381:
2123:
143:
2116:
120:
2141:
299:
397:
470:
carnivorous therapsids, as the temporal opening behind the eye socket was larger, indicating a greater muscle mass available for closing the lower jaw. Large pterygoid flanges indicate a well-developed
Kinetic-Inertial system in anteosaurs, and increased vertical alignment of the temporalis muscles
333:
The shoulder girdle is fairly light, with a narrow interclavicle, clavicle, and scapular blade. The femur (thigh bone) is slender and curved. These were, despite their size, probably quite agile animals. The limbs are short and the skull is long, narrow, and heavy. The tail is very long in at least
427:
was a slinking crocodile-like semi-aquatic form. The long tail, weak limbs, and sprawling posture do indeed suggest some sort of crocodile-like existence. However, the thickened skull-roof indicates that these animals were quite able to get about on land, if they were to practice the typically
285:
of South Africa, Russia, China, and Brazil. Some grew very large, with skulls 50–80 centimetres (20–31 in) long, and were the largest predators of their time. They died out at the end of the Middle
Permian, possibly as a result of the extinction of the herbivorous
421:, was primitive. Rather than the limbs being drawn in under the body, the stance was more sprawling. Olson (1962) notes that the Russian dinocephalian assemblages indicate environments tied to water, and Boonstra considered that the roughly contemporary
342:
The early
Russian (Boonstra 1972) and Chinese (Rubidge & Sidor 2001) anteosaurs are generally considered the most primitive of the dinocephalians, although it has also been suggested (Kemp, 1982, King 1988) that the
1315:
Cisneros, J.C., Fernando Abdala, Saniye
Atayman-Güven, Bruce S. Rubidge, A. M. Celâl Şengör, and Cesar L. Schultz. (2012). Carnivorous dinocephalian from the Middle Permian of Brazil and tetrapod dispersal in Pangaea.
329:
towards thickening of the bones of the top of the skull, indicating head-butting behavior. There is a large canal for the pineal organ (third eye); probably tied in with the animal's diurnal and seasonal cycles.
491:
study of the
Therapsida. They used the term "Anteosauria" and synonymised the families Brithopodidae and Anteosauridae. In 2010, Christian Kammerer published a re-evaluation of anteosaurian relationships.
443:
were or are completely terrestrial. Perhaps these animals spent some time in the water but were active on land during the mating season, and probably quite able to get about on land to hunt for prey.
994:
series of volumes, uses a more traditional
Linnaean arrangement, but includes the herbivorous forms under the superfamily Anteosauroidea as well. The "Titanosuchidae" here is equivalent to the "
359:(Chudinov 1965), and, with the Tapinocehalia, are part of the first major evolutionary radiation of the Therapsida (Rubidge & Sidor 2001). So far, little work has been done on detailed
1430:
451:
Anteosaurs were evolved to prey on particularly large animals and were among the most highly predaceous of all synapsids (Sennikov, 1996), potential prey included the bull-sized armored
990:(including the Dinocephalia - however the view that the Dinocephalia are a subset of the Anomodontia is no longer held) as part of Gutsav Fischer Verlag's ongoing
1399:
1438:
2170:
1467:
1343:, 1972, Discard the names Theriodontia and Anomodontia: a new classification of the Therapsida. Annals of the South African Museum 59:315-338.
1414:
2175:
1260:
2122:
2115:
142:
323:, so that the front of mouth curves strongly upwards. There is a tendency especially in more advanced forms such as
1460:
940:
696:
2144:
1261:"Evolutionary Patterns In The History of Permo-Triassic Synapsid Predators And Cenozoic Synapsid Predators"
1453:
499:
below follows an updated (2012) version of
Kammerer's analysis by Juan Carolos Cisneros and colleagues.
348:
380:
1340:
944:
720:
256:
2165:
1369:
1422:
1383:
983:
311:
The
Anteosauria are distinguished from the Tapinocephalia by several features, such as very large
1558:
1358:
429:
245:
137:
462:
The large anteosaurs were efficient predators, more specialized than earlier and more primitive
2049:
1919:
1346:
537:
344:
2077:
2040:
2009:
1321:
1300:
948:
467:
384:
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1942:
1928:
1908:
1700:
1671:
1394:
1373:
1365:
1220:
551:
484:
408:
119:
2084:
2056:
1953:
1873:
1832:
1197:
1145:
995:
856:
456:
312:
287:
282:
39:
2159:
2029:
1894:
1812:
1789:
1771:
1758:
1747:
1717:
1710:
1681:
1659:
1651:
1267:
1226:
1211:
1183:
1177:
1123:
1110:
1096:
1090:
955:
951:
658:
638:
623:
592:
417:
402:
304:
77:
1356:
Chudinov, P. K. 1965, "New Facts about the Fauna of the Upper
Permian of the USSR",
298:
1998:
1935:
1846:
1618:
1596:
1570:
1527:
1476:
1159:
1077:
791:
517:
463:
356:
275:
213:
1304:
2091:
2022:
1983:
1823:
1805:
1798:
1778:
1643:
1636:
1291:
Kammerer, C. (2010). Systematics of the
Anteosauria (Therapsida: Dinocephalia).
