20:
386:
after the unsuccessful attack on Russia he might indeed have been fully capable of achieving this, even without the boost in public opinion the Anjala conspiracy offered. A conclusion might be that the conspiracy maybe is more significant as an indicator of the situation in Sweden of the late 18th century, than as an actual agent in history.
415:
However, it ought not be neglected, that the conspiracy also further emboldened the
Russians, who for all of the century had successfully strived for influence over Sweden's domestic and foreign politics, and now saw the increasing possibility to acquire all of Sweden's eastern provinces, which would
389:
The military officers, who had supported the events with the best of intentions for their country, became further alienated by the condemnations from government and that of the prevailing public opinion. Hence it can be argued that the split between the state leadership and the leading nobles (civil
220:
Jägerhorn arrived in Saint
Petersburg around August 12 and was granted an audience with Catherine the Great on August 15, and he delivered the note. He however added orally that there was a great desire in Finland to secede from Sweden and put itself under the protection of Russia. Catherine however
385:
It may be argued, that king Gustav used the Anjala conspiracy to win support for a revision of the
Swedish Constitution in order to strengthen his own position and weaken the influence of his opponents. But it may also be argued that this was what he had aimed at with the war itself; and that even
411:
had elevated people with a very narrow view of the world, a view that obviously did not reach to the realm's eastern periphery. In other words, which would be echoed also in connection with
Finland's 20th-century wars, it seemed as if the majority of the Swedes did no longer consider the Finns'
346:
in the South gave the king a good excuse to leave
Finland and return to Stockholm, without it looking as a retreat. He gathered support, foremost among the burgers and the peasants, both of whom despised the officers from the nobility. During the fall of 1788, the king ordered the arrest of the
181:
stated that they were dissatisfied with the war, and that it was not in the interest of Sweden to be at war with Russia. The reason for the note was to scout the possibility of peace. They also offered Russia peace on the basis of the national borders prior to the
291:
In an addendum that was sent to the army, the conspirators talked at some length what they were after. The
Riksdag was to be called, but it was also to include all officers. Certain changes should be made in the government, the kings
228:
way of thinking, but it would require the presence of more people under a formal and legally representative form. Verbally it was added that Russia thought it inappropriate to give back any provinces it had gained in war.
1024:
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to the Anjala affair, particularly if the government's reaction for exactly that reason was intentionally lenient. This increased the willingness of leading Swedes in
Finland to switch their allegiance from
1009:
406:
The common estates', and the public opinion's, critical assessment of the Anjala-men were in many circles in
Finland seen as yet another sign of a rift between the two parts of Sweden. It seemed as if the
358:
Two of the conspirators ended up as refugees in Russia, nine were sentenced to death, although only one, Johan Henrik Hästesko, was executed, while the rest were either deported or put in prison.
315:
From this one can draw the conclusion that there was a critique of Royal power, and that the conspirators wanted to revert to the form of government that had existed under Sweden's
110:") (Pikkuviha in Finnish) remained vivid. The war was clearly initiated by Sweden, and in the view of a strong opinion, particularly among noble officers, a clear violation of the
330:
The opinion was however shifting, Jägerhorn’s actions in St. Petersburg and his actions of splitting Sweden and
Finland was seen as treason, and this made the conspiracy falter.
98:
As the war was badly prepared and without the expected initial success, anger rose against the king within the military ranks deployed to
Finland, where the memory of the harsh
442:
In Sweden, the conspiracy is typically either seen as an understandable opposition against an oppressive king, who was actually eventually assassinated in 1792, and whose son,
989:
34:(1741–1790) was a Finnish soldier and an officer of the Swedish Army. He took part in the Anjala conspiracy and was executed for that (only one to actually suffer such fate).
120:
It was no secret that the war was conceived to increase the king's popularity and influence, and diminish that of his, mostly noble, opponents. The anger was fueled also by
1054:
136:, both of which had been in Russian hands since 1743, ultimately ignited a vehement opposition among the officers, and it was said that even the king wished for peace.
