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programs are in place in all cotton-growing states to prevent the reintroduction of the pest. These monitoring programs rely on pheromone-baited traps for detection. The boll weevil eradication program, although slow and costly, has paid off for cotton growers in reduced pesticide costs. This program and the
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buds and flowers. Thought to be native to
Central Mexico, it migrated into the United States from Mexico in the late 19th century and had infested all U.S. cotton-growing areas by the 1920s, devastating the industry and the people working in the American South. During the late 20th century, it became
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made reference to a wide range of animals including on the track, Boll Weevil. Music critic
Michael Sun wrote, "By the time track five, ‘Boll Weevil’, rolls around, there's been enough cameos from birds, spiders, monkeys, fish, frogs, pigs, and beetles to fill a zoo, all referenced without agenda or
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study found that the boll weevil spread between 1892 and 1922 had a beneficial impact on educational outcomes, as children were less likely to work on cultivating cotton. A 2020 NBER paper found that the boll weevil spread contributed to fewer lynchings, less
Confederate monument construction, less
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The program has been successful in eradicating boll weevils from all cotton-growing states with the exception of Texas, and most of this state is free of boll weevils. Problems along the southern border with Mexico have delayed eradication in the extreme southern portions of this state. Follow-up
474:
Although it was possible to control the boll weevil, the necessary insecticide was costly. The goal of many cotton entomologists was to eventually eradicate the pest from U.S. cotton. In 1978, a large-scale test was begun in eastern North
Carolina and in adjacent Southampton County, Virginia, to
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in 1909. By the mid-1920s, it had entered all cotton-growing regions in the U.S., traveling 40 to 160 miles per year. It remains the most destructive cotton pest in North
America. Since the boll weevil entered the United States, it has cost U.S. cotton producers about $ 13 billion, and in recent
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disproportionately because most were directly financially dependent on cotton as a cash crop. Because they were more likely to labor as tenant farmers or sharecroppers on cotton plantations in the
Southern United States - the epicenter of the Boll Weevil infestation, black farmers, suffered
563:. A 2009 study found "that as the weevil traversed the American South , it seriously disrupted local economies, significantly reduced the value of land (at this time still the most important asset in the American South), and triggered substantial intraregional population movements." A 2020
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While many control methods have been investigated since the boll weevil entered the United States, insecticides have always remained the main control methods. In the 1980s, entomologists at Texas A&M University pointed to the spread of another invasive pest, the
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determine the feasibility of eradication. Based on the success of this test, area-wide programs were begun in the 1980s to eradicate the insect from whole regions. These are based on cooperative effort by all growers together with the assistance of the
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286:. The pupal stage lasts another 5 to 7 days. The lifecycle from egg to adult spans about three weeks during the summer. Under optimal conditions, 8 to 10 generations per season may occur.
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Research methods were developed. The ability to distinguish between individuals which had eaten certain substances and those which had not was needed, to determine effectiveness of the
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During early years of the weevil's presence, growers sought relatively warm soils and early-ripening cultivars. Following World War II, the development of new pesticides such as
399:
enabled U.S. farmers again to grow cotton as an economic crop. DDT was initially extremely effective, but U.S. weevil populations developed resistance by the mid-1950s.
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leaves wounds on the exterior of the flower bud. The eggs hatch in 3 to 5 days within the cotton squares (larger buds before flowering), feed for 8 to 10 days, and then
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The boll weevil lays its eggs inside buds and ripening bolls (fruits) of the cotton plants. The female can lay up to 200 eggs over a 10- to 12-day period. The
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692:"Evolution of the Host Plant Associations of the Anthonomus grandis Species Group (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Phylogenetic Tests of Various Hypotheses"
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275:. They emerge and enter cotton fields from early spring through midsummer, with peak emergence in late spring, and feed on immature cotton bolls.