1139:
1130:
1116:
1103:
777:
737:
672:
575:
436:
423:
389:
325:
316:
129:
52:
396:
1962:
1839:
1689:
1152:
1069:
815:
488:
452:
360:
352:
320:
200:
97:
62:
1887:
1543:
1518:
1509:
1325:
1190:
1061:
987:
496:
432:
278:
272:
187:
154:
102:
46:
17:
2063:
1976:
1901:
1500:
1204:
281:
with large canines and incisors and short limbs, that are known from the
174:
92:
87:
72:
67:
57:
1990:
1969:
107:
82:
1853:
1494:
1368:
and Barghusen, H.R., 1986, An analysis of therapsid relationships in
1166:
839:
164:
471:
suggests an expanded Static-Pressure component of the bite cycle.
395:
379:
364:
297:
440:
1487:
1449:
1445:
1397:
2001, Evolutionary patterns among Permo-Triassic therapsids.
428:
dinocephalian head-butting behavior. All other head-butters,
1266:. Blaire Van Valkenburgh and Ian Jenkins. Archived from
2039:
2008:
1952:
1918:
1871:
1822:
1788:
1757:
1731:
1699:
1670:
1616:
1569:
1542:
487:and Herbert Barghusen in 1986 provided the first
1390:, Gutsav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart and New York,
1380:, Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 83–106
1378:The Ecology and Biology of Mammal-like Reptiles
1461:
8:
415:The stance of a typical anteosaur, such as
2014:
1879:
1763:
1739:
1628:
1624:
1613:
1548:
1539:
1484:
1468:
1454:
1446:
118:
31:
1249:
1255:
1253:
939:The group was originally defined as a
1351:Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution
7:
351:. They have featured in common with
1293:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
831:
807:
783:
712:
688:
664:
654:
630:
567:
543:
533:
509:
502:
363:relationships between the various
25:
1386:, 1988, "Anomodontia" Part 17 C,
2140:
2139:
2121:
2114:
1388:Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology
992:Encyclopedia of Paleoherpetology
459:dinocephalians (Rubidge, 1995).
271:are a group of large, primitive
141:
1:
2171:Guadalupian first appearances
1305:10.1080/14772019.2010.492645
290:on which they may have fed.
1040:Subfamily Tapinocephalinae
1002:Superfamily Anteosauroidea
962:Superfamily Anteosauroidea
315:, cheek teeth with bulbous
27:Extinct clade of therapsids
2192:
338:Evolutionary relationships
319:, and an upturning of the
2135:
2111:
2017:
1882:
1766:
1742:
1631:
1627:
1612:
1593:
1551:
1538:
1483:
1435:Mikko's Phylogeny Archive
1415:"Therapsida: Anteosauria"
1034:Subfamily Titanosuchinae
853:
836:
829:
812:
805:
788:
781:
734:
717:
710:
693:
686:
669:
662:
652:
635:
628:
589:
572:
565:
548:
541:
531:
514:
507:
455:(Lee, 1997) and enormous
251:
244:
237:
232:
138:Scientific classification
136:
126:
117:
34:
1020:Subfamily Anteosaurinae
1014:Subfamily Brithopodinae
986:in a 1988 review of the
697:Titanophoneus adamanteus
2176:Guadalupian extinctions
1376:, JJ Roth and EC Roth,
1326:10.1073/pnas.1115975109
947:in 1962 to include the
1400:Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst.
1353:, WH Freeman & Co.
1320:, 109 (5): 1584-1588.
