain legal requirements and is admitted as
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is evidence based only on personal observation, collected in a casual or non-systematic manner.
916:"Validity of anecdotal reports of suspected adverse drug reactions: the problem of false alarms"
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The legal rigors applied to testimony for it to be considered evidence is that it must be given
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Sicherer, Scott H. (1999). "Food allergy: When and how to perform oral food challenges".
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1. Relaying personal experiences or sense data, also called testimony, or a testimonial.
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2. Relaying the words or experiences of another named person, sometimes called hearsay.
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Anecdotal
Evidence usually is not subject to rules of legal, historical, academic, or
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1971:
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as some anecdotal evidence can be both empirical and verifiable, e.g. in the use of
1983:
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or promotion of a product, service, or idea, anecdotal reports are often called a
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1953:
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174:"casual observations or indications rather than rigorous or scientific analysis"
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2007:
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177:"information passed along by word-of-mouth but not documented scientifically"
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1977:
1961:
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368: – Conclusion made on the basis of one or few instances of a phenomenon
362: – Conclusion made on the basis of one or few instances of a phenomenon
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277:
142:
2123:
1129:
1067:
892:
871:
Vandenbroucke, J. P. (2001). "In
Defense of Case Reports and Case Series".
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577:"Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising"
460:
1193:
211:
samples of typical cases. Similarly, psychologists have found that due to
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200:
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17:
401: – Interplay between observation, experiment, and theory in science
1225:
353:
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389: – Fallacy of assumption of causality based on sequence of events
350: – Account a witness gives in the courtroom of what they observed
195:
in medicine. Other anecdotal evidence, however, does not qualify as
112:
1197:
619:"Nechako White Sturgeon Recovery Initiative - Glossary - NWSRI"
36:
643:"Anecdotal evidence - Smart Health Choices - NCBI Bookshelf"
1005:(2 ed.). New York: Guilford Publications. p. 9.
187:
Anecdotal evidence may be considered within the scope of
562:
370:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
170:
In science, definitions of anecdotal evidence include:
1184:"Benton, Ross, Bradshaw, Thomas, & Bradshaw, 2006"
395: – Presumption that a person is guilty of a crime
220:
evidence. Misuse of anecdotal evidence in the form of
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156:, which are highly regulated in some jurisdictions.
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999:"Initial Thoughts, Reflections, and Considerations"
264:In medicine, anecdotal evidence is also subject to
30:"Anecdata" redirects here. For the web portal, see
848:Clinical Case Reporting in Evidence-Based Medicine
823:"Fallacies | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"
789:. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012
344: – Knowledge acquired by means of the senses
1003:Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology
429:Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications
56:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
1334:Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
1036:Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine
850:. Oxford: Butterworth–Heinemann. p. 117.
1339:Negative conclusion from affirmative premises
1209:
997:; Lynn, Steven Jay; Lohr, Jeffrey M. (2014).
8:
356: – Argument that uses faulty reasoning
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1914:
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719:Research in Psychology: Methods and Design
695:. Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. p. 75.
332: – Bias confirming existing attitudes
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450:
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145:have not been required of the evidence.
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
885:10.7326/0003-4819-134-4-200102200-00017
412:
338: – Refutation of a logical fallacy
800:
27:Evidence relying on personal testimony
787:"Some Notes on the Nature of Science"
722:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 25.
377: – List of faulty argument types
7:
336:Correlation does not imply causation
295:. However, these rigors do not make
246:, but never as validating evidence.
1032:"Against 'instantaneous' expertise"
969:. Boston: Academic Press. pp.
25:
693:Psychology: Themes and Variations
2215:
2214:
1122:10.1034/j.1399-3038.1999.00040.x
1110:Pediatric Allergy and Immunology
667:"No Love for Anecdotal Evidence"
383: – Phenomenological concept
41:
1152:"Evaluating Treatment Products"
1712:Correlation implies causation
1170:"The Judicial Learning Center"
1:
235:, and is subjected to formal
623:www.nechakowhitesturgeon.org
963:Riffenburgh, R. H. (1999).
873:Annals of Internal Medicine
299:in a court of law equal to
141:, or legal requirements of
98:"Anecdotal" can refer to:
2302:
2136:I'm entitled to my opinion
1049:10.1186/s13010-022-00123-3
757:10.1177/009365094021005003
716:Goodwin, C. James (2009).
563:"Anecdote Knowledge (XXG)"
545:"Definition of APOCRYPHAL"
442:10.1186/s41235-021-00293-2
163:
29:
2210:
2119:
1992:
807:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
387:Post hoc ergo propter hoc
2162:Motte-and-bailey fallacy
1262:Affirming the consequent
932:10.1136/bmj.284.6311.249
326: – Informal fallacy
2182:Two wrongs make a right
1513:Denying the correlative
1095:April 20, 2006, at the
914:Venning, G. R. (1982).
423:Michal, Audrey (2021).
324:Argument from ignorance
2167:Psychologist's fallacy
2104:Argument to moderation
2094:Argument from anecdote
2044:Chronological snobbery
1668:Quoting out of context
1635:Overwhelming exception
1518:Suppressed correlative
1418:Quoting out of context
1293:quantificational logic
1267:Denying the antecedent
966:Statistics in Medicine
920:Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)
745:Communication Research
691:Weiten, Wayne (2010).
222:argument from anecdote
2246:Philosophy of science
2130:The Four Great Errors
2110:Argumentum ad populum
2099:Argument from silence
1803:Argumentum ad baculum
1581:Faulty generalization
1272:Argument from fallacy
360:Faulty generalization
2281:Misuse of statistics
2276:Diversionary tactics
2148:Invincible ignorance
1954:Reductio ad Stalinum
1940:Reductio ad Hitlerum
1896:Wisdom of repugnance
1663:Moving the goalposts
1528:Illicit transference
1453:Begging the question
1374:Undistributed middle
1282:Mathematical fallacy
1257:Affirming a disjunct
995:Lilienfeld, Scott O.
