Colonialism and the Olympic Games

755:, and given the name "Ilanaaq", which translates to "friend". Several indigenous leaders criticized the Vancouver Olympic Organizing Committee (VANOC) for not consulting with indigenous groups on the selection of the emblem, and for choosing one that did not reflect the local First Nations of the host city. President of the Union of BC Indian Chiefs Chief Stewart Phillip said: "The First Nations community at large is disappointed with the selection ... The decision-makers have decided not to reflect the First Nations and the Pacific region in the design of the logo ... I can't help but notice the remarkable resemblance it has to Pac-Man." Former Nunavut Commissioner Peter Irniq also criticized the design: "Inuit never build inuksuit with head, legs and arms"; and the process: " says every inukshuk has a meaning and a reason why it was built in a certain location. He says building the structures should not be taken lightly." Criticism was also directed at the fact that the logo designers were not Inuit or even First Nations. Some Inuit, in criticizing the adoption of "Ilanaaq", explicitly made the connection between 731:(DTES), which, at the time of the Vancouver Games bid, was home to the largest off-reserve Aboriginal population in Vancouver. According to the International Indigenous Youth Network in 2007, pre-Olympic real estate development was causing increased homelessness in the DTES: "512 low-income housing units were lost between June 2003 and June 2005 and almost 300 low-income housing units have been lost to rent increases in the same time period." Kat Norris of the Indigenous Action Group further explains why this is of particular concern to First Nations people, who, as of 2007, constituted 30% of homeless people in the DTES: "The brutal history of residential schools coupled with present day racism and discrimination has meant that 'a high percentage of our people rely on services in the downtown eastside of Vancouver ... Many of these services are facing funding cuts. 688: 840: 283: 4415: 739: 314:, progress, and civilization. These goals were followed also at the 1904 World's Fair. Fourteen hundred indigenous people from Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, East Asia, Africa, the Middle East, South America and North America were displayed in anthropological exhibits that showed them in their natural habitats. Another 1,600 indigenous people displayed their culture in other areas of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (LPE), including on the fairgrounds and at the Model School, where 4177: 1496: 918:, Jung Min-ho called the comment "incorrect and insensitive," writing that "Tens of thousands of Koreans and non-Koreans alike have criticized Ramo and NBC Sports on their social media, urging them to correct this misinformation and apologize." Koreans still feel the pain of all those years under the Japanese occupation. In response to this backlash, NBC issued an on-air apology and Ramo was fired from his job at NBC the next day. 74: 961: 4541: 1504: 137: 3081: 483: 702:, commentator and artist Gord Hill explains how the slogan refers to the lack of treaties in British Columbia: "It's illegal, and it's actually immoral, because they were bound by their own laws to make treaties before they settled on any land or any business took place on sovereign indigenous land." The business referred to includes massive real estate developments as explained in a 33: 557: 4529: 4553: 677:

to "divide and rule over indigenous peoples in Canada" and that "Canada is deliberately trying to buy its way around its terrible human rights record by creating a media spin behind the Four Host First Nations". Calling the FHFN a "cheap and shallow scheme", he points out that in 2007 Canada was one of only four countries to vote against the adoption of the

2455:"In 1864 a group of Circassians tried to return home but were defeated in a bloody battle on a mountain that became known as "Red Hill." "That is where the ski lifts and ski events will be held, at the Red Hill," said Zack Barsik, president of the local Circassian Institute. "The Olympic events of skiing and snowboarding will be held on that same mountain." 445:. O'Bonsawin discusses how the Glenbow Museum committed a "second and more disgraceful wave of thievery" by returning the artifacts to the collections and museums who had loaned them, and refusing to assist indigenous groups in getting these items repatriated back to their communities. The discourse generated by the Lubicon boycott of 625:

Games. However, Uyghur activists accused the Chinese of fabricating terror plots to crack down on the people of the region and prevent them airing legitimate grievances. Some foreign observers were also skeptical, questioning if China was inflating a terror threat to justify a clampdown on dissidents before the Olympics.

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athletic events were referred to as "Olympian," and the opening ceremony was held in May with dignitaries in attendance, though the official Olympic program did not begin until July 1. Also, as previously noted, one of the original intentions of Anthropology Days was to create publicity for the official Olympic events.

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The 2010 Winter Games were met with massive protest locally and internationally. In October 2007, 1500 indigenous delegates at the Intercontinental Indigenous Gathering in Sonora, Mexico passed a resolution stating: "We reject the 2010 Winter Olympics on sacred and stolen territory of Turtle Island –

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for its reporting of the Tibetan riots. The media reported that the attitudes of Han Chinese citizens towards non-Chinese and Chinese minorities in China noticeably worsened. In late April, Chinese Internet censors, who had previously permitted posts critical of non-Chinese, began blocking words such

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for a movement that is actually "deeply politicized and xenophobic". O'Bonsawin also argues that in encouraging Olympic participants to "cast aside everyday lived experiences ... shaped by such factors as race, gender, sexuality, religion, culture, ideology, and class" Olympism itself erases the

