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124:
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longer than they are wide; the reverse is true for proximal caudal vertebrae. Derived ankylosaurids possess a fusion of posterior dorsal, sacral, and sometimes anterior caudal vertebrae, which forms a singular structure called a "synsacrum complex". There is a complete fusion between centra, neural arches, zygapophyses, and sometimes neural spines.
633:, in 1906 in the Hell Creek Beds in Montana. The fossil material they found was a portion of the skull, two teeth, some vertebrae, a distorted scapula, ribs and more than thirty osteoderms. Reconstruction of the specimen was initially met with skepticism by those who believed it to be at least very close to, or completely a part of the genus
2518:
orientation of zygapophyseal articulations in the free caudal vertebrae of the tail. This arrangement is most effective for side-to-side rather than vertical mobility. The absence of musculature to elevate the tail, and this orientation of zygapophyses suggest that the tail and its club swept parallel to and slightly above the ground.
2636:
There are a few prevailing theories for ankylosaurid tail club function. The first is agonistic behaviour within a species. In most vertebrates, including dinosaurs, this behaviour is accompanied by structures for display or combat. Some researchers believe this phenomenon would have been implausible
732:
In 2012, Thompson et al. undertook an analysis of almost all known valid ankylosaurs and outgroup taxa at the time. They based their resulting phylogeny on characters representing cranial, post-cranial, and osteodermal anatomy, and details of synapomorphies for each recovered clade. This study placed
650:
function. This is possible if the tail club was used for agonistic behaviour. However, a sexual dimorphism theory would predict roughly equal numbers of individuals with two distinct sizes of tail clubs. Obvious sexual dimorphism has not been documented, but if the clubs of one sex are much larger,
590:
and enlarged, bulbous osteoderms. The "handle" of the tail club involves the vertebrae, and requires elongated prezygapophyses to overlap at least half of the preceding vertebral centrum length. These distal caudal vertebrae also lack transverse processes and neural spines, and therefore tend to be
2579:
Variations in tail knob shape, thickness, and length are attributed to individual variation, taxonomy, or representation of different growth phases. There are difficulties with this last aspect, however, in that known clubs do not conform to a single growth series, yet some differences must be
2517:
Several muscles in the posterior of ankylosaurids (dorsalis caudae, ilio-caudalis, coccygeo-femoralis brevis, coccygeo-femoralis longus, ilio-tibialis, and ischio caudalis) were used for motion of the tail and tail club. Ankylosaurids tend to have horizontal rather than an obliquely vertical
578:
to create a fused shield of armour. Only two collars of armour plates can be found on the neck, as opposed to the sister group, nodosaurids, which have three. Nodosauridae and
Ankylosauridae also share the unique attribute of abundant structural fibres in both primary and secondary bone.
2527:
573:
Ankylosaurids are stout, solidly built, armoured dinosaurs. They possess accessory ossifications on cranial bones that cover some skull openings and form wedge-shaped, horn-like structures. Along the ankylosaurid torso are scute rows, which are filled in with smaller
671:
In 1978, W.P. Coombs, Jr. classified almost all valid species of
Ankylosauria within either Nodosauridae or Ankylosauridae. This was a pivotal study and described many characters of ankylosaurs in the earliest phylogenetic analyses of the group.
3012:
Coombs, Walter P. Jr. (1995-07-01). "Ankylosaurian tail clubs of middle
Campanian to early Maastrichtian age from western North America, with description of a tiny club from Alberta and discussion of tail orientation and tail club function".
2643:
The bones that form cranial ornamentation have physiological costs, and so would be inefficient to produce merely for protection against predation. The theory has therefore been posed that these wedge-shaped osteoderms could support a partly
2534:
It is difficult to establish the geographical origin of
Ankylosauridae at present. There is a mix of basal ankylosaurids from both North America and Asia, which carries on through accepted cladistic analyses. It appears that in the
2501:
forelimbs demonstrate similarities to crocodilian forelimb musculature. The most well developed muscles in the pectoral region had more of a weight-bearing function than a rotational one. It has also been postulated that the
2637:
considering there is no modern tetrapod analogue that uses the tail for this purpose. These paleontologists instead propose that ankylosaurids made use of their broad, flat skull for head-butting between individuals.
3423:
Hill, R., D’Emic, M., Bever, G., Norell, M. 2015. A complex hyobranchial apparatus in a
Cretaceous dinosaur and the antiquity of avian paraglossalia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. doi: 10.1111/zoj.12293
3458:
Kirkland, J. I. (1996). Biogeography of western North
America's mid-Cretaceous faunas - losing European ties and the first great Asian-North American interchange. J. Vertebr. Paleontol. 16 (Suppl. to 3):
2559:
Within
Ankylosauridae there is much individual and interspecific variation in expression of armour. However, the most researched aspect of ankylosaurid armour is the tail club. There has been substantial
2598:
possess ridges and grooves on their teeth that have no relation to their marginal cusps. With their downward-facing neck and head, it is plausible for ankylosaurids to feed in a grazing pattern.
