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cannot be organized and separated into chromosomes due to inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase activity. Mahowald discovered pre-mitotic endocycles in rectal non-cancerous polyploid cells in
Drosophila. The endocycling creates a polyploid cell, and these polyploid have high error-rates, suggesting that there will be an accumulation of cells with incorrect number of chromosomes. He argues that pre-mitotic endocycling is essential for non-cancerous polyploid development, specifically in papillary development. While organisms would die from the accumulation of aneuploid, Mahowald found that, in this instance, significant changes in survival rates were not observed. Thus, he and his team directly disproved previous thoughts that aneuploidy decreases survivability in various insects, especially flies.
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occur in regions of the actin molecule where actin binding proteins interact. By using the
Drosophila as an easily controlled genetic system, Mahowald and his team discovered that mutations in the Act5C gene caused organism death, indicating that Act5C did have an important and isolated function. However, a hybrid gene containing Act42A prevented organism death, indicating that the amino acid differences between the two isoforms are not significant. Despite all of this, Mahowald concluded that tissues rich in Act5C gene expression cannot adequately function with only the Act42A isoform. In other words, while very similar in genetic sequencing, the various isoforms of actin are important to the survivability and functionality of the Drosophila.
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this area, and specifically the e-cadherin-based stem cell adhesion, is vital in maintaining the
Drosophila germline stem cells. These stem cells are important to the reproduction of Drosophila as they turn into sperm cells. In Drosophila testicles, the Leukocyte-antigen-related (LAR) receptor tyrosine phosphatase targets selection and synapse formation with nerve cells. After testing, it was discovered that the receptor expression is increased in the analysis of testicles containing higher numbers of early germ cells and cyst cells. After analysis of this data and further testing of his own, Mahowald discovered that the LAR expressed in the testicles retains germline stem cells at the niche through the increased E-cadherin-based adhesion.
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One of
Malhowald's groundbreaking articles involve the study of the stem cell niche, which is a specialized environment where adult stem cells reside in some insects and amphibians. This area helps to keep stem cells in an undifferentiated state through short-range signaling. Mahowald discovered that
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Mahowald focused on cytoplasmic actin genes instead of muscular actin due to the multifunctional nature of cytoplasmic actin when compared to muscular actin. Using genomic DNA and
Reverse Transcription PCR Sequences, Mahowald determined that these amino acid substitutions in Act5C and Act42A did not
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Mahowald also studied the actin and the various genes that code for very similar types of actin in an organism. Mahowald was concerned as to why organisms have multiple, very similar, genes that encode for the same proteins with only a few amino acids different. To attempt to answer this question,
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Some of
Mahowald's most recent work centers around the study of endocycles. These are cell cycles that do not have a mitotic phase. In other words, cells continuously duplicate their genetic information without division into two cells. This creates very large cells, but their genetic information
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Mahowald is a member of a wide range of prestigious organizations. He is a part of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, Society of Scholars at Johns Hopkins University, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Woodrow Wilson Foundation, the Genetics Society of America, the
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Other researchers had established that multiple isoforms are crucial for development. It was determined that the small differences make actin filaments that do have different functions, such as cytoplasmic functions and muscular functions. Indeed, Mahowald established that there is a need for
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multiple forms of actin due to the large quantity of actin needed in a cell, along with the fact that some cells have different microfilament-based needs. However, he set out to determine if these actin filaments could be interchanged due to their similarity in structure.
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from 1982 to 1990. Finally, from 1990 to 2002, Mahowald was employed at the
University of Chicago as the department chair for molecular genetics and cellular biology. In 2002, he retired from academia and currently works as an emeritus at the University of Chicago.
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Mahowald and team isolated two actin genes, Act42A and Act5C, with only two amino acids being different between the two genes, and both are present in all cells in the
Drosophila during development.
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in 1962. At Johns
Hopkins, Mahowald studied the structure of pole cells and polar granules in Drosophila melanogaster. Both his undergraduate and doctoral degrees were in the field of biology.
