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plumage, the black cap is reduced to just the area behind the eyes, the underparts become lighter and the bill becomes a dull reddish-black colour. Juveniles have yellowish-brown, grey, and white spots on their backs, with a yellowish-brown belly and breast. Their bill is dull black and the legs are dull red. The chicks have a yellowish-brown colour with black spots on their heads and back. They have a greyish white belly with a darker throat. The bill, legs and feet can be flesh colored or reddish black.
613:. It usually fishes gregariously, forming flocks of up to 100 birds when they locate larger shoals. It fishes by hovering a few meters above the sea. When a prey is located, the tern has two strategies: most of the time it will directly plunge dive and become completely submerged but if the water is too rough it will only submerge its bill whilst in flight. It normally forages near the shore in the kelp zone. It has also been found in the intertidal zone, scavenging for small crustaceans,
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Each subspecies have specific breeding islands. After breeding, the
Antarctic tern does not undertake a long migration to the opposite pole like the Arctic tern does. It usually remains close to the breeding islands all year round. However, the more southern populations migrate slightly further north
587:
This species has a large range, widely distributed around sub-Antarctic islands of the southern hemisphere and the
Antarctic mainland. The breeding territory of the Antarctic tern includes the Antarctic continent, Bouvet Island, the French Southern Territories, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da
656:
and jaegers feed on the eggs and chicks. The larger water birds also prey upon the adults, leaving young chicks exposed to the harsh weather conditions and starvation. The
Antarctic tern will defend its nest against any intruders by repeated dive bombing, occasionally striking them with their sharp
645:
The female will lay one or two eggs per breeding season, which will be incubated by both parents for a period of 23 to 25 days. Chicks hatch during the summer months, from
December to February. Then, the chicks need to be fed by their parents for 27 to 32 days while they grow fully developed flight
637:
The
Antarctic tern usually breeds from November to December, but this can vary depending on climate and the availability of food. The birds are usually found in loose colonies of 5 to 20 pairs, although they may also nest as isolated pairs. However, some islands are home to much larger populations
550:
In breeding plumage, the tern has light grey body and wings. Its deeply forked tail, lower back just above it and cheeks are white. It also has a distinctive black cap that reaches from the nape down to the bill and the eye is brownish-black. The bill, legs and feet are bright red. In non-breeding
583:
The
Antarctic tern prefers rocky areas such as islets, with or without vegetation, often among other seabird species. It usually nests on cliffs but is also found on rocky beaches, places inaccessible to cats or rats. It also avoids beaches with sea lions, as they tend to occupy all flat areas.
566:
Antarctic terns are quite noisy around their roost sites. “trr-trr-kriah” is their main call and is given when they are in flight or fishing. They also use a “chrrrr” to defend their nests against intruders or predators. They make a higher-pitched call to catch the attention of their mates.
646:
feathers. Both members of the pair attend their young for several weeks even after this period. Antarctic terns that survive their first year have a life expectancy of about 17 years with an estimated reproductive time span of about 10 years as they can start breeding at 3 years old.
254:
in the southern summer, when the Arctic tern has shed old feathers to get its non-breeding plumage. The
Antarctic tern does not migrate like the Arctic tern does, but it can still be found on a very large range. This tern species is actually more closely related to the
562:
is also quite similar to the
Antarctic tern but it can be distinguished by the larger body size, lighter colors, and longer black bill of the white-fronted tern. The different subspecies vary in size and plumage tone but are often hard to distinguish from one another.
546:
The
Antarctic tern is a medium-sized tern ranging from 35 to 40 cm (14 to 16 in) in length with a wingspan of 74 to 79 cm (29 to 31 in). It weighs between 150 and 180 g (5.3 and 6.3 oz) but it tends to be heavier during the winter months.
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classifies the
Antarctic tern as a species of least concern in terms of conservation status. The population is stable and is currently estimated to be between 132,000 and 145,000 individuals, with about 45,000 breeding pairs. The majority are from the subspecies
558:. However, the local Antarctic Terns are in their breeding plumage when the migrating Arctic Terns arrive in their non-breeding plumage. Arctic terns also have shorter legs and more prominent black margins on the outside of their primary feathers. The
246:. It ranges throughout the southern oceans and is found on small islands around Antarctica as well as on the shores of the mainland. Its diet consists primarily of small fish and crustaceans. It is very similar in appearance to the closely related
588:
Cunha, South Africa, South Georgia, and the South Sandwich Islands. Recently, some populations have been found to take advantage of newly ice-free terrain on the north-eastern Antarctic Peninsula when nesting.
