40:, the artists worked collaboratively on grid-based, spatially fluctuating drawings and paintings that were precise investigations of the scientific phenomena and psychology of optical perception. The work was accompanied by writings: proposals, projects and manifestos - socialist in nature - which the artists considered essential to the experience and understanding of their work. Their drawings, paintings and writings, which had much in common with the positions of artist
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the years; all three artists have had long teaching careers (Frank Hewitt died in 1992), in which they dedicated themselves to providing art students with a precise understanding of the constructs of optical perception, an invaluable foundation for any artist. Their ideas are reflected in the work of many contemporary artists.
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The
Anonima group disbanded in 1971, but the effect of their work has extended into the present through their writing, drawings and paintings. The group's analytical and impersonal view of the creative process was balanced by a profound generosity of spirit which has influenced countless artists over
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in
Burlington, Vermont, William C. Lipke wrote that the artists believed that "commercialization and popularization obfuscated the real issues" being addressed by their work. Further he writes that work by Anonima is "better understood in light of the theories and data of perceptual psychology; the
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Francis Hewitt, who had a master's in art and later did course work toward a PhD in the psychology of perception, provided the conceptual framework for the
Anonima group; their projects addressed the latest information about the science and psychology of visual perception. Anonima's anti-commercial
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stance (see statement below), including their ultimate refusal to interact with the commercial art world, had the effect of removing them from the lexicon of known artists from that time. In a catalog essay for Frank Hewitt's 1992 retrospective at the
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Egbert, Donald D., "The Idea of »Avant-garde« in Art and
Politics", The American Historical Review, Vol. LXXIII., No. 2., December 1967. pp. 339-366.; Leonardo, Vol. 3., No. 1., January 1970. pp.
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58:. Along with other artists in the exhibit, Anonima's work was incorrectly relegated to what came to be the highly commercialized and publicized category of
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Lipke, William, Anonima Group retrospective, 1960–1971; October 28-November 26, 1971, Robert Hull
Fleming Museum, University of Vermont Press, 1971
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Inventory of Ernst
Benkert Sketchbooks and Notebooks Collection, Special Collections, University of Vermont Library
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62:. A recent reconsideration and recontextualization of op art, the expansive 2006 Optic Nerve exhibit at the
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commitment to a systemic study of visual information irrespective of stylistic or economic pressures."
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66:, places the Anonima as the sole American collaborative group, along with the European Zero Group,
127:"Fleming Announces Academic Opening of New Turf" Burlington:University of Vermont Fleming Museum
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Raleigh, Henry P., Anonima Group, Leonardo, Vol. 2, No. 4 (Oct., 1969), pp. 423–430
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Frances R. Hewitt, "The
Responsive Eye" Baltimore: Baltimore Museum of Art, 1965
36:. Propelled by their rejection of the cult of the ego and automatic style of the
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Michael Oren, "The
Anonima Program for Perceptual Re-Education, 1960–70)
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Optic Nerve
Exhibition at Columbus Museum of Art featuring Anonima group
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and others, who were examining new optical information at that time.
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Geoform interview with
Anonima founding member, Ed Mieczkowski, 2012
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132:"Francis Hewitt (1936-1992)" D.Wigmore, Fine Art, Inc.
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Arts organizations disestablished in the 20th century
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Work in the Collection of the Cleveland Museum of Art
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5 (Cleveland: Cleveland Museum of Art, 2000), 42-71.
32:, in 1960 by Ernst Benkert, Francis Hewitt and
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219:1971 disestablishments in the United States
162:magazine article discussing Anonima group
214:1960 establishments in the United States
178:Cleveland Studies in the History of Art
204:Arts organizations established in 1960
199:American artist groups and collectives
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24:The American artist collaborative,
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194:American contemporary artists
48:, were included in the 1965
20:1965 Photo of Anonima group
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80:Robert Hull Fleming Museum
46:Russian constructivists
38:abstract expressionists
64:Columbus Museum of Art
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167:Anonima Group Archive
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56:Museum of Modern Art
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60:op art
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160:Time
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