872:"equalizing pulse" frequency is divided by 525 to give the 59.9401 Hz "vertical drive" frequency, and this is further divided by 2 to give the 29.9700 vertical frame rate. "Equalizing pulses" perform two essential functions: 1) their use during the vertical retrace interval allows for the vertical synch to be more effectively separated from the horizontal synch, as these, along with the video itself, are an example of "in band" signaling, and 2) by alternately including or excluding one "equalizing pulse", the required half-line offset necessary for interlaced video may be accommodated.
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aspect of the film frame itself, with some animation showing characters leaving what is assumed to be the edge of the film or the film malfunctioning. This latter one is used often in films as well. This hearkens back to some early cartoons, where characters were aware that they were in a cartoon,
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of the system, which varies according to the video or film standard in use. In North
America and Japan, 30 frames per second (fps) is the broadcast standard, with 24 frames/s now common in production for high-definition video shot to look like film. In much of the rest of the world, 25 frames/s is
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The system is able to transmit 5 000 000 sine signals in a second. Since the frame rate is 25, the maximum number of sine signals per frame is 200 000. Dividing this number by the number of lines gives the maximum number of sine signals in a line which is 320. (Actually about 19% of each line is
410:
signals where a pair of dots, one dark and one light can be represented by a single sine. The product of the number of lines and the number of maximum sine signals per line is known as the total resolution of the frame. The higher the resolution the more faithful the displayed image is to the
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In actual practice, the master oscillator is 14.31818 MHz, which is divided by 4 to give the 3.579545 MHz color "burst" frequency, which is further divided by 455 to give the 31468.5275 kHz "equalizing pulse" frequency, this is further divided by 2 toorizontal line rate), the
557:). To increase the sense of motion it is customary to scan the very same frame in two consecutive phases. In each phase only half of the lines are scanned; only the lines with odd numbers in the first phase and only the lines with even numbers in the second phase. Each scan is known as a
210:
standards, for reasons originally related to the
Chromilog NTSC TV systems, the exact frame rate is actually (3579545 / 227.5) / 525 = 29.970026164312 fps. This leads to many synchronization problems which are unknown outside the NTSC world, and also brings about hacks such as
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pseudo-documentary employed exceptionally large scribed circles with a large "X" scribed within it—marks which would never be utilized in actual editorial practice (motor and changeover cue marks are supposed to be clearly visible to the projectionist, but not obvious to the
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In moving picture (TV) the number of frames scanned per second is known as the frame rate. The higher the frame rate, the better the sense of motion. But again, increasing the frame rate introduces technical difficulties. So the frame rate is fixed at 25
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The term may also be used more generally as a noun or verb to refer to the edges of the image as seen in a camera viewfinder or projected on a screen. Thus, the camera operator can be said to keep a car in frame by panning with it as it speeds past.
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The key parameter to determine the lowest resolution still satisfactory to viewers is the viewing distance, i.e. the distance between the eyes and the monitor. The total resolution is inversely proportional to the square of the distance. If
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Cue marks – Where those marks, usually circular for non-Technicolor titles and "serrated" for
Technicolor titles to indicate a reel changeover are animated for a humorous effect. This could also be employed for the famous
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In system B the number of lines is 625 and the frame rate is 25. The maximum video bandwidth is 5 MHz. The maximum number of sine signals the system is theorically capable of transmitting is given as follows:
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original image. But higher resolution introduces technical problems and extra cost. So a compromise should be reached in system designs both for satisfactory image quality and affordable price.
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sampled over two slightly different periods of time. This meant that a single video frame was usually not a good still picture of the scene, unless the scene being shot was completely still.
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When the moving picture is displayed, each frame is flashed on a screen for a short time (nowadays, usually 1/24, 1/25 or 1/30 of a second) and then immediately replaced by the next one.
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Exiting the frame – This joke, an extension of the split frames joke, has characters depart from the sides of the frame, sometimes finding themselves falling out of the cartoon entirely.
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to indicate the intended presence of a fade or a dissolve or a "wipe" to the SFX department are animated, and the film follows suit, or doesn't, depending upon the intended effect.
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752:– A famous form of joke where the animator intentionally places fake "gate hairs" within the frame, which one of the animated characters plucks and removes from the frame.
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is the number of lines. That means that the required resolution is proportional to the height of the monitor and inversely proportional to the viewing distance.
676:. Many video platforms have a standard to display a frame from mid-time of the video. Some platforms offer the option to choose a different frame individually.
