479:(FDA) position is that red yeast rice products that contain monacolin K are identical to a prescription drug and, thus, subject to regulation as a drug. In 1998, the FDA initiated action to ban a product (Cholestin) containing red yeast rice extract. The U.S. District Court in Utah ruled in favor of allowing the product to be sold without restriction. This decision was reversed on appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals in 2001. In 2007, the FDA sent warning letters to two dietary supplement companies. One was making a monacolin content claim about its RYR product and the other was not, but the FDA noted that both products contained monacolins. Both products were withdrawn. In a press release the FDA "...is warning consumers to not buy or eat red yeast rice products... may contain an unauthorized drug that could be harmful to health." The rationale for "harmful to health" was that consumers might not understand that the dangers of monacolin-containing red yeast rice are the same as those of prescription statin drugs.
483:
quantity of monacolin K varied from none to prescription strength". Many of these avoid FDA regulation by not having any appreciable monacolin content. Their labels and websites say no more than "fermented according to traditional Asian methods" or "similar to that used in culinary applications". The labeling on these products often says nothing about cholesterol lowering. If products do not contain lovastatin, do not claim to contain lovastatin, and do not make a claim to lower cholesterol, they are not subject to FDA action. Two reviews confirm that the monacolin content of red yeast rice dietary supplements can vary over a wide range, with some containing negligible monacolins.
500:
with a monacolin K content of 11.6 mg/day. Key results: in the treated group, risk of subsequent heart attacks was reduced by 45%, cardio deaths by 31%, and all-cause deaths by 33%. These heart attack and cardiovascular death outcomes appear to be better than what has been reported for prescription statin drugs. A 2008 review pointed out that the cardioprotective effects of statins in
Japanese populations occur at lower doses than are needed in Western populations, and theorized that the low amount of monacolins found in the Xuezhikang product might have been more effectively athero-protective than expected in the Chinese population for the same reason.
525:
their risk profile, thus supporting regulatory bodies for appropriate actions." The
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food concluded that when red yeast rice preparations contained monacolins, the Panel was unable to identify an intake that it could consider as safe. The reason given was case study reports of severe adverse reactions to products containing monacolins at amounts as low as 3 mg/day. Red yeast rice is not recommended during pregnancy or breast-feeding.
569:
263:
33:
532:
ordered stores to remove three RYR dietary supplements (Benikoji
ColesteHelp, NaishiHelp Plus Cholesterol and Natto-kinase Sarasara Tsubu) produced by Kobayashi Pharmaceutical after reports of thousands made ill. Over a hundred people between the ages of 40 to 80 were hospitalized, and five had died
524:
and liver damage resulting from red yeast rice usage. From a review: "The potential safety signals of myopathies and liver injury raise the hypothesis that the safety profile of RYR is similar to that of statins. Continuous monitoring of dietary supplements should be promoted to finally characterize
495:
reported LDL-cholesterol lowered by 1.02 mmol/L (39.4 mg/dL) compared to placebo. The incidence of reported adverse effects ranged from 0% to 5% and was not different from controls. A second meta-analysis incorporating more recent clinical trials also reported significant lowering of total
499:
Within the first review, the largest and longest duration trial was conducted in China. Close to 5,000 post-heart attack patients were enrolled for an average of 4.5 years to receive either a placebo or a RYR product named
Xuezhikang (血脂康). The test product was an ethanol extract of red yeast rice,
406:
compiled by Li
Shizhen ca. 1590. Recommendations were to take it internally to invigorate the body, aid in digestion, and revitalize the blood. One reference provided the Li Shizgen health claims as a quotation "...the effect of promoting the circulation of blood and releasing stasis, invigorating
482:
A products analysis report from 2010 tested 12 products commercially available in the U.S. and reported that per 600 mg capsule, total monacolins content ranged from 0.31 to 11.15 mg. A 2017 study tested 28 brands of red yeast rice supplements purchased from U.S. retailers, stating "the
516:
and rarely declare this content on the label, making risk assessment difficult. Ingredient suppliers have been suspected of "spiking" red yeast rice preparations with purified lovastatin. One published analysis reported several commercial products as being almost entirely monacolin K—which would
713:
244:
on rice for 3–6 days at room temperature. The rice grains turn bright red at the core and reddish purple on the outside. The fully cultured rice is then either sold as the dried grain, or cooked and pasteurized to be sold as a wet paste, or dried and pulverized to be sold as a fine powder.