863:"Boll weevil Anthonomus grandis Boh. oviposition is decreased in cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. lines lower in anther monosaccharides and gossypol"
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and is listed on several "silliest" or "weirdest" mascots of all time. It was also the mascot of a short-lived minor league baseball team, the
1377:
Dickerson, Willard A., et al., Ed. Boll Weevil
Eradication in the United States Through 1999. The Cotton Foundation, Memphis, Tn 2001. 627 pp.
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in 1919, perceiving that their economy had been overly dependent on cotton, and that mixed farming and manufacturing were better alternatives.
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The boll weevil infestation has been credited with bringing about economic diversification in the
Southern US, including the expansion of
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816:"Killing power of the red imported fire ant [Hym.: Formicidae]: a key predator of the boll weevil [Col.: Curculionidae]"
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By 1922 it was taking 8% of the cotton in the country annually. This failure of the south's primary crop became a major impetus for the
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were subsequently used, but environmental and resistance concerns arose as they had with DDT, and control strategies changed.
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1261:"History of Enterprise". City of Enterprise, Alabama. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03. Retrieved December 21, 2020.
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view of adult; 2) side view of adult; 3) egg; 4) side view of larva; 5) ventral view of pupa; 6) adult, with wings spread
31:
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Hagler, James R.; Jackson, Charles G. (2001). "Methods for
Marking Insects: Current Techniques and Future Prospects".
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Other limitations on boll weevil populations include extreme heat and drought. The weevil's natural predators include
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Other avenues of control that have been explored include weevil-resistant strains of cotton, the parasitoid wasp
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in 1983. An estimated 90% of the cotton farms in Brazil are now infested. During the 1990s, the weevil spread to
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The boll weevil contributed to
Southern farmers' economic woes during the 1920s, a situation exacerbated by the
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to persist from larval feeding to adulthood, and for females to their eggs, although the resulting first
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161:
297:, crop residues, and snow may enable the beetle to survive when air temperatures drop to these levels.
457:"Beat the boll weevil..." (U.S. Food Administration, Educational div., Advertising section, 1918–1919)
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indicates they cannot survive more than an hour at −15 °C (5 °F). The insulation offered by
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1186:"Long-Run Impacts of Agricultural Shocks on Educational Attainment: Evidence from the Boll Weevil"
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Lange, Fabian, Alan L. Olmstead, and Paul W. Rhode, "The Impact of the Boll Weevil, 1892–1932",
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Boll weevils begin to die at temperatures at or below −5 °C (23 °F). Research at the
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of the time, although not the only one. Thereby it was one of the factors in the birth of the
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1227:"When Coercive Economies Fail: The Political Economy of the US South After the Boll Weevil"
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of the 1950s are among the biggest and most successful insect control programs in history.
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was thought to present a barrier to the insect's further spread, until it was detected in
747:"Integrated Pest Management Of The Cotton Boll Weevil In Argentina, Brazil, And Paraguay"
924:"boll weevil facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about boll weevil"
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908:. Biological Control: a guide to Natural Enemies in North America. Archived from
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On The Shoulders Of Giants : My Journey Through the Harlem Renaissance
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381:(ICAC) has proposed a control program similar to that used in the U.S.
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1339:"10 Weirdest College Mascots - RISD mascot, university mascot - Oddee"
548:, resulted in the abandonment and loss of cropland for black farmers.
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disproportionately. Additionally, Government intervention such as the
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in the U.S. allowed full-scale cultivation to resume in many regions.
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A 1984 paper on the effect of a parasitic wasp on the boll weevil
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Baker, Richard B.; Blanchette, John; Eriksson, Katherine (2020).
609:. It reached #2 on the Billboard chart in 1961 in a recording by
1225:
Feigenbaum, James J; Mazumder, Soumyajit; Smith, Cory B (2020).
826:(4). BioControl: Volume 28, Number 4 / December, 1983: 339–344.
419:, as a factor in the weevils' population decline in some areas.