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and have colonies of over 1000 pairs. This tern species usually selects depressions or scrapes on the cliff ledge for nesting. It can also be found nesting on the soil, sand, glacial
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for the rest of the year. They can be found in Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, the Falkland Islands, the Heard Island, the McDonald Islands, Australia, and New Zealand.
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However, reproduction failures have been recorded on certain islands mostly due to introduced mammalian predators, namely domestic cats and rats.
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Outside of the breeding season, this species of tern looks for ice edges in Antarctica. It also visits South Africa's beaches and rocky cliffs.
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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
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The Antarctic tern can be further divided into six subspecies. The total global population of this bird is around 140,000 individuals.
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Gochfeld, M.; Burger, J.; Garcia, E.F.J. (2020). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.).
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314:. Gmelin based his description on the "wreathed tern" that had been described in 1785 by the English ornithologist
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1039:. Vol. 3, Snipe to pigeons. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. pp. 677–692.
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878:(in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 2 (13th ed.). Lipsiae : Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 609.
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The Antarctic tern is an opportunistic feeder that mostly eats small fishes as well as some
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1065:"Antarctic Tern (New Zealand) and Antarctic Tern (Indian Ocean) - Conservation issues"
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Antarctic tern flying over St Andrews Bay, South Georgia, British Overseas Territories
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in the Indian Ocean but it had actually been collected at Christmas Harbour in the
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Australian Government: Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment
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898:. Vol. 3, Part 2. London: Printed for Leigh and Sotheby. p. 359.
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530:, which spreads into eleven genera. The Antarctic terns are in the genus
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914:"Birds collected during Capt. James Cook's last expedition (1776-1780)"
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comes from the Old English word for a black tern. The specific epithet
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Adult Antarctic tern (front) in breeding plumage with a chick (back).
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and jaegers are the primary predators of the bird's eggs and young.
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538:. However, this claim has been challenged by a genetic study.
322:. Latham had been provided with a specimen by the naturalist
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along with gulls and skimmers. Terns make up the sub-family
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Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds
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to the Pacific Ocean. A drawing of the bird was made by
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Antarctic tern conservation - Government of Australia
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Species text in The Atlas of Southern African Birds
1063:Department of the Environment and Heritage (2005).
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773:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22694635A155620911.en
250:, but it is stockier, and it is in its breeding
835:. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
1024:Higgins, P.J.; Davies, S.J.J.F., eds. (1996).
996:"Noddies, gulls, terns, skimmers, skuas, auks"
326:. Latham mistakenly believed it had come from
633:Antarctic tern brooding on King George Island
8:
956:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
368:, each with their specific breeding sites.
298:. He placed it with the other terns in the
1672:Fauna of Heard Island and McDonald Islands
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722:Antarctic tern in flight, seen from below.
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554:The Antarctic tern closely resembles the
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288:in his revised and expanded edition of
1642:Birds of islands of the Atlantic Ocean
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1682:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin
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1002:. International Ornithologists' Union
958:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
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1622:IUCN Red List least concern species
759:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
534:, which has been established to be
1667:Fauna of the Prince Edward Islands
686:Antarctic tern in breeding plumage
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1215:The Antarctic tern in New Zealand
1163:"Antarctic Tern (Sterna vittata)"
1124:Seabirds: An identification guide
284:in 1789 by the German naturalist
1000:IOC World Bird List Version 12.2
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1161:UN Environment Program (2016).
748:BirdLife International (2019).
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1662:Birds of the Campbell Islands
1647:Birds of subantarctic islands
242:) is a seabird in the family
320:A General Synopsis of Birds
1652:Birds of the Southern Ocean
895:A General Synopsis of Birds
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1205:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
954:Jobling, James A. (2010).
1657:Birds of the Indian Ocean
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364:There are six recognized
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70:Scientific classification
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1103:New Zealand Birds Online
870:Gmelin, Johann Friedrich
710:Antarctic tern in flight
661:Threats and Conservation
571:Distribution and habitat
522:Terns are in the family
334:in December 1776 during
1677:Birds described in 1789
1283:Sterna_(Sterna)_vittata
286:Johann Friedrich Gmelin
280:The Antarctic tern was
1190:BirdLife International
994:, eds. (August 2022).
841:10.2173/bow.antter1.01
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440:South Shetland Islands
1542:Paleobiology Database
1122:Harrison, P. (1983).