166:, meaning "grain or bean overgrown with a mold culture", a food preparation tradition going back to ca. 300 BC. In both the scientific and popular literature in English that draws principally on Japanese traditional use, red yeast rice is most often referred to as "red rice
218:, the latter being the same fungus used to make red yeast rice. Chemical analysis soon showed that lovastatin and monacolin K were identical. Lovastatin became the patented prescription drug Mevacor. Red yeast rice went on to become a non-prescription
721:
435:
and monacolin K are identical chemical compounds. The two isolations, documentations and patent applications occurred months apart. Lovastatin became the patented, prescription drug
Mevacor. Red yeast rice went on to become a non-prescription
467:(purpureus = dark red in Latin), when properly fermented and processed, will yield a dried red yeast rice powder that is approximately 0.4% monacolins, of which roughly half will be monacolin K (chemically identical to lovastatin).
533:
as of 29 March, with four of them from kidney problems. There have been more than twelve thousand cases of health problems reported by users. The company said it uses a strain that does not produce citrinin. It has found
1232:
Li YG, Zhang F, Wang ZT, Hu ZB (2004). "Identification and chemical profiling of monacolins in red yeast rice using high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detector and mass spectrometry".
1268:
Heber D, Lembertas A, Lu QY, Bowerman S, Go VL (2001). "An analysis of nine proprietary
Chinese red yeast rice dietary supplements: implications of variability in chemical profile and contents".
582:
537:
in the recalled products and is looking into whether the substance might be linked to the fatalities. The suspect batch was manufactured in 2023. Some analysts have placed the blame on industry
491:
The amount typically used in clinical trials is 1200–2400 mg/day of red yeast rice containing approximately 10 mg total monacolins, of which half are monacolin K. A
226:(FDA) initiated action to ban a dietary supplement containing red yeast rice extract, stating that red yeast rice products containing monacolin K are identical to a
1308:"Traditional Chinese lipid-lowering agent red yeast rice results in significant LDL reduction but safety is uncertain – a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1116:
431:, the latter being the same fungus used to make red yeast rice (RYR) when cultured under carefully controlled conditions. Chemical analysis soon showed that
1831:
1521:
Becker DJ, Gordon RY, Halbert SC, French B, Morris PB, Rader DJ (2009). "Red yeast rice for dyslipidemia in statin-intolerant patients: a randomized trial".
1790:
300:
In China, documentation dates back to at least the first century AD. It is also traditionally used in the production of several types of
Chinese
821:
529:
872:
2375:
1721:
966:
937:
910:
2143:
1747:
1347:
Peng D, Fong A, Pelt AV (2017). "Original
Research: The Effects of Red Yeast Rice Supplementation on Cholesterol Levels in Adults".
553:, and a vinegar dressing made by other companies were also recalled. Kobayashi Pharmaceutical officially discontinued production of
1824:
508:
The safety of red yeast rice (RYR) products has not been established. Some supplements have been found to contain high levels of
1186:
Cohen PA, Avula B, Khan IA (2017). "Variability in strength of red yeast rice supplements purchased from mainstream retailers".
1419:"Statin alternatives or just placebo: an objective review of omega-3, red yeast rice and garlic in cardiovascular therapeutics"
1566:"Adverse reactions to dietary supplements containing red yeast rice: assessment of cases from the Italian surveillance system"
2395:
2278:
58:
48:
2405:
2380:
2138:
1461:
1121:
476:
399:
341:), can be used as flavoring, imparting a subtle but pleasant taste to food. The lees are particularly commonly used in
223:
191:
182:
512:, which can be toxic to the liver, kidneys, and cellular DNA. Commercial products also have highly variable amounts of
1817:
1063:"Statins in hypercholesterolaemia: a dose-specific meta-analysis of lipid changes in randomised, double blind trials"
747:"Pharmanex Inc. v. Shalala, United States District Court, D. Utah, Central Division Mar 1, 2001 Case No. 2:97CV262K"
517:
occur if the drug lovastatin was illegally added—rather than the expected composition of many monacolin compounds.