1028:Family Titanosuchidae
412:
393:
308:
974:Family Anteosauridae
399:
383:
301:
1393:Rubidge, B.S. &
721:Titanophoneus potens
127:Life restoration of
1008:Family Brithopidae
968:Family Brithopidae
430:pachycephalosaurian
355:(Carroll 1988) and
1359:Journal of Geology
1273:on 17 October 2013
413:
394:
309:
2153:
2152:
2131:
2130:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2050:Criocephalosaurus
1920:Estemmenosuchidae
1867:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1727:
1726:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1589:
1588:
1043:
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1005:
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903:
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868:
867:
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757:
749:
748:
613:
612:
604:
603:
538:Estemmenosuchidae
266:
265:
260:
16:(Redirected from
2183:
2143:
2142:
2126:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2078:Struthiocephalus
2041:Tapinocephalinae
2015:
2010:Tapinocephalidae
1880:
1764:
1740:
1629:
1625:
1614:
1549:
1540:
1533:
1532:
1485:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1447:
1442:
1437:. Archived from
1426:
1421:. Archived from
1328:
1313:
1307:
1289:
1283:
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1280:
1278:
1272:
1265:
1257:
1041:
1035:
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784:
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689:
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655:
631:
568:
544:
534:
510:
503:
385:Life restoration
345:estemmenosuchids
255:
225:
212:
146:
145:
122:
112:
49:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2097:
2071:Riebeeckosaurus
2035:
2004:
1948:
1943:Parabradysaurus
1929:Estemmenosuchus
1914:
1909:Styracocephalus
1876:
1859:
1818:
1784:
1753:
1736:
1723:
1701:Phreatosuchidae
1695:
1672:Rhopalodontidae
1666:
1621:
1600:
1585:
1565:
1534:
1490:
1489:
1479:
1474:
1429:
1413:
1410:
1337:
1335:Further reading
1332:
1331:
1314:
1310:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1221:Deuterosauridae
1051:After Kammerer
937:
932:
923:
914:
905:
896:
887:
878:
869:
768:
759:
750:
614:
605:
552:Estemmenosuchus
482:
477:
449:
439:ungulates, and
409:Estemmenosuchus
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373:
340:
296:
254:Anteosauroidea
223:
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140:
113:
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2148:
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2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2088:
2085:Tapinocephalus
2081:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2057:Keratocephalus
2053:
2045:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1995:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1956:
1954:Titanosuchidae
1950:
1949:
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1946:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1877:
1874:Tapinocephalia
1872:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1833:Australosyodon
1828:
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1820:
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1458:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:on 2006-01-17.
1431:"†Anteosauria"
1427:
1425:on 2006-03-13.
1409:
1408:External links
1406:
1405:
1404:
1391:
1381:
1363:
1354:
1347:Carroll, R. L.
1344:
1341:Boonstra, L.D.
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1299:(2): 261-304.
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1010:Boonstra, 1972
1004:Boonstra, 1962
996:Tapinocephalia
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475:Classification
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357:Biarmosuchians
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283:Middle Permian
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2030:Tapinocaninus
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1813:Titanophoneus
1810:
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1796:
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1791:
1790:Anteosaurinae
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1773:
1772:Archaeosyodon
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1759:Anteosauridae
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1749:
1748:Admetophoneus
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1711:Phreatosaurus
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1682:Phthinosaurus
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1660:Tappenosaurus
1657:
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1652:Phthinosuchus
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1537:
1529:
1525:
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1513:
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1243:
1229:
1228:
1227:Deuterosaurus
1224:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:
1212:Mnemeiosaurus
1209:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1184:Admetophoneus
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:Brithopodidae
1175:
1169:
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1164:
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1128:
1126:
1125:
1124:Titanophoneus
1121:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:Anteosaurinae
1108:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1097:Archaeosyodon
1094:
1093:
1092:
1091:Anteosauridae
1088:
1087:
1086:
1082:
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1080:
1079:
1074:
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1027:
1019:
1016:Efremov, 1954
1013:
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1007:
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997:
993:
989:
985:
973:
970:Efremov, 1954
967:
966:
961:
960:
959:
957:
956:Anteosauridae
953:
952:Brithopodidae
950:
946:
942:
934:
927:
926:
918:
917:
909:
908:
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864:
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724:
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715:
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708:
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699:
698:
691:
690:
684:
683:
680:
679:
676:
675:
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667:
666:
660:
659:Anteosaurinae
657:
656:
650:
649:
646:
645:
642:
641:
640:
639:Archaeosyodon
633:
632:
625:
624:Anteosauridae
622:
621:
618:
617:
609:
608:
600:
599:
596:
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594:
593:Tapinocaninus
587:
586:
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438:
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420:
419:
418:Titanophoneus
411:
410:
405:
404:
403:Archaeosyodon
398:
392:
391:
386:
382:
375:
371:Palaeobiology
370:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
337:
335:
334:some genera.
331:
328:
327:
322:
318:
314:
307:
306:
305:Titanophoneus
300:
293:
291:
289:
284:
280:
277:
276:dinocephalian
274:
270:
258:
253:
252:
250:
247:
243:
240:
239:see Taxonomy
236:
231:
228:
222:
219:
218:
215:
209:
206:
205:
202:
199:
196:
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189:
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109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
48:
45:270–260
41:
33:
30:
19:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2028:
2021:
1999:Titanosuchus
1997:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1941:
1936:Molybdopygus
1934:
1927:
1907:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1852:
1847:Pampaphoneus
1845:
1838:
1831:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1777:
1770:
1746:
1733:
1716:
1709:
1688:
1680:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1635:
1619:Dinocephalia
1597:Dinocephalia
1595:
1571:Dinocephalia
1528:Eutherapsida
1523:
1514:
1505:
1477:Dinocephalia
1439:the original
1434:
1423:the original
1418:
1403:32: 449-480.
