31:
53:
251:, where the posterior flagellum is fully in contact with the substrate and the anterior flagellum beats through its whole length in front of the cell, carrying it forward.
306:, distinguished by a greater number of pellicle strips than other euglenids. These strips allow the cells to actively deform their shape, a unique characteristic known as
1112:
1158:
900:
G. Lax; M. Kolisko; Y. Eglit; et al. (June 2021). "Multigene phylogenetics of euglenids based on single-cell transcriptomics of diverse phagotrophs".
902:
1005:
956:
1125:
842:
1153:
52:
1163:
1067:
954:(30 March 2023). "Phylogenomics of novel ploeotid taxa contribute to the backbone of the euglenid tree".
837:
665:
30:
1130:
727:. In some studies, it is referred to as Anisonemea. The composition of Anisonemia is the following:
716:
636:
1104:
752:
705:
423:
140:
951:
804:
236:
160:
47:
795:
611:
155:
1117:
1040:
1022:
973:
919:
867:
859:
1000:
781:
436:
280:
212:
150:
1048:
1030:
1014:
981:
965:
927:
911:
875:
851:
708:, which move by swimming. In turn, Natomonadida comprises two suborders: the phagotrophic
1035:
770:
701:
677:
362:
291:
248:
244:
193:
145:
1147:
182:
741:
673:
669:
298:. In particular, Anisonemia, Euglenophyceae and the phagotrophic Peranemida form a
260:
133:
1090:
672:
analysis. He proposed it as a subclass of the obsolete class
Peranemea, which is
915:
732:
713:
693:
685:
508:
452:
310:. The following cladogram depicts the evolutionary relationships of Anisonemia:
128:
855:
761:
709:
697:
681:
479:
377:
295:
288:
276:
272:
268:
240:
224:
204:
200:
189:
74:
1026:
977:
923:
863:
1099:
1001:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"
999:
Sina M. Adl; David Bass; Christopher E. Lane; et al. (1 January 2019).
985:
931:
724:
689:
523:
341:
317:
303:
284:
208:
97:
64:
39:
1044:
871:
1052:
879:
840:(15 September 2016). "Higher classification and phylogeny of Euglenozoa".
723:
ignored this taxon, until phylogenetic studies of the 2020s supported its
1084:
307:
235:
for movement. Species of this lineage have two flagella arising from the
232:
84:
720:
692:. It contains two orders, differentiated by their modes of locomotion:
228:
185:
1018:
969:
540:
1061:
719:, better known as Aphagea. Later revisions to the classification of
299:
264:
196:
178:
203:, with two flagella for locomotion. Anisonemia includes various
1065:
247:, where only one flagellum is emmergent. They move through a
684:
in addition to
Anisonemia. To date, it is the most diverse
294:. Together with other flagellates, they compose the phylum
664:
Anisonemia was first described by
American protozoologist
287:, a diverse group of flagellates that also contains the
785:
Cavalier-Smith, 1993 emend. Busse & Preisfeld, 2002
945:
943:
941:
275:
species and a clade that has evolved toward primary
1074:
832:
830:
828:
826:
8:
239:region of the cell, unlike their relatives,
1062:
895:
893:
891:
889:
29:
20:
1034:
789:Leedale, 1967 emend. Cavalier-Smith, 2016
822:
745:Kent, 1880 emend. Cavalier-Smith, 2016
223:Members of Anisonemia are unicellular
903:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
7:
1159:Taxa named by Thomas Cavalier-Smith
704:with their anterior flagellum, and
515:
504:
429:
419:
412:
401:
355:
348:
337:
330:
323:
313:
1006:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
957:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
14:
843:European Journal of Protistology
51:
207:species and a group of primary
1:
283:. Anisonemia belongs to the
916:10.1016/J.YMPEV.2021.107088
1180:
856:10.1016/J.EJOP.2016.09.003
668:in 2016, on the basis of
634:
608:
537:
520:
513:
502:
476:
449:
434:
427:
417:
410:
399:
375:
360:
353:
346:
335:
328:
321:
125:
120:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
188:belonging to the phylum
1154:Taxa described in 2016
950:Gordon Lax; Anna Cho;
271:that contains several
121:Orders & families
838:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
666:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
774:Cavalier-Smith, 2016
765:Cavalier-Smith, 2016
756:Cavalier-Smith, 2016
736:Cavalier-Smith, 2016
115:Cavalier-Smith, 2016
16:Group of flagellates
712:and the completely
192:, relatives of the