1774:
1696:
2400:
2390:
1794:
1117:"FDA Warns Consumers to Avoid Red Yeast Rice Products Promoted on Internet as Treatments for High Cholesterol"
1486:
Philibert C, Bres V, Jean-Pastor MJ, Guy C, Lebrun-Vignes B, Robin P, Pinzani V, Hillaire-Buys D (2016). "".
2385:
1854:
346:
266:
2258:
1884:
932:. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper. Food & Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 35.
202:
A modern-era use as a dietary supplement developed in the late 1970s after researchers were isolating
2283:
2273:
1869:
847:
2153:
876:
330:
249:
is the world's largest producer of red yeast rice, but
European companies have entered the market.
88:
2324:
2238:
2213:
2183:
2040:
1924:
1904:
1879:
1840:
1546:
1372:
1211:
802:
437:
240:
219:
158:
1390:
Lu ZL, Collaborative Group for China Coronary Secondary Prevention Using Xuezhikang (2005). "".
2228:
1962:
1646:
1595:
1538:
1503:
1440:
1399:
1364:
1329:
1285:
1250:
1203:
1168:
1094:
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1008:
962:
933:
906:
898:
794:
691:
448:
395:
361:
323:
227:
178:
163:
1534:
1147:"Marked Variability of Monacolin Levels in Commercial Red Yeast Rice Products: Buyer Beware!"
1039:
954:
927:
2253:
2163:
1971:
1636:
1626:
1585:
1577:
1530:
1495:
1430:
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1319:
1277:
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1195:
1158:
1084:
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1035:
998:
784:
681:
671:
350:
171:
2223:
1898:
1874:
1324:
1307:
587:
456:
370:
1126:
987:"Cholesterol-lowering effects of a proprietary Chinese red-yeast-rice dietary supplement"
262:
2308:
2007:
1641:
1614:
1590:
1565:
1360:
686:
659:
534:
342:
280:
63:
53:
1089:
1062:
746:
2369:
2344:
2173:
2158:
1893:
1435:
1418:
611:
History of Koji – Grains and/or Beans Overgrown with a Mold Culture (300 BCE to 2012)
550:
541:, intended to boost economic growth by facilitating the approval of health products.
492:
1550:
1215:
806:
2349:
1859:
1163:
1146:
574:
538:
308:
284:
186:
1376:
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452:
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382:
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365:
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208:
1499:
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1246:
2339:
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1980:
1953:
1939:
1864:
789:
772:
676:
564:
432:
416:
203:
196:
1697:"Japan recalls 'red rice' health products over suspected link to five deaths"
1631:
1199:
459:
are lowered by 24–49% depending on the statin and dose. Different strains of
415:
In the late 1970s, researchers in the United States and Japan were isolating
2354:
2303:
2233:
2208:
2178:
2148:
2100:
2085:
2080:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
1934:
1889:
1722:"5 dead and over 100 hospitalized from recalled Japanese health supplements"
1664:
1003:
986:
627:
Erdogrul O, Azirak S. (2004). "Review of the studies on the red yeast rice (
513:
402:. Medicinal use of red yeast rice is described in the Chinese pharmacopoeia
32:
1650:
1599:
1542:
1507:
1444:
1403:
1368:
1333:
1289:
1254:
1207:
1172:
1098:
1079:
1047:
798:
695:
279:
Red yeast rice is used to color a wide variety of food products, including
1012:
463:
fungus will produce different amounts of monacolins. The 'Went' strain of
368:
to traditionally color and preserve certain dishes like fermented shrimp (
2188:
2168:
2105:
2065:
2050:
1944:
521:
509:
427:
302:
289:
214:
78:
660:"Quality and Authenticity Control of Functional Red Yeast Rice-A Review"
189:
around AD 800. Red yeast rice is described in the Chinese pharmacopoeia
2334:
2288:
2218:
2198:
2045:
1919:
1909:
1462:"What consumers should know about health supplement linked to 5 deaths"
322:), imparting a reddish color to these wines. It was called a "koji" in
17:
1809:
1581:
2329:
2193:
2115:
2110:
2070:
2060:
2055:
1998:
1989:
447:
drugs inhibit cholesterol synthesis by blocking action of the enzyme
444:
68:
1564:
Mazzanti G, Moro PA, Raschi E, Da Cas R, Menniti-Ippolito F (2017).