1097:Sagar, P. M. (2013).
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1637:Birds of New Zealand
1195:Encyclopedia of Life
596:Behavior and ecology
446:& nearby islands
1632:Birds of Antarctica
444:Antarctic Peninsula
257:South American tern
40:Conservation status
1200:Birds of the World
990:; Donsker, David;
833:Birds of the World
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560:white-fronted tern
373:S. v. tristanensis
361:meaning "banded".
344:William Wade Ellis
282:formally described
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1529:Open Tree of Life
1231:Taxon identifiers
1046:978-0-19-553070-4
992:Rasmussen, Pamela
973:978-1-4081-2501-4
910:Stresemann, Erwin
824:"Antarctic Tern (
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389:S. v. sanctipauli
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346:. The genus name
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455:
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450:S. v. vittata
448:
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1170:. Retrieved
1167:www.grida.no
1166:
1156:
1145:. Retrieved
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1123:
1117:
1106:. Retrieved
1102:
1072:. Retrieved
1068:
1036:
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1004:. Retrieved
999:
982:
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949:
924:
920:
904:
894:
890:Latham, John
884:
874:
864:
852:. Retrieved
832:
825:
777:. Retrieved
763:
757:
751:
672:S. v. gaini.
671:
664:
648:
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604:
590:
586:
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553:
549:
545:
536:monophyletic
521:
481:
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436:Murphy, 1938
432:
423:South Orkney
408:
388:
384:Gough Island
376:Murphy, 1938
372:
363:
358:
351:
347:
340:third voyage
324:Joseph Banks
319:
318:in his book
311:
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238:
237:
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231:
178:
176:
160:
159:
147:
18:
1555:SeaLifeBase
1470:Neotropical
1405:iNaturalist
1263:Wikispecies
988:Gill, Frank
779:12 November
615:polychaetes
607:crustaceans
556:Arctic tern
542:Description
433:S. v. gaini
316:John Latham
248:Arctic tern
1616:Categories
1594:Xeno-canto
1172:2020-10-13
1147:2020-10-13
1108:2020-10-13
1074:2020-10-13
1006:8 November
728:References
366:subspecies
336:James Cook
186:Gmelin, JF
1142:ebird.org
849:243015819
619:shellfish
528:Sterninae
516:Macquarie
508:Antipodes
468:Kerguelen
413:Reichenow
403:Amsterdam
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1449:22694635
1423:10194917
1309:22694635
1304:BirdLife
1248:Wikidata
912:(1950).
892:(1785).
872:(1789).
640:moraines
625:Breeding
512:Campbell
500:Auckland
405:Islands.
399:St. Paul
359:vittatus
354:is from
276:Taxonomy
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1475:antter1
1397:9606968
1371:1049354
1358:antter1
1332:antter1
1291:Avibase
1254:Q509423
941:4080770
524:Laridae
518:Islands
492:Stewart
478:Islands
429:Islands
352:vittata
252:plumage
244:Laridae
143:Genus:
137:Laridae
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1627:Sterna
1586:225766
1547:372784
1534:966611
1521:225766
1492:NZOR:
1482:NZBO:
1462:297828
1436:176920
1379:EURING
1043:
970:
939:
847:
657:bill.
617:, and
532:Sterna
514:&
504:Bounty
496:Snares
488:, 1896
486:Buller
474:&
472:Bouvet
464:Crozet
456:, 1789
454:Gmelin
425:&
415:, 1904
401:&
395:, 1865
382:&
348:Sterna
304:Sterna
223:
217:
211:
205:
188:, 1789
148:Sterna
1581:WoRMS
1573:16892
1560:74890
1508:73080
1418:IRMNG
1384:20700
1353:eBird
1345:6ZSDN
1329:BOW:
1322:71323
1033:(PDF)
937:JSTOR
917:(PDF)
854:8 May
845:S2CID
654:skuas
650:Gulls
609:like
476:Heard
393:Gould
356:Latin
300:genus
267:skuas
263:Gulls
1516:OBIS
1457:NCBI
1444:IUCN
1431:ITIS
1410:4470
1392:GBIF
1317:BOLD
1041:ISBN
1008:2022
968:ISBN
856:2020
781:2021
764:2019
665:The
338:'s
232:The
117:Aves
1568:TSA
1366:EoL
1340:CoL
1278:AFD
964:404
960:365
929:doi
921:Auk
837:doi
768:doi
652:,
292:'s
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236:(
62:)
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