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Nearly 50 Tibetan exiles in India began a global torch relay 25 March 2008 with a symbolic "Olympic" flame that ended in Tibet on 8 August 2008, the day of the Summer Games' opening ceremonies in Beijing. Although the torch was heavily guarded by local police and Chinese security agents wearing blue

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O'Bonsawin writes that there was significant protest from indigenous people against the use and appropriation of indigenous imagery in the 1988 Winter Games. This imagery included "indigenous sounds, sights, and images a massive teepee" in the opening ceremony, and medals depicting "winter sporting

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Vast areas of unceded land that Indigenous communities depend on for hunting, fishing and general survival are at risk. Rivers, mountains and old-growth forests are being replaced by tourist resorts and highway expansions spurred by the 2010 games. Hundreds of millions of dollars have been spent to

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First Nations from the Vancouver and Whistler areas, the FHFN was created to ensure that "their cultures and traditions are respected and showcased throughout the planning, staging, and hosting of the 2010 Winter Games". But former Neskonlith chief Arthur Manuel has argued that the FHFN was created

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During the Olympic torch lighting ceremony in Greece on 24 March 2008, three Reporters Without Borders journalists breached a cordon of 1,000 police at the ancient Olympia stadium and interrupted the speech of Liu Qi, head of the Beijing Games committee. One protester tried to snatch the microphone

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Page 16: "... with one estimate showing that the indigenous population of the entire north-western Caucasus was reduced by a massive 94 per cent". Text of citation: "The estimates of Russian historian Narochnitskii, in Richmond, ch. 4, p. 5. Stephen Shenfield notes a similar rate of reduction with

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While Anthropology Days were not officially part of the Olympics program, they were closely associated with each other at the time, and in history—Brownell notes that even today historians still debate as to which of the LPE events were the "real" Olympic Games. Additionally, almost all of the 400

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In particular, there is much ire over the use of a hill called "Red Hill". In 1864, a group of Circassians apparently tried to return home but were attacked and a battle ensued, ending in their massacre, and attaining the name "Red Hill" (for the blood spilled). There were skiing and snowboarding

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to oil companies—unceded because they had been left out of the 1899 and 1900 treaties and the federal government was still not willing to negotiate a treaty. While corporations extracted resources from their lands, the Lubicon Cree were experiencing "a 93% decline in their annual trapping income,

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elder who had married into the Squamish First Nation, participated in a blockade to prevent this destruction. She was arrested along with 23 other protesters and imprisoned. Nahanee's already fragile health deteriorated while in prison and she died shortly after her release on February 24, 2007.

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involving kidnapping athletes, journalists and tourists were foiled. The security ministry said 35 arrests were made in recent weeks and explosives had been seized in Xinjiang province. It said 10 others were held when police smashed another plot based in Xinjiang back in January to disrupt the

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To address this erasure and the disparity between Olympism ideals and Games practice, O'Bonsawin recommends that the IOC restructure their bid evaluation process so that they can determine whether bidding countries respect the human rights and needs of marginalized peoples. Instrumental to this

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The high incidence of violence against indigenous women is telling of Canada's treatment of indigenous peoples: 500 First Nations women are missing from across Canada, and 76 of them are from British Columbia, where the Games were being hosted. It has been estimated that of the 69 women on the

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O'Bonsawin describes how amid these tensions the Montreal Olympic Games' closing ceremony employed indigenous symbolism without consultation with local First Nations. Hundreds of performers were enlisted to perform a "tribal" dance that was choreographed by a non-indigenous choreographer, to a

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display of indigenous people in the closing ceremony. Sport scholar Christine O'Bonsawin explains how "Montreal organizers strategically included indigenous people and imagery in the closing ceremony at a time when Canadian indigenous and government relations were operating under heightened

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Olympic Committee boycott "if the situation in Tibet continues to worsen". Masahisa Tsujitani, a Japanese craftsman who makes shots used by many Olympic athletes, announced 14 April he refuses to allow his wares to be used at the games to protest China's treatment of protesters in Tibet.

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The Lubicon Cree claimed that the 665 artifacts in the exhibit had originally been stolen—expatriated from indigenous communities and displayed in Europe for public consumption and curiosity. Additionally "many of the objects were sacred and not intended for public display", including a

333:, world's fairs – with their inclusion of human zoos – and the Olympics were a logical fit at this time, as they "were both linked to an underlying cultural logic that gave them a natural affinity". Taking this natural fit to the next level, two key figures at the 1904 World's Fair – 818:, was broadcast in Argentina under the slogan "To compete on British soil, we train on Argentine soil." While it was claimed by several major Argentine newspapers that the film had not been commissioned by the Argentine government, with it being produced by the local office of the 659:

Again building on lessons learned from previous Olympic Games held in Canada, the 2010 Winter Games saw an unprecedented level of involvement by and collaboration with indigenous people, namely in the form of the Four Host First Nations (FHFN). Composed of representatives from the