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in well-drained areas in or near cotton fields, and farms after
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Lange, Fabian; Olmstead, Alan L.; Rhode, Paul W. (2009-09-01).
479:(APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
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10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0051:EOTHPA]2.0.CO;2
601:" is a traditional blues song covered by artists including
304:, other insects, spiders, birds, and a parasitoid wasp,
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KKK activity, and higher non-white voter registration.
237:, a grayish color, and is usually less than 6 mm (
814:
Fillman, D. A. & Sterling, W. L. (December 1983).
1273:"The Life and Times of Boll Weevil | Folklife Today"
642:, which were alternatively called the "Cotton Bugs".
1471:
861:Hedin, Paul A.; McCarty, Jack C. (October 1995).
729:"History of the Boll Weevil in the United States"
486:used. Lindig et al. 1980 studied several dietary
1427:U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin
696:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
618:The Presidents of the United States of America
445:cotton is not protected from the boll weevil.
624:The Bollweevils are a Chicago based punk band
8:
621:coded meaning — just fun, plain and simple."
498:was too faintly pink to be distinguishable.
1417:Arkansas Boll Weevil Eradication Foundation
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1139:"The Impact of the Boll Weevil, 1892–1932"
867:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
477:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
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1010:Mosquito Ecology - Field Sampling Methods
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1395:Texas Boll Weevil Eradication Foundation
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536:materials on the boll weevil's impact.
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379:International Cotton Advisory Committee
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634:The boll weevil is the mascot for the
783:Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach
780:Timothy D. Schowalter (31 May 2011).
725:Economic impacts of the boll weevil:
7:
906:(Burks) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)"
636:University of Arkansas at Monticello
343:times about $ 300 million per year.
310:. The weevils sometimes emerge from
1431:University of North Texas Libraries
941:Bt susceptibility of insect species
546:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933
616:In their self-titled debut album,
314:before cotton buds are available.
25:
1357:"Top 10 Weirdest College Mascots"
1076:"Today in History - December 11"
666:Black Belt in the American South
462:
450:
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1190:The Journal of Economic History
1143:The Journal of Economic History
786:. Academic Press. p. 482.
559:- including the culture of the
391:Boll Weevil Eradication Program
326:Cotton boll with weevil larvae.
223:Boll Weevil Eradication Program
1271:Hall, Stephanie (2013-12-11).
727:Mississippi State University.
1:
979:10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.511
657:, the rhubarb curculio weevil
603:Huddie “Lead Belly” Ledbetter
532:Project contains a number of
690:Jones, Robert (2000-01-21).
469:Eradication map (USDA, 2006)
353:The boll weevil appeared in
233:The adult insect has a long
212:. The boll weevil feeds on
32:Boll weevil (disambiguation)
1384:, 69 (Sept. 2009), 685–718.
1382:Journal of Economic History
962:Annual Review of Entomology
565:Journal of Economic History
1695:
1008:Silver, John, ed. (2008).
575:cropping. The citizens of
513:The boll weevil plaque in
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29:
1664:Beetles described in 1843
1654:Agricultural pest insects
1423:"The boll-weevil problem"
1203:10.1017/S0022050719000779
1155:10.1017/S0022050709001090
221:as well. Since 1978, the
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62:Scientific classification
60:
55:
46:
41:
1429:, (1928). Hosted by the
1233:. Working Paper Series.
1231:Social Science Research
900:Juan A. Morales-Ramos.
330:The insect crossed the
56:Adult on a cotton boll
1442:Boll Weevil in Georgia
1400:Boll weevil life cycle
1361:www.campusexplorer.com
1014:Dordrecht, Netherlands
946:April 9, 2008, at the
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490:as markers. They find
440:Genetically engineered
327:
291:University of Missouri
264:
1437:Alabama Tourism Board
1020:. pp. xxi+1477.
605:, Buster “Bus” Ezel,
512:
417:red imported fire ant
325:
258:
247: in) in length.