952:Patrick J. Keeling
211:protists known as
1141:
1140:
1068:Taxon identifiers
1019:10.1111/JEU.12691
970:10.1111/JEU.12973
787:(=Rhabdomonadina
656:
655:
647:
646:
623:
622:
597:
596:
588:
587:
579:
578:
570:
569:
561:
560:
552:
551:
491:
490:
465:
464:
388:
387:
172:
171:
116:
1171:
1134:
1133:
1121:
1120:
1108:
1107:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1038:
996:
990:
989:
947:
936:
935:
897:
884:
883:
834:
809:
800:
790:
786:
775:
766:
757:
746:
737:
676:with respect to
516:
505:
430:
420:
413:
402:
356:
349:
338:
331:
324:
314:
259:Anisonemia is a
114:
56:
55:
33:
21:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1164:Euglenozoa taxa
1144:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1129:
1124:
1116:
1111:
1103:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1070:
1060:
998:
997:
993:
949:
948:
939:
899:
898:
887:
836:
835:
824:
820:
807:
798:
788:
784:
773:
764:
755:
744:
735:
700:that perform a
662:
657:
648:
624:
598:
589:
580:
571:
562:
553:
492:
466:
389:
257:
221:
113:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1177:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1122:
1109:
1096:
1080:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1058:
991:
937:
885:
821:
819:
816:
815:
814:
813:
812:
811:
810:
808:Hollande, 1942
801:
778:
777:
776:
771:Neometanemidae
749:
748:
747:
717:Rhabdomonadina
702:gliding motion
678:Euglenophyceae
661:
660:Classification
658:
654:
653:
650:
649:
645:
644:
641:
640:
637:Petalomonadida
633:
630:
629:
626:
625:
621:
620:
617:
616:
607:
604:
603:
600:
599:
595:
594:
591:
590:
586:
585:
582:
581:
577:
576:
573:
572:
568:
567:
564:
563:
559:
558:
555:
554:
550:
549:
546:
545:
536:
533:
532:
529:
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519:
514:
512:
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501:
498:
497:
494:
493:
489:
488:
485:
484:
475:
472:
471:
468:
467:
463:
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459:
458:
448:
445:
444:
441:
440:
433:
428:
426:
418:
416:
411:
409:
400:
398:
395:
394:
391:
390:
386:
385:
382:
381:
374:
371:
370:
367:
366:
363:Euglenophyceae
359:
354:
352:
347:
345:
336:
334:
329:
327:
322:
320:
312:
292:Euglenophyceae
256:
253:
249:gliding motion
245:Euglenophyceae
220:
217:
194:Euglenophyceae
170:
169:
168:
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:
158:
148:
146:Neometanemidae
138:
137:
136:
123:
122:
118:
117:
108:
101:
100:
95:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1176:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
995:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
958:
953:
946:
944:
942:
938:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
904:
896:
894:
892:
890:
886:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
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844:
839:
833:
831:
829:
827:
823:
817:
806:
802:
797:
793:
792:
783:
779:
772:
768:
767:
763:
759:
758:
754:
750:
743:
739:
738:
734:
730:
729:
728:
726:
722:
718:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
688:clade within
687:
686:heterotrophic
683:
680:, containing
679:
675:
671:
667:
659:
652:
651:
643:
642:
639:
638:
632:
631:
628:
627:
619:
618:
615:
613:
606:
605:
602:
601:
593:
592:
584:
583:
575:
574:
566:
565:
557:
556:
548:
547:
544:
543:
542:
535:
534:
531:
530:
527:
526:
525:
518:
517:
510:
507:
506:
500:
499:
496:
495:
487:
486:
483:
482:
481:
474:
473:
470:
469:
461:
460:
457:
456:
455:
454:
447:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
432:
431:
425:
422:
421:
415:
414:
407:
404:
403:
397:
396:
393:
392:
384:
383:
380:
379:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
358:
357:
351:
350:
343:
340:
339:
333:
332:
326:
325:
319:
316:
315:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
254:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
218:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
195:
191:
187:
184:
183:single-celled
180:
176:
162:
159:
157:
154:
153:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
142:
139:
135:
132:
131:
130:
127:
126:
124:
119:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
42:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1075:
1013:(1): 4–119.