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was stated to have caused the disappearance (variously by death or deportation) of 1.5 million Circassians, or 90–94% of the Circassian nation. They demanded the Sochi 2014 Olympics be cancelled or moved unless Russia would apologize for what the Circassians regarded to be a

385:"—it was these non-indigenous performers who led the indigenous people into the stadium. O'Bonsawin notes that particularly problematic about this approach to including indigenous "participation" is that it became a model for future Canadian Olympic Games. 867:. Some Circassian groups have not expressed outright opposition to the Olympics but argue that symbols of Circassian history and culture should be included in the format, as Australia, the United States, and Canada did with their indigenous populations in 397:

in Calgary, Alberta reflected some lessons learned from criticism of the 1976 games, but according to critics, they still perpetuated legacies of erasure, cultural and land theft, and appropriation committed by past Games and Canadian governmental bodies.

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of indigenous ceremonies and symbolism; theft and inappropriate display of indigenous objects; further encroachment on and support of the theft of indigenous lands; and neglect or intensification of poor social conditions for indigenous peoples.

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organisations have also spoken out against the 2014 Olympics, arguing that the Games will take place on land that had been inhabited by them since the beginning of recorded history by their ancestors until 1864, when the resolution of the

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girls basketball team, did compete in other athletic events at the LPE). Contests included "baseball throwing, shot put, running, broad jumping, weight lifting, pole climbing, and tugs-of-war before a crowd of approximately ten thousand".

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stated that "the Olympic Games cannot be used to make political gestures". Zylberberg stated that he had been unaware that the film would be used as a political advert. He subsequently was not selected for the Argentine hockey squad.

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Encyclopædia Britannica entry for Circassians: "From ancient times Circassia, comprising roughly the northwestern region of the Caucasus, acquired the exotic reputation common to lands occupying a crucial area between rival

460:, which was "invading indigenous territories (including Lubicon lands) across Canada". Indigenous objection was not confined to the Lubicon Cree since "protestors were present along the relay route in every province except 433:

said: " irony of using a display of North American Indian artifacts to attract people to the Winter Olympics being organized by interests who are still actively seeking to destroy Indian people seems painfully obvious."

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During the bidding process of the Olympics, many Tibetan protesters had criticized the IOC for allowing China to host the 2022 Olympics due to policies against Tibetans. In the aftermath of the 2019 leak of the

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official list of those missing from the DTES in Vancouver, at least a third of them are of indigenous ancestry, compared to 1.9% representation of indigenous women in the general population of Vancouver.

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Vancouver, Canada." This launched a global boycott of the 2010 Games with indigenous protests of the 2010 Winter Games rallying under the slogan, "No Olympics on stolen Native land." In an interview with

636:, Uyghur separatist groups staged protests in several countries. According to the Chinese government, a suicide bombing attempt on a China Southern Airlines flight in Xinjiang was thwarted in March 2008. 2713: 750:

Indigenous people have also raised concerns about the marketing and branding of the 2010 Winter Games, starting with the selection of the official Games logo, which was based on the Inuit symbol of the

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The 2010 Winter Games have also been criticized for being held in a city, province and country where so many indigenous people are living in desperate social conditions, particularly in Vancouver's

429:—the very company drilling for oil on their unceded land. The exhibit consisted of indigenous Canadian artifacts, art and objects gathered from collections around the world. Of this, Lubicon Chief 3213:

Peavy, Linda; Ursula Smith (2008). "Leaving the Whites…Far Behind Them: The Girls from Fort Shaw (Montana) Indian School, Basketball Champions of the 1904 World's Fair". In Susan Brownell (ed.).

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musical score ("La Danse Sauvage") created by a non-indigenous composer. Only 200 of the 450 performers were indigenous, with the other 250 being non-indigenous people costumed and painted in "

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from 1910 to 1945, and then added, "But every Korean will tell you that Japan is a cultural and technological and economic example that has been so important to their own transformation." In

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resulted in the formation of a task force that eventually released a ground-breaking report that continues to influence how museum professionals approach working with indigenous communities.

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O'Bonsawin, Christine M. (2010). "'No Olympics on stolen native land': contesting Olympic narratives and asserting indigenous rights within the discourse of the 2010 Vancouver Games".

265:, speaks "in truisms of equity, anti-discrimination, mutual recognition and respect, tolerance and solidarity". But she and other critics argue that in reality Olympism serves as an 257:

wrote that sport and colonialism were "natural companions". He called sports "a vigorous instrument of the disciplining" of colonized people, and viewed it as a calming force in the

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wrote that sport and colonialism were "natural companions", terming sport "a vigorous instrument of the disciplining" of colonized people, and viewed it as a calming force in the

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less than 10 per cent of the Circassians (including the Abkhazians) remaining. (Stephen Shenfield, "The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?", in The Massacre in History, p. 154.)"

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The games are viewed to be particularly offensive because they include the date of the 150th anniversary of what they consider a genocide. It has thus been a rallying cry for

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and commodificaton, "arguing that it dishonoured the traditional functions of inuksuk and risked turning them into commodities that could be sold for tourist consumption".