1398:
1387:
1377:
1370:N Hotton III
1366:Hopson, J.A.
1357:
1350:
1317:
1311:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1275:. Retrieved
1268:the original
1225:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1165:
1160:Pampaphoneus
1158:
1151:
1144:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1102:
1095:
1084:
1078:Dinocephalia
1076:
1068:
1059:
1052:
1050:
991:
984:Gillian King
982:
938:
855:
854:
838:
837:
814:
813:
792:Pampaphoneus
790:
789:
736:
735:
719:
718:
695:
694:
671:
670:
637:
636:
591:
590:
574:
573:
550:
549:
518:Biarmosuchus
516:
515:
494:
485:James Hopson
483:
464:biarmosuchid
461:
450:
422:
416:
414:
407:
401:
388:
361:phylogenetic
341:
332:
324:
310:
303:
302:Skeleton of
268:
267:
238:
226:
220:Infraorder:
214:Dinocephalia
194:
181:
128:
29:
2092:Ulemosaurus
2023:Mormosaurus
1984:Lamiasaurus
1824:Syodontinae
1806:Sinophoneus
1799:Anteosaurus
1779:Microsyodon
1734:Anteosauria
1644:Novocynodon
1637:Microurania
1395:Sidor, C.A.
1362:, 73:117-30
1140:Syodontinae
1131:Anteosaurus
1117:Sinophoneus
1104:Microsyodon
1085:Anteosauria
1036:Broom, 1903
988:Anomodontia
941:superfamily
778:Syodontinae
738:Anteosaurus
673:Sinophoneus
576:Ulemosaurus
453:pareiasaurs
437:titanothere
424:Anteosaurus
390:Anteosaurus
353:pelycosaurs
326:Anteosaurus
294:Description
273:carnivorous
227:Anteosauria
130:Anteosaurus
18:Anteosauria
2166:Anteosaurs
2160:Categories
1963:Dinartamus
1840:Notosyodon
1690:Rhopalodon
1580:see below↓
1519:Therapsida
1384:King, G.M.
1374:PD MacLean
1277:16 October
1244:References
1153:Notosyodon
1138:Subfamily
1109:Subfamily
1070:Therapsida
816:Notosyodon
321:premaxilla
279:therapsids
269:Anteosaurs
233:Subgroups
207:Suborder:
201:Therapsida
35:Anteosaurs
1888:Brithopus
1559:Synapsida
1544:Synapsida
1510:Synapsida
1493:Kingdom:
1191:Brithopus
1075:Suborder
1062:Synapsida
1055:., 2011.
497:cladogram
489:cladistic
480:Phylogeny
433:dinosaurs
347:are more
188:Synapsida
161:Kingdom:
155:Eukaryota
2145:Category
2064:Moschops
1977:Jonkeria
1902:Orthopus
1501:Chordata
1499:Phylum:
1495:Animalia
1349:, 1988,
1205:Eosyodon
949:families
935:Taxonomy
257:Boonstra
246:Synonyms
175:Chordata
171:Phylum:
165:Animalia
151:Domain:
1991:Scullya
1970:Enobius
1419:Palaeos
1219:Family
1176:Family
1089:Family
626:
447:Feeding
376:Ecology
313:canines
1854:Syodon
1167:Syodon
1083:Clade
1067:Order
1060:Class
840:Syodon
317:crowns
259:, 1962
1524:Clade
1515:Clade
1506:Clade
1271:(PDF)
1264:(PDF)
1053:et al
441:goats
349:basal
195:Clade
182:Clade
1557:see
1318:PNAS
1279:2013
954:and
495:The
466:and
400:Two
365:taxa
53:PreꞒ
1322:doi
1301:doi
998:".
943:by
387:of
2162::
1526::
1517::
1508::
1433:.
1417:.
1372:,
1295:,
1252:^
958:.
435:,
367:.
197::
184::
103:Pg
47:Ma
42:,
1994:?
1703:?
1685:?
1674:?
1663:?
1655:?
1647:?
1469:e
1462:t
1455:v
1324::
1303::
1297:9
1281:.
224:†
211:†
108:N
98:K
93:J
88:T
83:P
78:C
73:D
68:S
63:O
58:Ꞓ
20:)
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