538:
Ankylosauridae is exclusively known from the northern hemisphere, with specimens found in western North
America, Europe, and East Asia. The first discoveries within this family were of the genus
2640:
The second theory for tail club function is for defense against predators. It has been postulated that the club would be most effective against the metatarsals of an attacking theropod.
2815:
Barnum., Brown; C., Kaisen, Peter (1908-01-01). "The
Ankylosauridae, a new family of armored dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous. Bulletin of the AMNH ; v. 24, article 12".
2492:. Muscles inserting on the tibia and fibula have longer moment arms. This pattern of retractor muscles points to an elephantine locomotion, consistent with columnar posture.
2547:, where they diversified into a clade of ankylosaurines characterized by arched snouts and flat cranial bone plates (caputegulae). There is no evidence for ankylosaurids in
3230:
Thompson, Richard S.; Parish, Jolyon C.; Maidment, Susannah C. R.; Barrett, Paul M. (2012-06-01). "Phylogeny of the ankylosaurian dinosaurs (Ornithischia: Thyreophora)".
3123:
2848:
4670:
2592:
Most ankylosaurid teeth were leaf-shaped, implying a mainly herbivorous diet. Their teeth could be smooth or fluted, or may differ on labial and lingual surfaces.
2539:, Asian nodosaurids were replaced by ankylosaurine ankylosaurids. Some researchers postulate that Ankylosaurines migrated into North America from Asia between the
2696:
594:
In 2017, Victoria M. Arbour and David C. Evans described a new genus of ankylosaurine that preserved extensive soft tissues along the body. This animal, named
2564:
and individual variability found in the morphology of this feature. There have been at least 16 caudal vertebrae included in the handle of the tail club of
524:
2482:, suggesting that the tibia carried most of the weight of the animal, while the fibula served as an area of muscular attachment. Hindlimb muscles of
4657:
4553:
1529:, other basal ankylosaurids, and a number of derived ankylosaurids. Their phylogeny includes some uncertain phylogenetic relationships, between
4739:
3508:
3449:
138:
3057:
4734:
3388:
4729:
3280:
Arbour, Victoria M.; Currie, Philip J. (2016-05-03). "Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs".
3211:
2673:
2660:
4570:
2721:
2686:
1255:
3152:
Sereno, Paul (1998). "A Rationale for
Phylogenetic Definitions, with Application to the Higher-level Taxonomy of Dinosauria".
2691:
2683:
2679:
2670:
2662:
2659:
2693:
2690:
2687:
4548:
2675:
2667:
2019:
1205:
1090:
2663:
150:
2694:
2672:
2661:
523:. The oldest known Ankylosaurids date to around 122 million years ago and went extinct 66 million years ago during the
691:. Ankylosaurs not known to possess a tail club were included in Kenneth Carpenter's 2001 phylogeny of Ankylosauridae.
2692:
2678:
2676:
2664:
3501:
1073:
994:
2681:
2677:
1148:
905:
881:
664:
297:
2685:
3599:
1286:
3330:
Coombs, W.P. Jr (1979). "Osteology and Myology of the Hindlimb in the Ankylosauria (Reptilia, Ornithischia)".
2684:
2680:
2671:
2668:
2657:
2688:
2682:
2666:
4724:
4597:
1336:
1303:
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527:. These animals were mainly herbivorous and were obligate quadrupeds, with leaf-shaped teeth and robust,
4696:
3626:
3494:
3103:
2828:
2658:
2002:
1222:
2689:
4644:
4580:
3022:
2875:
2864:"Long Bone Histology and Growth Patterns in Ankylosaurs: Implications for Life History and Evolution"
2669:
2665:
1165:
953:
929:
4635:
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3883:
3191:
1737:
1513:
1499:
1025:
799:
741:
702:
133:
1511:
In 2016, Arbour and Currie have presented a phylogenetic analysis of Ankylosauridae consisting of
3722:
3369:
3360:
Coombs, Walter P. (1978-01-01). "Forelimb Muscles of the Ankylosauria (Reptilia, Ornithischia)".
3339:
3305:
3255:
1647:
857:
439:
391:
145:
3203:
560:
4701:
3483:, Blog by an evolutionary biologist and vertebrate palaeontologist specializing in ankylosaurs
3087:
2488:
have been restored and the placement of several muscles inserting on the femur have very short
4683:
4479:
3743:
3445:
3440:
Carpenter K (2001). "Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria". In Carpenter, Kenneth (ed.).
3297:
3247:
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3038:
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2713:
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2507:
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709:
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It has previously been interpreted that variation in ankylosaurid tail club shape is due to
465:
39:
123:
4409:
4373:
4313:
4279:
4272:
4165:
4106:
3978:
3875:
3791:
3751:
3584:
3137:
Coombs, W.P. Jr. (1978). "The Families of the Ornithischian Dinosaur Order Ankylosauria".