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and anti-foreigner sentiment in China. French goods and businesses were threatened with a reprisals for the assault on torch-bearers through Paris, France. French retailer

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to protest against the British intervention in Northern Ireland. During the events of the relay, the police and the military had arrested several suspected IRA members.

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policies and practices of some host nations and cities either in the name of the Olympics by associated parties or directly by official Olympic bodies, such as the

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Anthropology Days took place on August 11 and 12, 1904, with about 100 paid indigenous men (no women participated in Anthropology Days, though some, notably the

3820: 3639: 2416: 2293: 1634: 807: 425:, part of the official cultural programming of the Games. They protested this exhibit on several grounds, including that almost half of its funding came from 715:

One such development was the Sea-to-Sky highway expansion for which the Eagle Ridge Bluffs in North Vancouver (on Squamish territory) were to be destroyed.

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Parezo, Nancy J. (2008). "A 'Special Olympics:' Testing Racial Strength and Endurance at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition". In Susan Brownell (ed.).

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Definition: "...the process of transforming an object, idea, activity, or service into a commodity by capitalist economies." Beaster-Jones 2013, par. 1.

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by local merchants. Chinese police injured and damaged the equipment of two Japanese journalists sent to cover the story. Four days later a bombing in

1004:, is associated with war crimes and atrocities committed under the Japanese Empire, as well as contemporary Japan's far-right nationalist attempts to 491: 319: 3859: 3692: 3687: 3478: 3450: 3064: 1470: 735:" Those funding cuts were occurring while the province was expected to spend $ 1.5 billion on the Games, and the federal government, $ 2.5 billion. 3767: 2339:

The First 'Circassian Exodus' to the Ottoman Empire (1858–1867), and the Ottoman Response, Based on the Accounts of Contemporary British Observers.

1608: 464:". Of these protests, former Olympiques Calgary Olympics (OCO) chairperson later wrote: "There was no room for defiance or confrontation ..." 3854: 3815: 3550: 3502: 3384: 2140: 826:

for national broadcast. An IOC statement said "the games should not be part of a political platform", while Argentine Olympic Committee President

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tensions". She is referring to then Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's 1969 Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy (also called the

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Russian and South Korean officials took issue with a map of the torch relay on the Games' official website, which depicted the disputed

768: 498:, initiated a campaign against the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics to protest for Tibetan independence, It also objected to the use of the 236:

Critics have claimed that the Olympics have engaged in or caused: erroneous anthropological and colonial knowledge production; erasure;

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O'Bonsawin, Christine M. (2012). "Indigenous Peoples and Canadian-Hosted Olympic Games". In Janice Forsyth; Audrey R. Giles (eds.).

1074: 197: 179: 118: 60: 4584: 3580: 3495: 3012:"Stolen Games: 'No Olympics on Stolen Native Land' Has Become the Battle Cry for Indigenous Resistance to the Vancouver Olympics" 1030:

in Tokyo to ban the Rising Sun Flag, and the Chinese Civil Association for Claiming Compensation from Japan sent a letter to the

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called for a boycott to put pressure on China to make Tibet independent. There were also plans by Tibetans in exile to hold

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Ominayak, Chief Bernard (1989) "Aboriginal land rights in Canada – myth and reality", NISTO – Lubicon Lake Indian Nation.

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build new resorts and expand existing ones in order to attract and accommodate tourists, Olympic athletes and trainers.

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Schantz, Otto J. (2008). "Pierre de Coubertin's Concepts of Race, Nation, and Civilization". In Susan Brownell (ed.).

673: 409:, a small community in northern Alberta. Their reasons centered around what they considered the illegal sale of their 311: 1196: 859: 1638: 4556: 4451: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4402: 4395: 4389: 4384: 4379: 3532: 3490: 2094: 1762: 572:

track suits, protesters attempting to stop the relay or take the torch were a significant problem along the route.

406: 4176: 2424: 2297: 1134:, edited by John Bale and Mette Krogh Christensen, 231–242. Oxford: Berg, 2004, quoted in O'Bonsawin 2008, p. 144. 3779: 3555: 1530: 1370:

Ferreira, D.A. (1992). "Oil and Lubicons don't mix: A land claim in northern Alberta in historical perspective",

909: 815: 526: 495: 315: 3174: 2351: 2196: 952:, described the inclusion as "illegal", and accused the Tokyo Organising Committee of "politicising" the Games. 4594: 3789: 538: 100: 3932: 927: 720: 661: 655:

Land disputes, poverty and cultural appropriation at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia

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In 2008, the Chinese government announced that several terrorist plots by Uyghur separatists to disrupt the

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W. J. McGee was the head of the Department of Anthropology at the LPE and the founding president of the new

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Acknowledgement of the Liancourt Islands and the Kuril Islands at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan

883: 823: 756: 410: 258: 241: 230: 150: 2752: 2249:"Argentine hockey player featured in controversial Falklands advert dropped from squad ahead of Olympics" 1474: 3937: 2811: 1612: 931: 669: 665: 530: 519: 338: 330: 303: 2891: 2739:"'Symbol of the devil': Why South Korea wants Japan to ban the Rising Sun flag from the Tokyo Olympics" 4533: 4343: 4336: 4329: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4221: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4185: 4164: 4157: 4150: 4143: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4035: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3962: 3772: 3762: 3445: 1027: 876: 872: 868: 800: 629: 461: 394: 2770: 2368: 1707: 4364: 3468: 2634: 1685: 864: 811: 640: 639:

Four days before the Beijing Olympics, 16 Chinese police officers were killed and 16 injured in an

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Andrea Alexander (9 February 2010). "North Jersey Circassians 'in exile' launch Olympic protest".