773:"Monascus secondary metabolites: production and biological activity"
985:
Heber D, Yip I, Ashley JM, Elashoff DA, Elashoff RM, Go VL (1999).
1615:"Scientific opinion on the safety of monacolins in red yeast rice"
271:
261:
246:
31:
2298:
2120:
2075:
546:
394:
In addition to its culinary use, red yeast rice is also used in
314:
177:
In addition to its culinary use, red yeast rice is also used in
153:
1813:
156:, which acquires its color from being cultivated with the mold
1748:"Kobayashi Pharma to withdraw from beni kōji product segment"
1669:
NIH: National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health
903:
Handbook of Indigenous Foods Involving Alkaline Fermentation
583:
List of microorganisms used in food and beverage preparation
222:
in the United States and other countries. In 1998, the U.S.
174:
literature sources prefer the translation "red yeast rice."
238:
Red yeast rice is produced by cultivating the mold species
822:"Gee-Lawson-enters-China-dominated-red-yeast-rice-supply"
326:, meaning "grain or bean overgrown with a mold culture".
1306:
Gerards MC, Terlou RJ, Yu H, Koks CH, Gerdes VE (2015).
40:
turns red; the rice when dried is called red yeast rice.
1145:
Gordon RY, Cooperman T, Obermeyer W, Becker DJ (2010).
297:, and Chinese pastries that require red food coloring.
162:. Red yeast rice is what is referred to as a "koji" in
959:
Philippine Fermented Foods: Principles and Technology
961:. University of the Philippines Press. p. 264.
2317:
2129:
1918:
1847:
1613:Younes M, Aggett P, Aguilar F, et al. (2018).
349:, a celebratory dish associated with birthdays and
1110:
1108:
1026:Endo A (2004). "The origin of the statins. 2004".
955:"Lactic-Acid-Fermented Fish and Fishery Products"
741:
739:
658:Song J, Luo J, Ma Z, Sun Q, Wu C, Li X (2019).
605:
603:
2024:Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D)
1301:
1299:
929:Utilization of Tropical Foods: Animal products
623:
621:
619:
520:There are reports in the literature of muscle
113:
1825:
1140:
1138:
1136:
8:
980:
978:
707:
705:
230:, and thus subject to regulation as a drug.
27:Type of bright reddish purple fermented rice
98:
1832:
1818:
1810:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
440:in the United States and other countries.
36:Wet rice cultivated with the mold species
1640:
1630:
1589:
1434:
1323:
1227:
1225:
1162:
1088:
1078:
1002:
788:
685:
675:
333:left over from wine production, known as
1535:10.7326/0003-4819-150-12-200906160-00006
1040:10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2004.08.033
613:. Lafayette, California: Soyinfo Center.
83:
712:Duggan M, Hartman GD (15 August 1989).
599:
407:the spleen and eliminating digestion."
152:, is a bright reddish purple fermented
451:. As a consequence, circulating total
345:, where they are used for dishes like
1690:
1688:
1686:
1456:
1454:
1325:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.04.004
170:" English language articles favoring
7:
714:"Novel HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors"
897:Visessanguan W, Chaikaew S (2014).
1361:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000521973.38717.2e
443:Lovastatin and other prescription
25:
1695:Semans H, Lau C (29 March 2024).
1392:Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi
873:"Foochow Red Wine Chicken Recipe"
496:cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol.
1436:10.1097/00029330-200808020-00017
901:. In Sarkar PK, Nout MR (eds.).
848:"Gauntner's Japan Times Stories"
567:
905:. CRC Press. pp. 212–213.
411:Red yeast rice and statin drugs
380:(fermented rice and fish), and
93:
1164:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.382
718:US Patent and Trademark Office
609:Shurtleff W, Aoyagi A (2012).
338:
73:
62:
52:
1:
1151:Archives of Internal Medicine
1061:Edwards JE, Moore RA (2003).
777:J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol
386:(fermented rice and shrimp).
364:) is also used widely in the
2376:Traditional Chinese medicine
1122:Food and Drug Administration
633:Turkish Electronic J Biotech
528:In March 2024, the Japanese
477:Food and Drug Administration
471:U.S. regulatory restrictions
400:traditional Chinese medicine
390:Traditional Chinese medicine
224:Food and Drug Administration
183:Traditional Chinese medicine
557:products on 8 August 2024.