1327:. 21 September 2018.
1106:Simon & Schuster
1094:Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem
928:www.encyclopedia.com
661:Female sperm storage
581:Boll Weevil Monument
492:Calco Oil Red N-1700
30:For other uses, see
1433:Digital Collections
1405:Boll weevil biology
879:10.1021/jf00058a035
640:Temple Boll Weevils
577:Enterprise, Alabama
527:Library of Congress
515:Enterprise, Alabama
1679:Insects in culture
1503:Anthonomus grandis
1473:Anthonomus grandis
1447:2011-06-06 at the
1410:2008-08-30 at the
1108:. pp. 1–288.
1050:"Delta Farm Press"
904:Catolaccus grandis
832:10.1007/BF02372186
587:In popular culture
557:Harlem Renaissance
518:
484:active ingredients
438:iridescent virus.
431:Beauveria bassiana
425:Catolaccus grandis
336:Brownsville, Texas
328:
307:Catolaccus grandis
265:
217:a serious pest in
194:Anthonomus grandis
171:Anthonomus grandis
18:Anthonomus grandis
1674:Insects of Mexico
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1465:Taxon identifiers
1421:Hunter and Coad,
1115:978-1-4165-3488-4
1098:Obstfeld, Raymond
1027:978-1-4020-6666-5
873:(10): 2735–2739.
793:978-0-12-381351-0
504:screwworm program
363:Amazon Rainforest
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139:
42:Boll weevil
36:
1574:iNaturalist
1497:Wikispecies
1060:2 September
973:: 511–543.
820:Entomophaga
599:Boll Weevil
561:Cotton Club
409:pyrethroids
318:Infestation
295:leaf litter
280:oviposition
229:Description
189:boll weevil
1648:Categories
1306:2021-03-10
1282:2021-03-10
799:8 November
763:2007-02-20
672:References
434:, and the
389:See also:
332:Rio Grande
269:overwinter
251:Life cycle
140:Anthonomus
119:Coleoptera
99:Arthropoda
1343:oddee.com
1301:Billboard
1249:219441177
1212:0022-0507
1171:154646873
1163:1471-6372
1036:233972575
987:0066-4170
887:0021-8561
840:0013-8959
405:malathion
375:Argentina
355:Venezuela
302:fire ants
147:Species:
85:Kingdom:
79:Eukaryota
1592:11145102
1535:BugGuide
1511:BioLib:
1482:Wikidata
1445:Archived
1408:Archived
1124:76168045
1100:(2007).
1018:Springer
995:11112178
944:Archived
848:38550501
647:See also
371:Paraguay
359:Colombia
312:diapause
273:diapause
125:Family:
95:Phylum:
89:Animalia
75:Domain:
1553:5013559
1488:Q217336
1080:loc.gov
385:Control
340:Alabama
242:⁄
205:in the
199:species
197:) is a
178:Boheman
135:Genus:
115:Order:
109:Insecta
105:Class:
1618:617370
1579:199328
1540:230612
1527:169925
1514:297360
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629:Sports
573:peanut
521:Impact
496:instar
407:, and
377:. The
367:Brazil
284:pupate
261:Dorsal
214:cotton
207:family
203:beetle
180:, 1843
1587:IRMNG
1245:S2CID
1167:S2CID
969:(1).
844:S2CID
757:(PDF)
750:(PDF)
677:Notes
592:Music
436:Chilo
334:near
235:snout
1631:7044
1626:NCBI
1613:ITIS
1605:5735
1561:GISD
1548:GBIF
1522:BOLD
1208:ISSN
1159:ISSN
1120:OCLC
1110:ISBN
1062:2016
1032:OCLC
1022:ISBN
991:PMID
983:ISSN
883:ISSN
836:ISSN
801:2011
788:ISBN
525:The
488:dyes
373:and
187:The
1600:ISC
1566:549
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201:of
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