319:". The maximum frame size is 18 by 24 mm, (silent/full aperture), but this is significantly reduced by the application of sound track(s). A system called
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The frame is also sometimes used as a unit of time, so that a momentary event might be said to last six frames, the actual duration of which depends on the
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specifically that they could look at the credits and be aware of something that isn't part of the story as presented. These jokes include:
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have been often discussed frame-by-frame for various interpretations. For medical diagnostics it is very useful to watch still frames of
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is broken by two frames, the lower half of the previous frame and the upper part of the next frame, showing at once, usually showing
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also depends on the location of the holes, the size of the holes, the shape of the holes. and the location and type of sound stripe.
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Since the number of lines is approximately proportional to the resolution per line, the above relation can also be written as
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The frame is composed of picture elements just like a chess board. Each horizontal set of picture elements is known as a
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separated video frames in the same way that frame lines did in film. For historical reasons, most systems used an
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With the dominance of digital technology, modern video systems now represent the video frame as a rectangular
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983:"The Other Shooter: The Saddest and Most Expensive 26 Seconds of Amateur Film Ever Made | Motherboard"
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devoted to auxiliary services. So the number of maximum useful sine signals is about 260.)
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coming into play during this period when, rightfully, there should be nothing on screen.
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amateur format for motion pictures film, it is only about 4.8 by 3.5 mm, while an
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videos in order to identify suspect persons and to find more witnesses. Videos of the
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Video and film artists sometimes use still frames within the video/film to achieve
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Editorial marks – Where those marks which an editor would normally employ on a
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in which varying voltages represented the intensity of light in an analog
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is often used to identify specific physical film frames in a production.
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In a strip of movie film, individual frames are separated by
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is the normal, except in some special venue systems, such as
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Lister Hill
National Center for Biomedical Communications:
167:. The term is derived from the historical development of
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Poster Frames for Videos in PowerPoint 2010 for
Windows
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and in video galleries, to show viewers a preview or a
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Assaults, shooting in Five Points under investigation
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Standards for the digital video frame raster include
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system in which the frame typically consisted of two
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895:, ITT Howard W.Sams Co., New York, 1977, section 30
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
767:effect, employed even today in popular songs. For
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269:The size of a film frame varies, depending on the
266:filming, the frames are often shot one at a time.
561:. So the field rate is two times the frame rate.
30:"still frame" redirects here. For the song, see
481:{\displaystyle r=k^{2}\cdot {\frac {1}{d^{2}}}}
331:Historically, video frames were represented as
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8:
773:, the cue marks for the reel changes of the
384:Video frames are typically identified using
311:where the film moves horizontally). Using a
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931:How do I change the thumbnail of my video?
191:blends the frames together, producing the
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250:. Normally, 24 frames are needed for one
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1483:Output power of an analog TV transmitter
719:Some humor in animation is based on the
656:, video prompt, preview or misleadingly
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526:{\displaystyle n=k\cdot {\frac {1}{d}}}
428:is the required minimum resolution and
238:amateur movies used 16 or 18 frame/s.
1513:Direct-broadcast satellite television
1029:The image areas on a 35 mm film frame
1013:A classic diagnosis with a new ‘spin’
289:, the sharper the image will appear.
7:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
1403:Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)
668:. Freeze frames are widely used on
27:Still image frame of moving picture
893:Reference Data for Radio Engineers
25:
206:In systems historically based on
905:Add a poster frame to your video
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1398:Quadrature amplitude modulation
52:needs additional citations for
1562:Television channel frequencies
371:standard-definition television
292:The size of the film frame of
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1533:Digital television transition
1362:Multichannel television sound
803:Freeze frame (disambiguation)
666:screen shot/grab/capture/dump
299:The most common film format,
1605:Field strength in free space
1306:Horizontal blanking interval
175:when examined individually.
1503:Superheterodyne transmitter
161:which compose the complete
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1728:Film and video terminology
1341:Vertical blanking interval
709:Magnetic resonance imaging
705:J.F. Kennedy assassination
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379:high-definition television
339:across the screen. Analog
275:motion picture film format
29:
1316:Nominal analogue blanking
728:Split frames – Where the
1015:, retrieved 29 June 2014
972:, retrieved 29 June 2014
959:, retrieved 29 June 2014
946:, retrieved 29 June 2014
933:, retrieved 29 June 2014
920:, retrieved 29 June 2014
907:, retrieved 29 June 2014
151:, and related fields, a
1635:Television interference
1508:Television receive-only
808:Freeze frame television
1557:Microwave transmission
1523:Terrestrial television
1518:Television transmitter
1478:Intermediate frequency
1271:Chrominance subcarrier
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1733:Television technology
1429:Broadcast transmitter
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396:Further information:
189:Persistence of vision
1671:Zero reference pulse
1656:Field strength meter
1393:Frequency modulation
1301:Horizontal scan rate
987:motherboard.vice.com
833:List of film formats
798:Aspect ratio (image)
770:Inglourious Basterds
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242:Physical film frames
218:In film projection,
61:improve this article
1610:Noise (electronics)
1473:Intercarrier method
1433:Transmitter station
1068:broadcasting topics
993:on 30 November 2012
664:, poster frame, or
640:is a single static
392:Line and resolution
294:motion picture film
213:drop-frame timecode
195:of a moving image.