103:'red yeast rice'),
2422:
2144:β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate
2034:Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K)
1282:10.1089/107555301750164181
1247:10.1016/j.jpba.2004.04.004
2019:Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C)
1746:Inoue Y (8 August 2024).
1417:Ong HT, Cheah JS (2008).
790:10.1007/s10295-012-1216-8
677:10.3390/molecules24101944
1632:10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5368
1500:10.2515/therapie/2015053
1200:10.1177/2047487317715714
1855:Bodybuilding supplement
1270:J Altern Complement Med
347:Fujian red wine chicken
267:Fujian red wine chicken
2029:Tocopherol (Vitamin E)
1115:FDA (August 9, 2007).
1080:10.1186/1471-2296-4-18
276:
185:, possibly during the
114:
41:
2396:Medical controversies
1004:10.1093/ajcn/69.2.231
265:
35:
2229:Japanese honeysuckle
1797:on November 25, 2005
1129:on January 11, 2017.
899:"Shellfish Products"
425:and monacolins from
212:and monacolins from
2406:Chinese rice dishes
2381:Dietary supplements
2154:Chondroitin sulfate
1972:Pantothenic acid (B
1935:Retinol (Vitamin A)
1905:Protein supplements
1841:Dietary supplements
1570:Br J Clin Pharmacol
1235:J Pharm Biomed Anal
953:Sanchez PC (2008).
846:Gauntner J (2001).
820:Starling S (2012).
771:Patakova P (2013).
59:traditional Chinese
2325:Codex Alimentarius
2214:Grape seed extract
1875:Herbal supplements
1188:Eur J Prev Cardiol
926:Redhead J (1990).
724:on 14 January 2019
629:Monascus purpureus
530:Ministry of Health
465:Monascus purpureus
438:dietary supplement
277:
241:Monascus purpureus
220:dietary supplement
159:Monascus purpureus
126:red fermented rice
49:simplified Chinese
42:
38:Monascus purpureus
2363:
2362:
2008:Cyanocobalamin (B
1925:chemical elements
1582:10.1111/bcp.13171
1429:(16): 1588–1594.
1194:(13): 1431–1434.
1157:(19): 1722–1727.
1028:Atheroscler Suppl
968:978-971-542-554-4
939:978-92-5-102878-0
912:978-1-4665-6530-2
549:paste, crackers,
545:products such as
487:Clinical evidence
449:HMG-CoA reductase
396:Chinese herbology
228:prescription drug
179:Chinese herbology
101:
16:(Redirected from
2413:
2318:Related articles
2224:Iron supplements
2164:Copper gluconate
1834:
1827:
1820:
1811:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1793:. Archived from
1791:"Red Yeast Rice"
1785:
1783:
1781:
1775:"Red Yeast Rice"
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1692:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1665:"Red Yeast Rice"
1661:
1655:
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1610:
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1593:
1561:
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1523:Ann. Intern. Med
1518:
1512:
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1473:
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1448:
1438:
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1387:
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1380:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1241:(5): 1101–1112.
1229:
1220:
1219:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1142:
1131:
1130:
1125:. Archived from
1112:
1103:
1102:
1092:
1082:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1006:
982:
973:
972:
950:
944:
943:
923:
917:
916:
894:
888:
887:
885:
884:
875:. Archived from
869:
863:
862:
860:
858:
843:
837:
836:
834:
832:
826:NutraIngredients
817:
811:
810:
792:
768:
762:
761:
759:
757:
743:
734:
733:
731:
729:
720:. Archived from
709:
700:
699:
689:
679:
655:
640:
625:
614:
607:
577:
572:
571:
570:
356:Red yeast rice (
351:Chinese New Year
340:
312:), and Japanese
119:
117:
102:
99:
95:
85:
75:
66:
56:
21:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2401:Fermented foods
2391:Medicinal fungi
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2313:
2131:
2125:
2011:
2002:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1926:
1923:
1914:
1899:Bifidobacterium
1843:
1838:
1800:
1798:
1788:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1705:
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1694:
1693:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1529:(12): 830–839.
1520:
1519:
1515:
1494:(5S): S31–S40.