298:(also known as the St. Louis World's Fair), and were the first modern Olympic Games to be held in 3910: 3161: 2601: 2320: 1812: 1787: 1570: 1047: 905: 899: 621: 615: 334: 3241: 2080:

Heyes, S. (2002). "Protecting the authenticity and integrity of Inuksuit in the Arctic milieu",

819: 377:), which was perceived by some Canadian indigenous people as a further attempt at assimilation. 310:, as a key feature of world's fairs, functioned as demonstrations of anthropological notions of 1026:

In September 2019, the South Korean parliamentary committee for sports asked the organizers of

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Irish Republican protest during the torch relay at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, England

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Brownell, Susan (2008). "Introduction: Bodies before Boas, Sport before the Laughter Left".

2714:"Tokyo Olympic organizers say no plans to ban 'Rising Sun' flag despite South Korean demand" 1739: 1459:

Wade, Stephan (7 August 2008). "Protests, Smog Cloud Olympics a Year Out". Associated Press.

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The Tibet, Xinjiang and Hong Kong controversy at the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, China

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Anniversary of the Circassian genocide at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Krasnodar Krai

3754: 3709: 3665: 3597: 3517: 3435: 3037:"Vancouver Activists Greet Winter Olympics Opening Ceremony with People's Summit, Protest" 2662: 2606: 2574:"Japan's rising sun flag has a history of horror. It must be banned at the Tokyo Olympics" 2169: 2114: 1556: 1058: 969: 945: 937: 914: 789:

Argentine ad about the Falkland Islands before the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, England

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Disruption of the torch relay and foreign condemnation of China resulted in a backlash of

442: 237: 2753:"Democratic Party lawmaker proposes resolution opposing Rising Sun Flag in Ntl. Assembly" 2467:"NBC apologizes to Korean people after correspondent's 'ignorant, 'insensitive' comment" 742:

Unveiling ceremony of Ilanaaq the inukshuk, the 2010 Winter Games emblem, April 23, 2005

341:– devised an event that would bring anthropology and sport together: Anthropology Days. 3900: 3794: 3749: 3744: 3405: 985: 981: 973: 698: 678: 549: 422: 414:

high rates of alcoholism, a tuberculosis crisis, and malnourishment in the community".

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The 140 sq ft (13 m) banner which read "ONE WORLD ONE DREAM FREE TIBET"

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The 1988 Winter Games were also the subject of an international boycott called by the

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Claims of cultural theft and erasure at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta

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The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games: Sport, Race, and American Imperialism

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The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games: Sport, Race, and American Imperialism

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The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games: Sport, Race, and American Imperialism

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The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games: Sport, Race, and American Imperialism

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in Beijing, during which world attention was drawn by pro-Tibet protests along the

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The 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, were held in conjunction with the

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as "Carrefour", in what was seen as an attempt to calm tensions before the games.

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Turkish Circassians commemorate the banishment of the Circassians from Russia in

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The 1976 Summer Olympics have been criticized for a lack of consultation and the

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NBC analyst comment at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, Gangwon Province

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On 2 May 2012, on the 30th anniversary of the sinking of the Argentine cruiser

529:(RSF) advocated boycott to express concerns over violations of free speech and 3349:. p. First Nations – Land Rights and Environmentalism in British Columbia 3157: 2375:

Caucasus Reporting Service No. 413, 5 October 2007. Retrieved on 2 April 2010.

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restructuring would be the inclusion of external consultation and evaluation.

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Yingying. The Tibetan People's Movement has also demanded representation of

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Spirited Encounters: American Indians Protest Museum Policies and Practices

2417:"145th Anniversary of the Circassian Genocide and the Sochi Olympics Issue" 2337:

Sarah A. S. Isla Rosser-Owen, MA Near and Middle Eastern Studies (thesis).

2294:"145th Anniversary of the Circassian Genocide and the Sochi Olympics Issue" 364:

Spectacle and appropriation at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, Quebec

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after Japanese football fans flew it at an AFC Champions League in 2017.

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as another unrolled a black flag showing the Olympic rings as handcuffs.