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80:, while also working for the Institute of Cancer Research in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Then, he accepted a position at Indiana University from 1972 to 1982. He then moved on to
22:(born November 24, 1932) is a molecular genetics and cellular biologist who served as the department chair of the molecular genetics and cellular biology department at the
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Fyrberg EA, Mahaffey JW, Bond BJ, Davidson N (May 1983). "Transcripts of the six Drosophila actin genes accumulate in a stage- and tissue-specific manner".
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32:, specifically focusing on controlling the genetic aspects of major developmental events. His major research breakthroughs included the study of the
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178:"Head of University of Chicago Biology Department, Anthony P. Mahowald, PhD Helps Upgrade Leo High School Science Programs 2007"
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Edgar BA, Zielke N, Gutierrez C (March 2014). "Endocycles: a recurrent evolutionary innovation for post-mitotic cell growth".
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The majority of his research centered around the common fruit fly and other insects for developmental and genetic studies.
426:"The receptor tyrosine phosphatase Lar regulates adhesion between Drosophila male germline stem cells and the niche"
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American Society of Cell Biology, the Society of Developmental Biology, and the National Academy of Science.
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Mahowald has worked in many universities in his academic career. From 1972 to 1982, he started his career at
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Lindsley DL, Sandler L, Baker BS, Carpenter AT, Denell RE, Hall JC, et al. (May 1972).
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Schoenfelder KP, Montague RA, Paramore SV, Lennox AL, Mahowald AP, Fox DT (September 2014).
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in Mobile, Alabama. Following his undergraduate studies, Mahowald earned his Ph.D. from
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526:"Indispensable pre-mitotic endocycles promote aneuploidy in the Drosophila rectum"
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368:. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 695. pp. 155–68.
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
575:"Segmental aneuploidy and the genetic gross structure of the Drosophila genome"
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153:"Anthony P. Mahowald, PhD | Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology"
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Ferraro F, Celso CL, Scadden D (2010). "Adult Stem Cells and Their Niches".
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244:"Fine structure of pole cells and polar granules inDrosophila melanogaster"
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711:"Chick cytoplasmic actin and muscle actin have different structural genes"
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291:"Developmental genetics of the 2C-D region of the Drosophila X chromosome"
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60:, on November 24, 1932. Mahowald received a bachelor's degree from
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Antony Mahowald is a molecular genetics and cellular biologist
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Perrimon N, Engstrom L, Mahowald AP (September 1985).
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Anthony Mahowald is married and has three children.
424:Srinivasan S, Mahowald AP, Fuller MT (April 2012).
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218:"Anthony Mahowald: University Honors and Awards"
674:Herman IM (February 1993). "Actin isoforms".
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106:Drosophila melanogaster under microscope
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835:Drosophila melanogaster genetics
339:"An introduction to fruit flies"
810:Johns Hopkins University alumni
709:Storti RV, Rich A (July 1976).
676:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
248:Journal of Experimental Zoology
82:Case Western Reserve University
366:The Cell Biology of Stem Cells
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830:University of Chicago faculty
800:People from Albany, Minnesota
688:10.1016/S0955-0674(05)80007-9
242:Mahowald AP (December 1962).
56:Anthony Mahowald was born in
815:Marquette University faculty
645:10.1016/0092-8674(83)90340-9
374:10.1007/978-1-4419-7037-4_11
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820:Indiana University faculty
805:Spring Hill College alumni
795:Biologists from Minnesota
591:10.1093/genetics/71.1.157
307:10.1093/genetics/111.1.23
157:The University of Chicago
66:Johns Hopkins University
89:Awards and associations
29:Drosophila melanogaster
736:10.1073/pnas.73.7.2346
268:10.1002/jez.1401510302
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790:Molecular geneticists
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24:University of Chicago
78:Marquette University
727:1976PNAS...73.2346S
260:1962JEZ...151..201M
72:Professional career
62:Spring Hill College
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222:Indiana University
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52:Educational career
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349:April 10,
276:0022-104X
227:April 10,
187:April 10,
162:April 10,
661:23746956
579:Genetics
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295:Genetics
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609:4624779
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