3116:
2841:
2613:
1977:
1804:
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696:
370:
43:
713:
were recorded as basal ankylosaurids, with the rest of the ankylosaurids filled out with
3026:
2879:
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531:-covered bodies. Ankylosaurids possess a distinctly domed and short snout, wedge-shaped
4472:
4458:
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4352:
4325:
4202:
4117:
4063:
3928:
3898:
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3807:
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2936:"Ankylosaurid dinosaur tail clubs evolved through stepwise acquisition of key features"
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3800:
3773:
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3309:
3175:
Carpenter, K (2001). "Phylogenetic Analysis of Ankylosauria". In Carpenter, K (ed.).
1935:
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2530:
Map of ankylosaurine distribution across North America in the Late Cretaceous
2474:
Ankylosaurids were likely very slow-moving animals. In all Ankylosauria, the
17:
4507:
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4174:
4154:
4016:
3913:
3815:
2618:
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2581:
2544:
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then there would be a bias for preservation and discovery towards that sex.
583:
532:
162:
106:
50:
3058:"Introducing 'Zuul,' an Ankylosaur That Could Really Make Your Ankles Sore"
2977:
2915:
2794:
679:
formally defined Ankylosauridae as all ankylosaurs more closely related to
548:
in Montana in 1906. Brown went on to name Ankylosauridae and the subfamily
4614:
4514:
3550:
3541:
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2548:
2511:
2314:
1549:
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575:
380:
195:
182:
96:
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76:
71:
61:
3088:"Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs"
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4402:
4394:
3373:
3343:
2601:
Non-herbivorous habits have been implicated for some species, however.
2083:
627:
Barnum Brown and Peter Kaisen discovered the first ankylosaurid genus,
606:
monster, is also the first ankylosaur from the Judith River Formation.
569:
tail reconstruction, showing terms used for parts of ankylosaurid tails
111:
86:
3095:
2951:
582:
The most distinguishing feature of ankylosaurids is the presence of a
3535:
2820:
2540:
2475:
172:
4591:
3034:
3474:
3436:, edited by Ingrid Cranfield (2000), Salamander books, pg. 250–257.
3090:. University of Alberta Libraries: Education and Research Archive.
4359:
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2479:
1507:
dinosaurs have uncertain placement, possibly within Ankylosauridae
1493:
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559:
528:
3480:
4649:
4521:
2862:
Stein, Martina; Hayashi, Shoji; Sander, P. Martin (2013-07-24).
596:
4595:
3528:
3490:
3486:
639:, and Brown himself placed it within the suborder Stegosauria.
2656:
507:
3389:"Know Your Ankylosaurs: Everybody's in this Together Edition"
495:
2765:
Sereno, Paul C. (1999-06-25). "The Evolution of Dinosaurs".
3154:
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen
646:, which assumes that tail club morphology has a sex-linked
535:
on their skull, scutes along their torso, and a tail club.
486:
474:
2621:. Either would be exceptional evidence of carnivory among
618:
Skull of first known ankylosaurid specimen, belonging to
501:
480:
471:
586:. It is made out of modified interlocking distal caudal
2751:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2934:
Arbour, Victoria M.; Currie, Philip J. (2015-10-01).
492:
477:
468:
3198:. University of California Press. pp. 363–392.
579:
Ankylosaurids also have an S-shaped narial passage.
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4027:
3968:
3840:
3829:
3790:
3688:
3637:
3610:
3583:
489:
2747:Fastovsky, David E.; Weishampel, David B. (2012).
3411:Dinosaur Systematics: Approaches and Perspectives
3444:. Indiana University Press. pp. 455–484.
3409:Carpenter, Kenneth; Currie, Philip J. (1990).
694:In a study done in 2004 by Vickaryous et al.,
3502:
3179:. Indiana University Press. pp. 455–483.
8:
2576:has an estimated 9 – 11 coossified caudals.
4592:
4330:
4226:
4033:
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3837:
3700:
3696:
3685:
3616:
3589:
3580:
3525:
3509:
3495:
3487:
2632:Diagram showing ankylosaurid skull anatomy
515:) is a family of armored dinosaurs within
122:
31:
3204:10.1525/california/9780520242098.003.0020
3122:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2967:
2905:
2887:
2847:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
729:from China, Mongolia, and North America.
2525:
2732:
3404:
3402:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3112:
3101:
2837:
2826:
2611:-like long tongued insectivore, while
3355:
3353:
3325:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3225:
3223:
3194:; Weishampel, David B. (2004-06-12).
3007:
663:Club of indeterminate ankylosaurine,
525:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
139:Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology
7:
3387:Arbour, Victoria (August 23, 2015).
3081:
3079:
3077:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2760:
2758:
2749:Dinosaurs: A Concise Natural History
2742:
2740:
2738:
2736:
3282:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
3232:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
2514:with fossorial (burrowing) habits.
2289:
2222:
2215:
2165:
2158:
2134:
2075:
2051:
2044:
1994:
1951:
1927:
1877:
1870:
1820:
1779:
1729:
1722:
1673:
1663:
1639:
1614:
1587:
1563:
1556:
1328:
1278:
1271:
1247:
1197:
1190:
1140:
1133:
1065:
1041:
1017:
1010:
969:
945:
921:
897:
873:
849:
824:
774:
767:
760:
745:within basal Nodosauridae, and put
3015:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
25:
3086:M, Arbour, Victoria (June 2014).