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Usage of the Rising Sun Flag at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan

456:, the torch relay run was targeted by protesters for its sponsorship by 2995: 2355: 1156: 752: 644: 3178: 1849: 214:

have been criticized as upholding (and in some cases increasing) the

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Threat against Uyghurs at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China

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The Lubicon Cree focused their boycott on a specific Olympic event:

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Ancient Circassian Cultures and Nations in the First Millennium BCE

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Large-scale signage with "No Olympics on Stolen Native Land" slogan

533:. It hoped that international pressure could effect the release of 1832:"Behind the scenes: Internet police out in force for the Olympics" 1197:"8 Unusual Facts About the 1904 St. Louis Olympics | HISTORY" 959: 838: 737: 686: 507: 481: 281: 2767:"China group asks IOC to ban 'rising sun' flag at Tokyo Olympics" 1402: 3362: 2497:"NBC fires analyst after 'ignorant, insensitive' on-air comment" 1016: 503: 4362: 3954: 3366: 1527:"Repression continues in China, one month before Olympic Games" 1132:

Post-Olympism? Questioning Sport in the Twentieth-First Century

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Anthropology at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri

3259:"'It's All About The Land': Native Resistance to the Olympics" 2830: 2792:"Tibetan groups campaign against 2022 Olympics going to China" 1096:

Coubertin, Pierre de (1912). "Les sports et la Colonisation",

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in the Olympic sites has been criticized as going against the

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man competing in an archery contest during "Anthropology Days"

130: 67: 26: 3175:"'No Olympics on Stolen Native Land' Resonates Across Canada" 2686:"Tokyo 2020: Why some people want the rising sun flag banned" 1445: 1443: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1321: 1319: 1309: 1307: 1142: 1140: 1117: 1115: 940:(territory claimed by Japan but governed by South Korea) and 1726:"Carrefour Removed From Chinese Internet 30 April 2008" 468:

Tibetan unrest at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China

2928:

Hauntings: Representations of Vancouver's disappeared women

968:

The Japanese government's refusal to ban the controversial

822:

advertising agency, the rights to it were purchased by the

806:, an advertising film depicting the captain of Argentina's 1471:"Free Tibet 2008! – One World, One Dream: Free Tibet 2008" 944:(territory claimed by Japan and Russia) as part of Japan. 900:

Joshua Cooper Ramo § Comment on Japan–Korea relations

587:

protests outside some stores. Foreign media, particularly

253:

The founder of the modern Olympic Games, French educator

225:

The founder of the modern Olympic Games, French educator

3303:"Aboriginal Population, City of Vancouver – 2001 Census" 2321:"Georgia Says Russia Committed Genocide in 19th Century" 1986: 1984: 781:, Irish republican supporters had disputed the event in 1252: 1250: 92: 2444: 2442: 1888: 1886: 1240: 1238: 522:

in May, at the headquarters of the exiled government.

3146:

Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics

3082:"Olympic committee blunders with Inuit-inspired logo" 2602:"Japan's 'Internet Nationalists' Really Hate Koreans" 2387:"The Circassian Dimension of the 2014 Sochi Olympics" 1559:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 24 March 2008. 249:

Olympic Games as a colonial force and recommendations

3286:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. 3217:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. 3198:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. 2875:. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. 2115:"Argentina's 'Falklands Olympics' advert sparks row" 2095:"IRA supporters force Olympic torch to alter course" 222:, host organizing committees and official sponsors. 4422: 4371: 4184: 3961: 3875: 3808: 3708: 3648: 3608: 3566: 3531: 3459: 3426: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1065:, calls were made for a boycott of the 2022 games. 402:equipment protruding from a ceremonial headdress". 3232:Revolutionary Hip-Hop Report, The (25 July 2010). 2084:, 26(2): 133–156, cited in O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 54. 3323:. Minneapolis MN: University of Minnesota Press. 2391:PONARS Policy Memo No. 65 – Georgetown University 1758:Uyghurs protest Olympic Torch in Istanbul – NTDTV 2170:"UK criticises 'tasteless' Falklands Olympic ad" 510:with its own national flag. American film actor 2352:Russian Olympics clouded by 19th century deaths 1374:. 12(1): 1-35, cited by O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 42. 1100:(January): 7–10, cited in Schantz 2008, p. 177. 682:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 2223:"Argentine NOC Statement On Controversial Ads" 2197:"Falklands ad runs again despite IOC concerns" 1672: 1670: 1015:The controversial flag is currently banned by 3378: 1846:"Blasts kill two in China's restive Xinjiang" 1808:"16 Chinese police officers killed in attack" 1130:Wamsley, Kevin B. "Laying Olympism to Rest", 560:Pro-Tibetan independence protests during the 81:The examples and perspective in this article 8: 2164: 2162: 1782:. Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. 1186:Peavy, Linda and Ursula Smith, 2008, p. 246. 2956:"The Four Host First Nations – Canada 2010" 1473:. Students for a Free Tibet. Archived from 984:peoples due to its historical usage by the 227:Charles Pierre de Frédy, Baron de Coubertin 61:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4359: 3951: 3423: 3385: 3371: 3363: 1910:Revolutionary Hip-Hop Report 2010, par. 3. 1774:Davis, Elizabeth Van Wie (18 April 2008). 1012:, and romanticise its imperialistic past. 160:. Please do not remove this message until 2977:The Anti-Capitalist Resistance Comic Book 2954:Government of Canada (23 December 2009). 1635:"Tibetan exiles stage fake Olympic relay" 1609:"Protests disrupt Olympic torch ceremony" 992:, as well as its current usage by racist 904:During the opening ceremony, NBC analyst 198:Learn how and when to remove this message 180:Learn how and when to remove this message 119:Learn how and when to remove this message 3100:National Geographic (12 February 2010). 2958:. p. Canada's Games. Archived from 890:events planned to be held on this hill. 555: 544:In March 2008, Taiwan's president-elect 541:regarding improvements in human rights. 261:. O'Bonsawin writes that Olympism, as a 156:Relevant discussion may be found on the 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4466: 1086: 318:students demonstrated their successful 3127:Aboriginal Peoples and Sport in Canada 3010:Lindsay, Hillary Bain (4 April 2007). 2856:The Grove Dictionary of American Music 2812:"The Case for Boycotting Beijing 2022" 2296:. Reuters. 22 May 2009. Archived from 1785: 1590:"Craftsman's 16-pound Olympic boycott" 1503:. India. 20 March 2008. Archived from 1497:"Tibetan Olympics from 15 May-25" 2934:(PhD thesis). University of Alberta. 2373:Institute for War and Peace Reporting 1871:Government of Canada 2009, par, 1, 2. 1661:"Torch's Guards Have a Link to Tibet" 7: 4552: 3486:Medal table leaders by Olympic Games 3257:Rolbin-Ghanie, Maya (1 March 2008). 3086:Canadian Periodicals Index Quarterly 3080:Miller, Heather Andrews (May 2005). 3035:Lopez, Franklin (12 February 2010). 2910:. Lanham, Maryland: AltaMira Press. 2892:"Olympic Inukshuk Irks Inuit Leader" 2656:Withnall, Adam (11 September 2019). 2503:. Associated Press. 11 February 2018 2385:Zhemukhov, Sufian (September 2009). 2053:National Geographic 2010, par. 4, 5. 1637:. CNN. 25 March 2008. Archived from 1157:http://www.olympic.org/olympic-games 1092: 1090: 795:Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute 346:American Anthropological Association 3234:"No Olympics on Stolen Native Land" 1776:"China confronts its Uyghur threat" 1740:"China 'foils Olympic terror plot'" 1607:Carassava, Anthee (24 March 2008). 1557:"Taiwan threatens Olympics boycott" 769:Dissident Irish Republican campaign 525:The international journalist group 270:realities of marginalized peoples. 3102:"Olympic Logo No 'Friend' to Some" 3055:Manuel, Arthur (25 January 2010). 2684:Illmer, Andreas (3 January 2020). 2572:Dudden, Alexis (1 November 2019). 2393:. Circassian World. Archived from 1405:, cited in O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 43. 1372:Canadian Journal of Native Studies 25: 3933:1906 Intercalated Games 3347:"Development: Human Rights Abuse" 3177:. The Media Co-op. Archived from 2994:International Olympic Committee. 2979:. Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press. 2941:from the original on 7 April 2014 2712:Sieg, Linda (13 September 2019). 2628:Russell, Alexander (6 May 2017). 2465:Chase, Chris (10 February 2018). 2251:. Insidethegames.biz. 13 May 2012 1220:"Olympic Games Anthropology Days" 1155:International Olympic Committee. 1075:Antisemitism in the Olympic Games 520:their own version of the Olympics 42:This article has multiple issues. 