1485:
1484:
1480:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1312:Atherosclerosis
1305:
1304:
1297:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1144:
1143:
1134:
1114:
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1106:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1025:
1024:
1020:
984:
983:
976:
969:
952:
951:
947:
940:
925:
924:
920:
913:
896:
895:
891:
882:
880:
871:
870:
866:
856:
854:
852:The Japan Times
845:
844:
840:
830:
828:
819:
818:
814:
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769:
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596:
588:Medicinal fungi
573:
568:
566:
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489:
473:
457:LDL-cholesterol
413:
404:Ben Cao Gang Mu
392:
371:bagoong alamang
260:
255:
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84:Hung4 Kuk1 Mai5
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2386:Food colorings
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2311:
2309:Zinc gluconate
2306:
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2284:St John's wort
2281:
2276:
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2266:
2264:Red yeast rice
2261:
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2251:
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2016:
2015:
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2009:
2005:
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1996:
1991:
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1807:
1786:
1773:Medicine Net.
1768:
1767:External links
1765:
1762:
1761:
1738:
1713:
1682:
1656:
1605:
1576:(4): 894–908.
1556:
1513:
1478:
1450:
1409:
1398:(2): 109–115.
1394:(in Chinese).
1382:
1339:
1318:(2): 415–423.
1295:
1276:(2): 133–139.
1260:
1221:
1178:
1132:
1104:
1053:
1034:(3): 125–130.
1018:
997:(2): 231–236.
991:Am J Clin Nutr
974:
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911:
889:
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783:(2): 169–181.
763:
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701:
641:
615:
598:
597:
595:
592:
591:
590:
585:
579:
578:
562:
559:
535:puberulic acid
505:
502:
488:
485:
472:
469:
412:
409:
391:
388:
343:Fujian cuisine
281:fermented tofu
259:
256:
254:
251:
235:
232:
130:red kojic rice
45:Red yeast rice
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
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2345:Nutraceutical
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2180:
2177:
2175:
2174:Dietary fiber
2172:
2170:
2167:
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2160:
2159:Cod liver oil
2157:
2155:
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2150:
2147:
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2137:
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2130:Other common
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2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2004:
1999:Folic acid (B
1997:
1995:
1988:
1986:
1981:Pyridoxine (B
1979:
1977:
1970:
1968:
1961:
1959:
1954:Riboflavin (B
1952:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1908:
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1903:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:Lactobacillus
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
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1750:. Japan Times
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1490:(in French).
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1466:Yahoo Finance
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879:on 2021-07-16
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34:
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19:
2350:Multivitamin
2274:Saw palmetto
2263:
2254:Milk thistle
1927:("minerals")
1860:Energy drink
1801:February 12,
1799:. Retrieved
1795:the original
1780:February 12,
1778:. Retrieved
1752:. Retrieved
1741:
1730:. Retrieved
1728:. 2024-03-29
1725:
1716:
1704:. Retrieved
1700:
1673:. Retrieved
1668:
1659:
1622:
1619:EFSA Journal
1618:
1608:
1573:
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1526:
1522:
1516:
1491:
1487:
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1470:. Retrieved
1468:. 2024-04-01
1465:
1426:
1423:Chin. Med. J
1422:
1412:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1355:(8): 46–54.
1352:
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1342:
1315:
1311:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1238:
1234:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1154:
1150:
1127:the original
1120:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1031:
1027:
1021:
994:
990:
958:
948:
928:
921:
902:
892:
881:. Retrieved
877:the original
867:
855:. Retrieved
851:
841:
829:. Retrieved
825:
815:
780:
776:
766:
754:. Retrieved
750:
726:. Retrieved
722:the original
717:
670:(10): 1944.
667:
663:
636:
632:
628:
610:
575:Fungi portal
554:
542:
539:deregulation
527:
519:
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426:
420:
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393:
381:
375:
369:
357:
355:
334:
328:
319:
313:
309:Shaoxing jiu
307:
301:
299:
288:
285:rice vinegar
278:
270:
239:
237:
213:
207:
201:
190:
187:Tang dynasty
176:
167:
157:
148:
147:
142:
141:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:, lit. 'red
106:
104:
92:
82:
72:
44:
43:
37:
29:
2269:Royal jelly
2249:Lipoic acid
2244:Linseed oil
2204:Glucosamine
2132:ingredients
1945:Thiamine (B
1870:Fatty acids
1789:PDRhealth.
1675:28 December
1625:(8): 5368.