4576:
4575:
4552:
4547:
2706:
2607:has been speculated as being an
464:
149:
3434:and other Prehistoric Creatures
2722:Timeline of ankylosaur research
1256:Nodocephalosaurus kirtlandensis
1:
4740:Prehistoric dinosaur families
3413:. Cambridge University Press.
3294:10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985
2779:10.1126/science.284.5423.2137
2510:bear resemblance to those of
2020:Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus
1206:Minotaurasaurus ramachandrani
1091:Pinacosaurus mephistocephalus
600:after its resemblance to the
519:, and is the sister group to
3244:10.1080/14772019.2011.569091
3056:Switek, Brian (2017-05-08).
2889:10.1371/journal.pone.0068590
978:Zhongyuansaurus luoyangensis
1050:"Crichtonsaurus" benxiensis
27:Extinct family of dinosaurs
4756:
4735:Taxa named by Barnum Brown
2617:has been proposed to be a
1074:Dyoplosaurus acutosquameus
995:Tsagantegia longicranialis
4565:
4545:
4333:
4229:
4036:
3849:
3703:
3699:
3684:
3665:
3619:
3592:
3579:
3524:
3162:10.1127/njgpa/210/1998/41
2478:is more slender than the
2311:
2294:
2287:
2270:
2244:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2187:
2170:
2163:
2156:
2139:
2132:
2097:
2080:
2073:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2016:
1999:
1992:
1973:
1956:
1949:
1932:
1925:
1899:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1842:
1825:
1818:
1801:
1784:
1777:
1751:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1697:More derived nodosaurids
1695:
1678:
1671:
1661:
1644:
1637:
1619:
1612:
1592:
1585:
1568:
1561:
1350:
1333:
1326:
1300:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1252:
1245:
1219:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1162:
1149:Ankylosaurus magniventris
1145:
1138:
1131:
1087:
1070:
1063:
1046:
1039:
1022:
1015:
1008:
991:
974:
967:
950:
943:
926:
919:
906:Cedarpelta bilbeyhallorum
902:
895:
882:Liaoningosaurus paradoxus
878:
871:
854:
847:
829:
822:
796:
779:
772:
765:
445:
438:
313:
308:
298:Ankylosaurus magniventris
292:
285:
146:Scientific classification
144:
130:
121:
34:
4730:Aptian first appearances
3477:Tree of Life web project
3190:Vickaryous, Matthew K.;
1287:Talarurus plicatospineus
757:as basal ankylosaurids.
3362:Journal of Paleontology
3332:Journal of Paleontology
3111:Cite journal requires
2836:Cite journal requires
2633:
2531:
2470:Posture and locomotion
1508:
1337:Saichania chulsanensis
1304:Tianzhenosaurus youngi
783:Huayangosaurus taibaii
668:
624:
570:
544:, by Peter Kaiser and
4697:Paleobiology Database
3442:The Armored Dinosaurs
3177:The Armored Dinosaurs
2631:
2567:Pinacosaurus grangeri
2529:
2003:Pinacosaurus grangeri
1497:
1223:Pinacosaurus grangeri
662:
617:
563:
2595:Euoplocephalus tutus
1166:Euoplocephalus tutus
954:Shamosaurus scutatus
930:Gobisaurus domoculus
131:Mounted skeleton of
3027:1995CaJES..32..902C
2880:2013PLoSO...868590S
2773:(5423): 2137–2147.
1026:Shanxia tianzhensis
800:Stegosaurus armatus
134:Scolosaurus thronus
2940:Journal of Anatomy
2652:Timeline of genera
2634:
2532:
1648:Minmi paravertebra
1509:
858:Minmi paravertebra
669:
625:
571:
4712:
4711:
4684:Open Tree of Life
4598:Taxon identifiers
4589:
4588:
4561:
4560:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4480:Nodocephalosaurus
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
3825:
3824:
3744:Serendipaceratops
3680:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3481:Pseudoplocephalus
3451:978-0-253-33964-5
3393:Pseudoplocephalus
3192:Maryanska, Teresa
3096:10.7939/R31N7XW06
2952:10.1111/joa.12363
2646:sexually selected
2461:
2460:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2433:
2425:
2424:
2416:
2415:
2407:
2406:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2388:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2361:
2353:
2352:
2344:
2343:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2325:
2259:
2258:
2202:
2201:
2191:Nodocephalosaurus
2121:
2120:
2112:
2111:
2031:
2030:
1914:
1913:
1857:
1856:
1766:
1765:
1706:
1705:
1491:
1490:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1446:
1445:
1437:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1392:
1391:
1383:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1315:
1314:
1234:
1233:
1177:
1176:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1102:
1101:
811:
810:
644:sexual dimorphism
457:
456:
451:
281:
16:(Redirected from
4747:
4705:
4704:
4692:
4691:
4679:
4678:
4666:
4665:
4653:
4652:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4593:
4579:
4578:
4556:
4551:
4331:
4227:
4034:
3945:Propanoplosaurus
3892:Glyptodontopelta
3847:
3838:
3730:Priodontognathus
3701:
3697:
3686:
3617:
3590:
3581:
3574:
3573:
3526:
3511:
3504:
3497:
3488:
3455:
3424:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3406:
3397:
3396:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3357:
3348:
3347:
3327:
3314:
3313:
3277:
3264:
3263:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3120:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3099:
3083:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3009:
2982:
2981:
2971:
2931:
2920:
2919:
2909:
2891:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2845:
2839:
2834:
2832:
2824:
2812:
2799:
2798:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2744:
2716:
2714:Dinosaurs portal
2711:
2710:
2709:
2648:interpretation.