846:Jenicek, M. (1999).
647:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
393:Presumption of guilt
366:Hasty generalization
348:Eyewitness testimony
255:hasty generalization
2266:Inductive fallacies
1881:Parade of horribles
1857:In-group favoritism
1683:Syntactic ambiguity
1326:Syllogistic fallacy
1249:propositional logic
1030:Mebius, A. (2022).
301:scientific evidence
197:scientific evidence
166:Scientific evidence
2241:Informal fallacies
1967:Poisoning the well
1784:Proof by assertion
1759:Texas sharpshooter
1693:Questionable cause
1630:Slothful induction
1589:Anecdotal evidence
1449:Circular reasoning
1344:Exclusive premises
1306:Illicit conversion
598:YourDictionary.com
342:Empirical evidence
209:non-representative
160:Scientific context
131:intellectual rigor
93:Anecdotal evidence
60:You can assist by
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2142:Ignoratio elenchi
2054:
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1866:Not invented here
1571:Converse accident
1493:Correlative-based
1470:Compound question
1413:False attribution
1408:False equivalence
1382:
1381:
1172:. 10 August 2012.
531:"Mirriam Webster"
517:"Mirriam Webster"
503:"Mirriam Webster"
489:"MIrriam Webster"
475:"Mirriam Webster"
399:Scientific method
375:List of fallacies
330:Confirmation bias
282:physical evidence
189:scientific method
139:scientific method
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
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2218:
2217:
2189:Special pleading
2068:
1929:Appeal to motive
1915:
1891:Stirring symbols
1871:Island mentality
1809:Wishful thinking
1790:
1506:Perfect solution
1483:No true Scotsman
1478:Complex question
1463:Leading question
1442:Question-begging
1428:No true Scotsman
1393:
1316:Quantifier shift
1311:Proof by example
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926:(6311): 249–52.
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381:Lived experience
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226:informal fallacy
135:scholarly method
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2172:Rationalization
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1988:
1910:Genetic fallacy
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1678:Sorites paradox
1658:False precision
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1620:Double counting
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1474:Loaded question
1458:Loaded language
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319:Anecdotal value
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266:placebo effects
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109:old wives' tale
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2002:Accomplishment
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1754:Slippery slope
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879:(4): 330–334.
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213:cognitive bias
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2157:Naturalistic
2140:
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2063:of relevance
2006:
1984:Whataboutism
1976:
1952:
1946:Godwin's law
1938:
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1801:
1794:Consequences
1775:Law/Legality
1749:Single cause
1722:
1715:
1588:
1555:
1423:Loki's Wager
1403:Equivocation
1396:Equivocation
1178:
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1109:
1103:
1088:Thompson B.
1084:
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830:. Retrieved
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675:. Retrieved
673:. 2007-03-08
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124:equivocation
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54:copy editing
52:may require
51:
32:Anecdata.org
2177:Red herring
1934:Association
1615:Conjunction
1536:Composition
1433:Reification
1349:Existential
1301:Existential
1156:MedicineNet
594:"anecdotal"
237:peer review
233:case report
218:statistical
154:testimonial
150:advertising
70:August 2024
2251:Skepticism
2235:Categories
2153:Moralistic
2087:Sealioning
2081:Ad nauseam
2008:Ipse dixit
1920:Ad hominem
1744:Regression
1546:Ecological
1359:Four terms
1277:Masked man
1090:Fallacies.
1042:(11): 11.
950:0006799125
832:2020-04-07
677:2020-04-07
652:2020-04-07
628:2020-04-07
582:. FTC.gov.
407:References
289:under oath
244:hypotheses
164:See also:
62:editing it
2286:Anecdotes
2261:Testimony
2194:Straw man
2072:Arguments
2061:fallacies
2035:Tradition
2025:Etymology
1997:Authority
1978:Tu quoque
1962:Bulverism
1732:Gambler's
1701:Animistic
1645:Ambiguity
1611:Base rate
1354:Necessity
1226:fallacies
1076:252384889
765:145050644
435:(1): 28.
297:testimony
278:testimony
143:testimony
18:Anecdotal
2256:Evidence
2220:Category
1852:Ridicule
1837:Flattery
1827:Children
1724:Post hoc
1604:McNamara
1566:Accident
1541:Division
1388:Informal
1130:10678717
1093:Archived
1068:36127693
893:11182844
803:cite web
461:33825055
312:See also
201:folklore
117:folklore
2039:Novelty
2014:Poverty
1876:Loyalty
1842:Novelty
1819:Emotion
1768:Appeals
1737:Inverse
1717:Cum hoc
1706:Furtive
1224:Common
1138:1484234
1059:9490894
941:1495801
793:16 June
603:17 June
452:8023527
354:Fallacy
305:hearsay
293:perjury
137:or the
2124:Cliché
2059:Other
2030:Nature
2018:Wealth
1653:Accent
1239:Formal
1136:
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251:faulty
224:is an
1886:Spite
1780:Stone
1134:S2CID
1072:S2CID
897:S2CID
761:S2CID
580:(PDF)
272:Legal
115:, or
1972:Tone
1847:Pity
1832:Fear
1230:list
1126:PMID
1064:PMID
1007:ISBN
975:ISBN
946:PMID
889:PMID
852:ISBN
809:link
795:2022
724:ISBN
697:ISBN
605:2019
457:PMID
113:myth
111:, a
1291:In
1247:In
1118:doi
1054:PMC
1044:doi
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936:PMC
928:doi
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447:PMC
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