1010:
1004:
994:
961:
955:
907:
901:
847:
841:
753:Natomonadida
742:Anisonemidae
706:Natomonadida
674:paraphyletic
670:phylogenetic
663:
635:
609:
539:
538:
522:
521:
478:
477:
451:
450:
435:
424:Natomonadida
405:
376:
361:
289:phototrophic
273:phagotrophic
261:monophyletic
258:
222:
205:phagotrophic
174:
173:
141:Natomonadida
134:Anisonemidae
110:
104:
91:
38:
18:
850:: 250–276.
805:Distigmidae
733:Anisonemida
714:osmotrophic
698:phagotrophs
694:Anisonemida
509:Anisonemida
453:Neometanema
269:flagellates
225:flagellates
219:Description
209:osmotrophic
201:flagellates
199:. They are
161:Distigmidae
129:Anisonemida
24:Anisonemia
1148:Categories
1076:Anisonemia
986:Q123348233
932:Q110667805
910:: 107088.
818:References
799:Kent, 1884
796:Astasiidae
762:Metanemina
710:Metanemina
682:Peranemida
612:Ploeotiida
480:Heteronema
406:Anisonemia
378:Peranemida
296:Euglenozoa
277:osmotrophy
263:group, or
241:Peranemida
231:that have
190:Euglenozoa
175:Anisonemia
156:Astasiidae
111:Anisonemia
75:Euglenozoa
1100:AlgaeBase
1091:Q61996144
1053:Q57086550
1027:1066-5234
978:1066-5234
924:1055-7903
880:Q39151632
864:0932-4739
780:Suborder
760:Suborder
725:monophyly
690:Spirocuta
524:Anisonema
342:Spirocuta
318:Euglenida
304:Spirocuta
302:known as
285:Euglenida
255:Evolution
98:Spirocuta
85:Euglenida
65:Eukaryota
40:Anisonema
1118:11907355
1085:Wikidata
1049:Wikidata
1045:30257078
982:Wikidata
928:Wikidata
876:Wikidata
872:27889663
721:protists
308:metaboly
279:, named
237:anterior
233:flagella
229:protists
186:protists
71:Phylum:
61:Domain:
1131:1368630
1036:6492006
803:Family
794:Family
782:Aphagea
769:Family
740:Family
511:
437:Aphagea
408:
344:
281:Aphagea
213:Aphagea
151:Aphagea
81:Class:
1105:163183
1051:
1043:
1033:
1025:
984:
976:
930:
922:
878:
870:
862:
751:Order
731:Order
541:Dinema
1126:WoRMS
1113:IRMNG
964:(4).
300:clade
267:, of
265:clade
197:algae
179:clade
177:is a
105:Clade
92:Clade
1041:PMID
1023:ISSN
974:ISSN
920:ISSN
868:PMID
860:ISSN
243:and
1031:PMC
1015:doi
966:doi
912:doi
908:159
852:doi
181:of
1150::
1128::
1115::
1102::
1087::
1047:.
1039:.
1029:.
1021:.
1011:66
1009:.
1003:.
980:.
972:.
962:70
960:.
940:^
926:.
918:.
906:.
888:^
874:.
866:.
858:.
848:56
846:.
825:^
791:)
696:,
614:"
227:,
215:.
107::
94::
1055:.
1017::
988:.
968::
934:.
914::
882:.
854::
610:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