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aspect may well be somewhat inflated, putting the conspirators' primary aim of striving for peace and restoration of political liberties in the background.
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Gustav III who was present with the army in Finland was unsure how to proceed, but to the King's amazement, Denmark declared war on Sweden. This
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1064:
1044:
791:
287:§6. The signers of the Act was for the realm willing to sacrifice all, including their own blood, and they had no desire to start a revolution.
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236:. The conspirators were downcast by Russia's reply, and several also saw Jägerhorn’s venture of detaching Finland from Sweden as treason.
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and five more officers. It was decided that Jägerhorn should take the note to Russia, and so he left the campaign and went to
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Jägerhorn left St. Petersburg on August 20, and arrived back at the army on August 23. The army was at this time in
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of how treacherous Swedish civil servants in 1808/09 would facilitate Russia's acquisition of what became Finland.
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interests, nor appreciate the importance of the eastern provinces for Sweden, nor the sacrifices of the Finns.
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mean a substantial improvement of the strategic position of the new Russian capital, Saint Petersburg, at the
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Allan Sandström, "Officerarna som fick nog – Anjalamännen och Gustaf III:s ryska krig 1788–1790" (1996),
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was to be sought, because otherwise the Swedish and Finnish coast would be burned by the Russian navy.
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The evaluation of the Anjala conspiracy offers somewhat differing views between Sweden and Finland.
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who felt duped to support the war plans by the king's selective quoting of diplomatic reports from
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304:. They also stated that the Riksdag should be called after a fixed number of years and that the
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256:. The Act which corresponded to the Liikkala note was signed by 113 officers, and it stated:
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that the king, with support of the common estates of the parliament, had imposed in 1772.
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servants and officers), in particular in Finland, was further aggravated due to the
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should be followed. Further they demanded that the Police Bureau in Stockholm under
224:
A few days later Catherine's answer came in writing, she reportedly appreciated the
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796:
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16:
Scheme by disgruntled Swedish officers to end Gustav III's Russian War of 1788–90
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E. W. Juva, "Finlands väg från Nystad till Fredrikshamn 1721–1809" (1947).
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187:
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540:
403:, and thus contributed to the subsequent split of Sweden in 1808/09.
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in which he with popular support could increase his own power by the
233:
174:
129:
99:
59:
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I fält för Gustaf III, G. H. Jägerhorn. Atlantis, 2004. Sid 14–26.
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At the same time as Jägerhorn arrived in Petersburg the so-called
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met on August 9, 1788 in Liikkala under the leadership of Swedish
18:
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was not a part of the original plot, but one of the conspirators
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from the eastern part of Sweden as a part of Imperial Russia.
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conspirators, and with popular support he called for the
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was to be fixed and could not be overrun, and that the
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In Finland, it is often seen as an important phase of
319:. On August 25 an additional document was spread, the
186:. This would have resulted in Russia ceding parts of
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446:, would be deposed in 1809, or alternatively as an
248:was declared and printed. It was written at the
128:. The failed attempts to besiege and recapture
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424:Historical views differ in Finland and Sweden
193:The note was signed by Carl Gustaf Armfeldt,
8:
284:§5. The Army was to withdraw from the front.
616:
602:
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106:") (Isoviha in Finnish) and 1741–43 (the "
94:Rising anger against the king and his war
1055:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024)
1025:Democratic Republic of the Congo (2022)
481:
260:§1. Peace shall be treated with Russia
58:) of 1788 was a scheme by disgruntled
487:
485:
7:
520:Jutikkala, Eino and Pirinen, Kauko.
500:Jutikkala, Eino and Pirinen, Kauko.
541:Nordisk Familjebok, 1884, sid 1504.
300:was to be set up according to the
14:
373:, when he formed the autonomous
306:Freedom of the press act of 1766
153:Carl Gustaf Armfeldt the Younger
1153:Sweden during the Gustavian era
221:did not give him any answers.
1:
1143:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
524:. Dorset Press, 1988 p. 145.
504:. Dorset Press, 1988 p. 143.