2580:ontogenetic and
2290:
2223:
2216:
2166:
2159:
2135:
2076:
2052:
2045:
1995:
1952:
1928:
1878:
1871:
1821:
1780:
1730:
1723:
1674:
1664:
1640:
1615:
1588:
1564:
1557:
1354:Tarchia gigantea
1329:
1279:
1272:
1248:
1198:
1191:
1141:
1134:
1066:
1042:
1018:
1011:
970:
946:
922:
898:
874:
850:
825:
775:
768:
761:
610:History of study
514:
513:
510:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
449:
425:
415:
407:
399:
389:
378:
368:
358:
348:
338:
328:
318:
295:
276:
271:
258:
242:
226:
210:
154:
153:
126:
116:
53:
40:Early Cretaceous
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4744:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4708:
4700:
4695:
4687:
4682:
4674:
4669:
4661:
4656:
4648:
4643:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4619:
4618:
4613:
4600:
4590:
4585:
4557:
4527:
4430:
4410:Tianzhenosaurus
4374:Minotaurasaurus
4320:
4314:Zhongyuansaurus
4285:
4280:Zhejiangosaurus
4273:Liaoningosaurus
4208:
4166:Struthiosaurini
4160:
4112:
4107:Tatankacephalus
4023:
3979:Gargoyleosaurus
3964:
3876:Gargoyleosaurus
3834:
3821:
3792:Parankylosauria
3786:
3752:Sinankylosaurus
3693:
3672:
3653:
3633:
3606:
3600:Avemetatarsalia
3585:Avemetatarsalia
3575:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3515:
3466:
3452:
3439:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3408:
3407:
3400:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3359:
3358:
3351:
3329:
3328:
3317:
3279:
3278:
3267:
3229:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3151:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3121:
3110:
3100:
3085:
3084:
3075:
3066:
3064:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3035:10.1139/e95-075
3011:
3010:
2985:
2933:
2932:
2923:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2835:
2825:
2814:
2813:
2802:
2764:
2763:
2756:
2746:
2745:
2734:
2730:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2695:
2654:
2614:Liaoningosaurus
2590:
2557:
2524:
2495:Restoration of
2472:
2467:
2462:
2453:
2444:
2435:
2426:
2417:
2408:
2399:
2390:
2381:
2372:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2336:
2327:
2260:
2203:
2122:
2113:
2032:
1978:Zhejiangosaurus
1915:
1858:
1805:Liaoningosaurus
1767:
1707:
1682:Gargoyleosaurus
1492:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1384:
1375:
1366:
1316:
1235:
1178:
1121:
1112:
1103:
812:
754:Liaoningosaurus
736:Gargoyleosaurus
697:Gargoyleosaurus
675:Later in 1998,
657:
612:
558:
467:
463:
371:Liaoningosaurus
304:
301:
275:
269:
256:
240:
224:
208:
148:
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
48:
47:
44:Late Cretaceous
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4753:
4751:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4717:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4706:
4693:
4680:
4667:
4654:
4641:
4636:Ankylosauridae
4626:
4610:
4608:
4606:Ankylosauridae
4602:
4601:
4596:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4583:
4573:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4529:
4528:
4526:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4473:Euoplocephalus
4469:
4462:
4459:Anodontosaurus
4455:
4448:
4445:Akainacephalus
4440:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4406:
4399:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4353:Crichtonsaurus
4349:
4342:
4334:
4328:
4326:Ankylosaurinae
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4310:
4303:
4295:
4293:
4287:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4239:
4230:
4224:
4222:Ankylosauridae
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4203:Struthiosaurus
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4170:
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4122:
4120:
4118:Panoplosaurini
4114:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4064:Niobrarasaurus
4060:
4053:
4045:
4037:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4013:
4006:
3998:
3991:
3983:
3974:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3933:
3929:Polacanthoides
3925:
3917:
3910:
3902:
3899:Horshamosaurus
3895:
3888:
3880:
3872:
3869:Dongyangopelta
3865:
3858:
3850:
3844:
3835:
3832:Euankylosauria
3830:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3812:
3808:Kunbarrasaurus
3804:
3796:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3712:
3704:
3694:
3689:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3620:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3593:
3587:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3562:
3553:
3544:
3538:
3529:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3478:
3475:Ankylosauridae
3472:
3465:
3464:External links
3462:
3461:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3437:
3426:
3425:
3416:
3398:
3379:
3368:(3): 642–657.