155:is one of the many
1498:Split sound system
1448:Differential phase
794:(motion blindness)
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565:Example (System B)
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341:blanking intervals
277:. In the smallest
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823:Frame grabber
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644:taken from a
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571:CCIR System B
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78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
1723:Film formats
1697:Hanover bars
1488:Pre-emphasis
1412:Transmission
1377:Zweikanalton
1281:Color killer
1206:Clear-Vision
1007:
995:. Retrieved
991:the original
986:
977:
964:
951:
938:
925:
912:
900:
892:
888:
867:
813:Film grammar
774:
768:
757:"work print"
749:
743:
739:
729:
718:
701:surveillance
698:
689:still motion
678:
654:freeze frame
653:
637:
635:
578:
574:
553:) or 29.97 (
547:
537:
535:
490:
429:
425:
421:
418:
401:
383:
364:
353:
349:video fields
330:
327:Video frames
298:
291:
268:
256:movie camera
245:
217:
205:
197:
186:
177:
162:
158:still images
156:
152:
138:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
76:"Film frame"
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
1666:VIT signals
1661:Vectorscope
1600:Earth bulge
1582:Propagation
1545:& bands
1543:Frequencies
1326:Raster scan
1266:Chrominance
1256:Black level
1251:front porch
843:Slow motion
792:Akinetopsia
744:fourth wall
734:frame lines
730:fourth wall
721:fourth wall
638:still frame
584:Still frame
337:raster scan
305:VistaVision
248:frame lines
32:Still Frame
1717:Categories
1595:Distortion
1528:Transposer
1463:Dummy load
1419:Amplifiers
1386:Modulation
1276:Colorburst
1247:Back porch
997:11 January
957:SCREENGRAB
916:Indezine:
880:References
853:Widescreen
818:Frame rate
778:audience).
740:Film break
551:System B/G
309:Technirama
203:standard.
200:frame rate
169:film stock
141:filmmaking
87:newspapers
1702:Sparklies
1687:Dot crawl
1680:Artifacts
1620:Path loss
1615:Null fill
1590:Beam tilt
1331:Safe area
942:MyVideo:
848:Thumbshot
828:Key frame
750:Gate hair
658:thumbnail
511:⋅
459:⋅
264:animation
236:8 mm
149:animation
1692:Ghosting
1453:Diplexer
1321:Overscan
1286:Color TV
1179:System F
1175:System E
1171:819-line
1165:System N
1161:System L
1157:System K
1153:System I
1149:System H
1145:System G
1141:System D
1137:System C
1133:System B
1129:625-line
1123:System M
1119:525-line
1114:455-line
1109:441-line
1103:System A
1099:405-line
1094:375-line
1089:343-line
1084:180-line
786:See also
711:videos.
662:keyframe
555:System M
375:Rec. 709
367:Rec. 601
228:Showscan
193:illusion
183:Overview
117:May 2013
1644:Testing
1226:PALplus
1076:Systems
968:Wistv:
929:Vimeo:
683:, like
321:KeyKode
273:or the
101:scholar
1201:NTSC-J
674:teaser
536:where
360:pixels
356:raster
252:second
220:24 fps
103:
96:
89:
82:
74:
1367:NICAM
1355:Sound
1240:Video
1231:SECAM
1221:PAL-S
1216:PAL-M
859:Notes
650:video
642:image
559:field
398:Video
301:35 mm
258:. In
153:frame
108:JSTOR
94:books
1630:Skew
1311:Luma
1249:and
1196:NTSC
999:2022
646:film
408:sine
404:line
377:for
373:and
369:for
307:and
283:IMAX
279:8 mm
230:and
224:IMAX
208:NTSC
80:news
1572:VHF
1567:UHF
1211:PAL
687:or
648:or
358:of
262:or
139:In
63:by
1719::
1177:,
1163:,
1159:,
1155:,
1151:,
1147:,
1143:,
1139:,
1135:,
985:.
691:.
660:,
636:A
388:.
381:.
226:,
215:.
147:,
143:,
1431:/
1181:)
1173:(
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1131:(
1125:)
1121:(
1105:)
1101:(
1057:e
1050:t
1043:v
1001:.
549:(
538:n
519:d
516:1
508:k
505:=
502:n
472:2
468:d
464:1
454:2
450:k
446:=
443:r
430:k
426:r
422:d
130:)
124:(
119:)
115:(
105:·
98:·
91:·
84:·
57:.
34:.
20:)
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