857:28 December
831:19 December
453:cholesterol
422:Aspergillus
383:balao-balao
377:burong isda
366:Philippines
295:Peking duck
209:Aspergillus
94:âng-khak-bí
2370:Categories
2340:Herbal tea
2294:Wheatgrass
2194:Folic acid
2096:Phosphorus
2091:Molybdenum
1940:B vitamins
1890:Probiotics
1885:Prebiotics
1865:Energy bar
1732:2024-04-14
1472:2024-04-02
883:2021-07-16
728:13 January
594:References
514:monacolins
433:lovastatin
417:lovastatin
234:Production
204:lovastatin
197:Li Shizhen
89:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
74:hóng qū mǐ
2355:Nutrition
2304:Yohimbine
2299:Wolfberry
2279:Spirulina
2259:Melatonin
2234:Krill oil
2209:Glutamine
2179:Echinacea
2149:Carnitine
2101:Potassium
2086:Manganese
2081:Magnesium
1990:Biotin (B
1963:Niacin (B
1349:Am J Nurs
664:Molecules
555:beni koji
105:red rice
2189:Fish oil
2169:Creatine
2106:Selenium
2066:Fluorine
2051:Chromium
1920:Vitamins
1910:Vitamins
1880:Minerals
1754:8 August
1706:29 March
1651:32626016
1600:28093797
1551:46513590
1543:19528562
1508:28277227
1488:Thérapie
1445:18982874
1404:15924803
1369:28749884
1334:25897793
1290:11327519
1255:15336357
1216:22095749
1208:28641460
1173:20975018
1099:14969594
1048:15531285
807:17175319
799:23179468
751:Casetext
696:31137594
639:: 37–49.
561:See also
543:Benikoji
522:myopathy
510:citrinin
461:Monascus
428:Monascus
362:Filipino
324:Japanese
320:akaisake
303:huangjiu
290:char siu
258:Culinary
215:Monascus
164:Japanese
115:benikōji
79:Jyutping
2335:Hadacol
2289:Taurine
2239:Lingzhi
2219:Guarana
2199:Ginseng
2184:Ephedra
2046:Choline
2041:Calcium
1726:AP News
1642:7009499
1591:5346868
1013:9989685
756:21 June
687:6572552
475:The US
335:hóngzāo
275:noodles
172:Chinese
18:Ang-kak
2330:Enzyte
2116:Sulfur
2111:Sodium
2071:Iodine
2061:Copper
2056:Cobalt
1671:. 2013
1649:
1639:
1598:
1588:
1549:
1541:
1506:
1443:
1402:
1377:881259
1375:
1367:
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1090:317299
1087:
1073:: 18.
1046:
1011:
965:
936:
909:
805:
797:
694:
684:
504:Safety
445:statin
358:angkak
283:, red
149:angkak
110:(べにこうじ
91::
81::
71::
69:pinyin
61::
51::
1848:Types
1547:S2CID
1373:S2CID
1212:S2CID
803:S2CID
419:from
272:misua
269:with
247:China
206:from
168:koji.
146:, or
2139:AAKG
2121:Zinc
2076:Iron
1803:2006
1782:2006
1756:2024
1708:2024
1677:2018
1647:PMID
1596:PMID
1539:PMID
1504:PMID
1441:PMID
1400:PMID
1365:PMID
1330:PMID
1286:PMID
1251:PMID
1204:PMID
1169:PMID
1095:PMID
1044:PMID
1009:PMID
963:ISBN
934:ISBN
907:ISBN
859:2018
833:2018
795:PMID
758:2019
730:2019
692:PMID
631:)".
547:miso
455:and
398:and
331:lees
329:The
315:sake
253:Uses
181:and
154:rice
143:anka
138:rice
136:koji
134:red
124:'),
122:koji
107:koji
100:lit.
1922:and
1701:CNN
1637:PMC
1627:doi
1586:PMC
1578:doi
1531:doi
1527:150
1496:doi
1431:doi
1427:121
1357:doi
1353:117
1320:doi
1316:240
1278:doi
1243:doi
1196:doi
1159:doi
1155:170
1085:PMC
1075:doi
1036:doi
999:doi
785:doi
682:PMC
672:doi
374:),
360:in
195:by
64:紅麴米
54:红曲米
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339:红糟
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