3349:
3338:(3): 666–684.
3315:
3288:(5): 385–444.
3265:
3238:(2): 301–312.
3219:
3212:
3182:
3167:
3144:
3129:
3113:|journal=
3073:
3048:
3021:(7): 902–912.
2983:
2946:(4): 514–523.
2921:
2854:
2838:|journal=
2800:
2754:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2718:
2717:
2701:
2698:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2623:ornithischians
2589:
2586:
2573:Euoplocephalus
2556:
2553:
2523:
2520:
2498:Euoplocephalus
2485:Euoplocephalus
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2274:Euoplocephalus
2269:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2248:Anodontosaurus
2243:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2079:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2055:
2050:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
1998:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1955:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1717:Ankylosauridae
1713:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1555:
1538:Anodontosaurus
1489:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1251:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
990:
987:
986:
983:
982:
973:
968:
966:
963:
962:
959:
958:
949:
944:
942:
939:
938:
935:
934:
925:
920:
918:
915:
914:
911:
910:
901:
896:
894:
891:
890:
887:
886:
877:
872:
870:
867:
866:
863:
862:
853:
848:
846:
844:Ankylosauridae
840:
839:
836:
835:
828:
823:
821:
818:
817:
814:
813:
809:
808:
805:
804:
795:
792:
791:
788:
787:
778:
773:
771:
766:
764:
759:
727:ankylosaurines
656:
653:
611:
608:
557:
554:
550:Ankylosaurinae
460:Ankylosauridae
455:
454:
453:
452:
448:Syrmosauridae
443:
442:
436:
435:
434:
433:
432:
431:
421:
403:
401:Ankylosaurinae
395:
385:
374:
364:
361:Crichtonsaurus
354:
344:
334:
324:
311:
310:
306:
305:
302:
290:
289:
283:
282:
273:Ankylosauridae
267:
263:
262:
260:Euankylosauria
254:
247:
246:
238:
231:
230:
222:
215:
214:
206:
199:
198:
193:
186:
185:
180:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
160:
156:
155:
142:
141:
128:
127:
119:
118:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
54:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4752:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4725:Ankylosaurids
4723:
4722:
4720:
4703:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4637:
4631:
4627:
4622:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4582:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4555:
4550:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4510:
4509:
4505:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4436:Ankylosaurini
4433:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4346:Crichtonpelta
4343:
4341:
4340:
4339:Bissektipelta
4336:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4291:Shamosaurinae
4288:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4235:Ahshislepelta
4232:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4184:
4183:
4182:Hungarosaurus
4179:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4148:Panoplosaurus
4145:
4143:
4142:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4087:
4086:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:Ahshislepelta
4046:
4044:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3995:Hoplitosaurus
3992:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3970:Polacanthinae
3967:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3952:Rhadinosaurus
3949:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3855:Acanthopholis
3852:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3828:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3801:Antarctopelta
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3774:Tianchisaurus
3771:
3768:
3767:
3766:Stegosaurides
3763:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3671:
3670:
3664:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3512:
3507:
3505:
3500:
3498:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3453:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3213:9780520941434
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3186:
3183:
3178:
3171:
3168:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3145:
3140:
3139:Palaeontology
3133:
3130:
3125:
3118:
3105:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3063:
3059:
3052:
3049:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2874:(7): e68590.
2873:
2869:
2865:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2843:
2830:
2822:
2818:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2704:
2699:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2630:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2464:
2457:
2456:
2448:
2447:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2421:
2420:
2412:
2411:
2403:
2402:
2394:
2393:
2385:
2384:
2376:
2375:
2367:
2366:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2275:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2225:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2198:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2168:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2117:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1936:Crichtonpelta
1930:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1806:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1762:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1755:Ahshislepelta
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1676:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1596:Scelidosaurus
1590:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1573:
1572:Lesothosaurus
1566:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1515:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1477:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1387:
1379:
1378:
1370:
1369:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1200:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
997:
996:
989:
988:
985:
984:
981:
980:
979:
972:
971:
965:
964:
961:
960:
957:
956:
955:
948:
947:
941:
940:
937:
936:
933:
932:
931:
924:
923:
917:
916:
913:
912:
909:
908:
907:
900:
899:
893:
892:
889:
888:
885:
884:
883:
876:
875:
869:
868:
865:
864:
861:
860:
859:
852:
851:
845:
842:
841:
838:
837:
834:
833:
827:
826:
820:
819:
816:
815:
807:
806:
803:
802:
801:
794:
793:
790:
789:
786:
785:
784:
777:
776:
770:
769:
763:
762:
758:
756:
755:
750:
749:
744:
743:
738:
737:
730:
728:
724:
723:
718:
717:
712:
711:
706:
704:
699:
698:
692:
690:
689:
688:Panoplosaurus
684:
683:
678:
673:
666:
661:
654:
652:
649:
648:intraspecific
645:
640:
638:
637:
632:
631:
623:
622:
616:
609:
607:
605:
604:
599:
598:
592:
589:
585:
580:
577:
568:
567:
562:
555:
553:
551:
547:
543:
542:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
512:
461:
447:
446:
444:
441:
437:
430:
429:
422:
420:
419:
412:
411:
410:
409:Shamosaurinae
404:
402:
396:
394:
393:
386:
383:
382:
375:
373:
372:
365:
363:
362:
355:
353:
352:
345:
343:
342:
335:
333:
332:
331:Bissektipelta
325:
323:
322:
315:
314:
312:
307:
300:
299:
291:
288:
284:
279:
274:
268:
265:
264:
261:
255:
252:
249:
248:
245:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
207:
204:
201:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
187:
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
157:
152:
147:
143:
140:
136:
135:
129:
125:
120:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
45:
41:
35:Ankylosaurids
33:
30:
19:
18:Ankylosaurids
4605:
4520:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4466:Dyoplosaurus
4464:
4457:
4452:Ankylosaurus
4450:
4443:
4423:
4416:
4408:
4401:
4393:
4386:
4381:Pinacosaurus
4379:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4278:
4271:
4265:Hylaeosaurus
4263:
4256:
4249:
4241:
4233:
4221:
4201:
4194:
4189:Pawpawsaurus
4187:
4180:
4173:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4134:Denversaurus
4132:
4125:
4105:
4098:
4091:
4085:Peloroplites
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4057:Borealopelta
4055:
4047:
4042:Acantholipan
4040:
4029:Nodosaurinae
4015:
4008:
4002:Peloroplites
4000:
3993:
3985:
3977:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3935:
3927:
3921:Mymoorapelta
3919:
3912:
3906:Hylaeosaurus
3904:
3897:
3890:
3882:
3874:
3867:
3862:Anoplosaurus
3860:
3853:
3842:Nodosauridae
3814:
3806:
3799:
3779:
3772:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3709:Cryptosaurus
3707:
3691:Ankylosauria
3669:Ankylosauria
3667:
3639:Ankylosauria
3627:Ornithischia
3612:Ornithischia
3564:
3560:Ornithischia
3555:
3546:
3518:Ankylosauria
3441:
3430:
3419:
3410:
3392:
3382:
3365:
3361:
3335:
3331:
3285:
3281:
3235:
3231:
3196:Ankylosauria
3195:
3185:
3176:
3170:
3153:
3147:
3138:
3132:
3104:cite journal
3065:. Retrieved
3061:
3051:
3018:
3014:
2943:
2939:
2871:
2867:
2857:
2829:cite journal
2770:
2766:
2748:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2612:
2604:Pinacosaurus
2602:
2600:
2593:
2591:
2578:
2571:
2565:
2558:
2533:
2522:Biogeography
2516:
2496:
2494:
2483:
2473:
2465:Paleobiology
2313:
2312:
2296:
2295:
2272:
2271:
2246:
2245:
2231:Ankylosaurus
2229:
2228:
2189:
2188:
2172:
2171:
2143:Dyoplosaurus
2141:
2140:
2099:
2098:
2082:
2081:
2058:
2057:
2018:
2017:
2001:
2000:
1975:
1974:
1958:
1957:
1934:
1933:
1901:
1900:
1884:
1883:
1844:
1843:
1827:
1826:
1803:
1802:
1786:
1785:
1753:
1752:
1736:
1735:
1716:
1696:
1680:
1679:
1668:Nodosauridae
1646:
1645:
1634:Ankylosauria
1620:
1594:
1593:
1570:
1569:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1532:Ankylosaurus
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1510:
1505:polacanthine
1498:
1352:
1351:
1335:
1334:
1302:
1301:
1285:
1284:
1254:
1253:
1221:
1220:
1204:
1203:
1164:
1163:
1147:
1146:
1089:
1088:
1072:
1071:
1048:
1047:
1024:
1023:
993:
992:
976:
975:
952:
951:
928:
927:
904:
903:
880:
879:
856:
855:
843:
832:Nodosauridae
830:
798:
797:
781:
780:
752:
746:
740:
734:
731:
720:
714:
708:
701:
695:
693:
686:
682:Ankylosaurus
680:
674:
670:
641:
634:
630:Ankylosaurus
628:
626:
621:Ankylosaurus
619:
603:Ghostbusters
601:
595:
593:
581:
572:
566:Dyoplosaurus
564:
549:
546:Barnum Brown
541:Ankylosaurus
539:
537:
521:Nodosauridae
517:Ankylosauria
459:
458:
450:Maleev, 1952
426:
416:
408:
390:
379:
369:
359:
349:
339:
329:
319:
296:
287:Type species
272:
250:
244:Ankylosauria
234:
218:
212:Ornithischia
202:
189:
132:
49:133–66
29:
4630:Wikispecies
4501:Scolosaurus
4418:Tsagantegia
4367:Jinyunpelta
4307:Shamosaurus
4258:Chuanqilong
4100:Silvisaurus
4078:Patagopelta
4010:Polacanthus
3959:Sauroplites
3759:Spicomellus
3737:Sarcolestes
3569:Thyreophora
3470:Family Tree
3062:Smithsonian
2562:ontogenetic
2508:metacarpals
2490:moment arms
2298:Scolosaurus
1960:Tsagantegia
1903:Shamosaurus
1846:Chuanqilong
1622:Stegosauria
1609:Thyreophora
1544:Scolosaurus
1526:Chuanqilong
722:Shamosaurus
677:Paul Sereno
428:Shamosaurus
351:Chuanqilong
303:Brown, 1908
228:Thyreophora
4719:Categories
4569:See also:
4494:Platypelta
4487:Oohkotokia
4425:Zaraapelta
4300:Gobisaurus
4251:Cedarpelta
4243:Aletopelta
4196:Stegopelta
4141:Edmontonia
4127:Animantarx
4093:Sauropelta
4071:Nodosaurus
3937:Priconodon
3781:Vectipelta
3716:Dracopelta
3648:see below↓
3551:Dinosauria
3067:2018-01-15
2728:References
2582:allometric
2537:Cretaceous
2101:Zaraapelta
1886:Gobisaurus
1829:Cedarpelta
1788:Aletopelta
1520:Cedarpelta
1503:and other
748:Cedarpelta
716:Gobisaurus
636:Stegopelta
533:osteoderms
418:Gobisaurus
341:Cedarpelta
321:Aletopelta
309:Subgroups
196:Dinosauria
4508:Talarurus
4388:Saichania
4175:Europelta
4155:Texasetes
4017:Taohelong
3914:Invictarx
3816:Stegouros
3534:Kingdom:
3432:Dinosaurs
3310:214625754
3302:1477-2019
3252:1477-2019
3156:: 41–83.
3141:: 143–70.
3043:0008-4077
2960:1469-7580
2898:1932-6203
2821:2246/1435
2787:0036-8075
2619:piscivore
2609:ant-eater
2588:Lifestyle
2555:Variation
2545:Campanian
2512:tetrapods
2174:Talarurus
2060:Saichania
655:Phylogeny
588:vertebrae
584:tail club
552:in 1908.
169:Kingdom:
163:Eukaryota
4615:Wikidata
4581:Category
4571:Timeline
4515:Ziapelta
3987:Gastonia
3884:Gastonia
3542:Chordata
3540:Phylum:
3536:Animalia
3260:86002282
2978:26332595
2916:23894321
2868:PLOS ONE
2795:10381873
2700:See also
2549:Gondwana
2315:Ziapelta
1738:Gastonia
1550:Ziapelta
1514:Gastonia
1500:Gastonia
742:Gastonia
703:Gastonia
685:than to
576:ossicles
440:Synonyms
381:Maleevus
266:Family:
183:Chordata
179:Phylum:
173:Animalia
159:Domain:
4689:4946528
4663:3238871
4650:3014677
4621:Q517099
4403:Tarchia
4395:Shanxia
3374:1303969
3344:1304004
3023:Bibcode
2969:4580109
2907:3722194
2876:Bibcode
2767:Science
2504:carpals
2084:Tarchia
556:Anatomy
4676:116715
3448:
3372:
3342:
3308:
3300:
3258:
3250:
3210:
3041:
2976:
2966:
2958:
2914:
2904:
2896:
2793:
2785:
2570:, and
2541:Albian
2476:fibula
1547:, and
725:, and
280:, 1908
4702:38831
4671:IRMNG
4360:Datai
3723:Minmi
3565:Clade
3556:Clade
3547:Clade
3370:JSTOR
3340:JSTOR
3306:S2CID
3256:S2CID
2480:tibia
710:Minmi
529:scute
392:Minmi
278:Brown
251:Clade
235:Clade
219:Clade
203:Clade
190:Clade
4658:GBIF
4522:Zuul
3625:see
3598:see
3446:ISBN
3298:ISSN
3248:ISSN
3208:ISBN
3124:link
3117:help
3039:ISSN
2974:PMID
2956:ISSN
2912:PMID
2894:ISSN
2849:link
2842:help
2791:PMID
2783:ISSN
2543:and
2535:mid-
2506:and
751:and
739:and
707:and
597:Zuul
57:PreꞒ
4645:EoL
3459:45A
3290:doi
3240:doi
3200:doi
3158:doi
3092:doi
3031:doi
2964:PMC
2948:doi
2944:227
2902:PMC
2884:doi
2817:hdl
2775:doi
2771:284
667:349
665:CMN
4721::
4699::
4686::
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2831:}}
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502:ɪ
499:r
493:s
490:ˈ
484:l
481:ɪ
478:k
475:ŋ
472:æ
469:ˌ
466:/
462:(
424:†
414:†
406:†
398:†
388:†
384:?
377:†
367:†
357:†
347:†
337:†
327:†
317:†
294:†
270:†
257:†
241:†
225:†
209:†
112:N
102:K
97:J
92:T
87:P
82:C
77:D
72:S
67:O
62:Ꞓ
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