302:1720 Instrument of Government
102:occupations of 1713–21 (the "
323:which called for the King's
365:was subsequently echoed by
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1118:Finland under Swedish rule
563:Anjalaförbundets cirkulär.
1158:18th-century coups d'Ă©tat
659:Holy Roman Empire (1062)
465:1789 Conspiracy (Sweden)
310:Nils Henric Liljensparre
272:Instrument of Government
162:, together they wrote a
115:Instrument of Government
66:of 1788–1790. Declaring
64:Gustav III's Russian War
1133:18th century in Finland
812:Portuguese India (1787)
664:Mamluk Sultanate (1386)
630:Before the 16th century
470:Independence of Finland
361:The idea of a separate
298:Privy Council of Sweden
1163:History of Kymenlaakso
649:Roman Republic (63 BC)
624:Plots and conspiracies
375:Grand Duchy of Finland
353:Union and Security Act
265:Riksdag of the Estates
195:Johan Anders Jägerhorn
86:, made such claims in
76:Johan Anders Jägerhorn
55:
47:
35:
1148:Rebellions in Finland
1094:60.69639°N 26.81389°E
934:United Kingdom (1968)
868:United Kingdom (1820)
199:Johan Henrik Hästesko
25:Johan Henrik Hästesko
22:
1010:United States (2020)
909:United States (1933)
863:United States (1807)
807:United States (1783)
787:Great Britain (1721)
522:A History of Finland
502:A History of Finland
1090: /
1050:Sierra Leone (2023)
171:Catherine the Great
144:The leaders of the
84:Catherine the Great
1099:60.69639; 26.81389
1000:Ivory Coast (2012)
883:Philippines (1828)
720:Philippines (1587)
340:new theatre of war
312:should be closed.
267:was to be convened
36:
1073:
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1005:Montenegro (2016)
654:Roman Empire (65)
381:Long-term effects
177:. This so-called
146:Anjala conspiracy
140:The Liikkala Note
78:, who handed the
40:Anjala conspiracy
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274:must be followed
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88:Saint Petersburg
62:officers to end
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70:an independent
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1065:Armenia (2024)
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1060:Ukraine (2024)
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1045:Moldova (2023)
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1035:Germany (2022)
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1030:Ukraine (2022)
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1020:Armenia (2021)
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914:Germany (1938)
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409:Age of Liberty
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363:Finnish nation
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317:Age of Liberty
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837:Mexico (1799)
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827:Sweden (1793)
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822:Sweden (1789)
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817:Sweden (1788)
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705:Sweden (1574)
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700:Sweden (1569)
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695:France (1567)
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184:Treaty of Ă…bo
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179:Liikkala note
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150:Major general
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112:authoritarian
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1138:Conspiracies
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978:21st century
954:Spain (1978)
944:China (1971)
939:Libya (1970)
897:20th century
846:19th century
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802:Chile (1781)
792:Malta (1749)
770:18th century
729:17th century
683:16th century
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108:Lesser Wrath
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1097: /
990:Laos (2007)
964:Peru (1992)
552:Anjalaakten
367:Alexander I
202: [
190:to Sweden.
156: [
82:to Empress
28: [
1112:Categories
1085:26°48′50″E
1082:60°41′47″N
476:References
437:separatist
435:, and the
325:abdication
254:Kymi river
246:Anjala Act
134:Savonlinna
744:Main Plot
397:Stockholm
279:armistice
216:In Russia
739:Bye Plot
454:See also
392:reaction
342:against
294:Appanage
270:§3. The
263:§2. The
23:Colonel
642:1155 BC
369:at the
344:Denmark
334:Results
277:§4. An
252:by the
188:Karelia
168:Tsarina
100:Russian
68:Finland
60:Swedish
52:Finnish
44:Swedish
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528:
508:
234:Anjala
175:Russia
130:Hamina
206:]
160:]
72:state
32:]
582:ISBN
526:ISBN
506:ISBN
448:omen
132:and
80:note
38:The
399:to
173:of
166:to
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484:^
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355:.
327:.
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204:sv
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30:sv
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