4551: 4540: 4539: 4527: 4413: 4175: 3816:Art competitions at the Olympics 3633:lighters of the Olympic cauldron 3451:International sports federations 2630:"Rising Sun, Rising Nationalism" 2369:Circassians Voice Olympian Anger 516:International Campaign for Tibet 316:American Indian boarding schools 135: 72: 31: 2225:. Gamesbids.com. Archived from 1816:. 4 August 2008. Archived from 1684:. 24 April 2008. Archived from 1588:Bruce Wallace (11 April 2008). 1032:International Olympic Committee 775:2012 Summer Olympic torch relay 220:International Olympic Committee 50:or discuss these issues on the 3623:People who opened the Olympics 2850:Beaster-Jones, Jayson (2013). 2203:. California. Associated Press 1403:http://nisto.com/cree/lubicon/ 1019:, and Japan was sanctioned by 1000:. The flag, often compared to 976:, as the flag is offensive to 583:was boycotted, and there were 452:In addition to the boycott of 1: 4504:Postponed to 2021 due to the 3661:Olympic Broadcasting Services 3173:Paley, Dawn (16 March 2010). 2423:. 22 May 2009. Archived from 1708:"CNN: What's wrong with you?" 1044:Tibetan independence movement 948:, spokeswoman of the Russian 478:Tibetan independence movement 296:Louisiana Purchase Exposition 3238:Revolutionary Hip-Hop Report 2906:Cooper, Karen Coody (2008). 2769:. 2019-09-28. Archived from 2600:Punk, Olie (24 March 2014). 2195:Wade, Stephen (5 May 2012). 2008:Rolbin-Ghanie 2008, par. 29. 1021:Asian Football Confederation 651:killed at least two people. 4590:Olympic Games controversies 4210:1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen 3640:Keepers of the Olympic flag 2319:Ellen Barry (20 May 2011). 1937:Rolbin-Ghanie 2008, par. 4. 1301:O'Bonsawin 2012, pp. 37–38. 950:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 162:conditions to do so are met 95:, discuss the issue on the 4611: 3828:Scandals and controversies 3320:Sport and leisure cultures 3301:Statistics Canada (2001). 2890:CBC Sports (26 Apr 2005). 1063:2019–20 Hong Kong protests 1052:2019–20 Hong Kong protests 1041: 1034:in order to ban the flag. 925: 897: 792: 766: 609: 471: 407:Lubicon Lake Indian Nation 4521: 4462: 4411: 4358: 4173: 3950: 3780:Pierre de Coubertin Medal 3422: 3400: 3158:10.1080/17430430903377987 2858:. Oxford University Press 1792:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1678:"Why China's Burning Mad" 1531:Reporters Without Borders 816:Stanley, Falkland Islands 527:Reporters Without Borders 496:Students for a Free Tibet 4344:2034 Salt Lake City–Utah 3790:Olympic Diploma of Merit 3317:Tomlinson, Alan (2005). 3129:. Vancouver: UBC Press. 2071:CBC Sports 2005, par. 6. 2062:CBC Sports 2005, par. 7. 1663:. wsj.com. 9 April 2008. 1352:O'Bonsawin 2010, p. 147. 1159:. Retrieved 20 Feb 2013. 1146:O'Bonsawin 2008, p. 153. 1121:O'Bonsawin 2008, p. 144. 539:promises made to the IOC 492:pro-Tibetan independence 4585:History of the Olympics 2925:Dean, Amber R. (2009). 2044:Miller 2005, par. 3, 4. 1969:Statistics Canada 2001. 1862:O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 53. 1449:O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 48. 1437:O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 47. 1428:Cooper 2008, pp. 25–28. 1419:O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 44. 1392:O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 43. 1361:O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 42. 1343:O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 49. 1334:O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 41. 1325:O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 40. 1313:O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 39. 1292:O'Bonsawin 2012, p. 37. 928:Liancourt Rocks dispute 884:Circassian nationalists 824:Office of the President 535:prisoners of conscience 357:Fort Shaw Indian School 4580:History of colonialism 4239:1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 4223:1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 3918:Olympic Esports Series 3867:Participation of women 2996:"All Games since 1896" 1990:Lindsay 2007, par. 11. 1978:Lindsay 2007, par. 10. 1209:Brownell, 2008, p. 29. 965: 860:Russian–Circassian War 851: 757:cultural appropriation 743: 713: 692: 564: 487: 325:According to theorist 291: 259:French colonial empire 231:French colonial empire 3938:Ancient Olympic Games 3768:summer (2000-present) 3508:Incentives by country 1999:Lindsay 2007, par 12. 1834:. CNN. 7 August 2008. 1611:. CNN. Archived from 1274:Brownell 2008, p. 34. 1256:Brownell 2008, p. 43. 1232:Brownell 2008, p. 14. 1177:Brownell 2008, p. 32. 963: 932:Kuril Islands dispute 842: 741: 708: 690: 628:In the run-up to the 559: 537:and the upholding of 531:human rights in China 485: 339:James Edward Sullivan 331:1889 Paris Exposition 304:1889 Paris Exposition 285: 3474:All-time medal table 3112:on December 19, 2015 3061:The Georgia Straight 2147:. London. 4 May 2012 2082:Études/Inuit/Studies 2035:Miller 2005, par. 7. 2026:Miller 2005, par. 1. 1928:Lopez 2010, par. 11. 1901:Manuel 2010, par. 6. 1892:Manuel 2010, par. 4. 1880:Manuel 2010, par. 1. 1244:Brownell 2008, p. 3. 1028:2020 Summer Olympics 910:Japan occupied Korea 591:, was criticised by 462:Prince Edward Island 395:1988 Winter Olympics 101:create a new article 93:improve this article 83:may not represent a 4365:Youth Olympic Games 4330:2026 Milano Cortina 3106:National Geographic 2975:Hill, Gord (2012). 2962:on 21 December 2013 2834:. 27 November 2019. 2501:New York Daily News 2477:on 11 February 2018 1919:Paley 2010, par. 1. 1383:Cooper 2008, p. 22. 1283:Parezo 2008, p. 59. 1265:Parezo 2008, p. 84. 1168:Parezo 2008, p. 63. 820:Young & Rubicam 812:Fernando Zylberberg 634:Olympic torch relay 612:2008 Tibetan unrest 562:Olympic Torch Relay 474:2008 Tibetan unrest 255:Pierre de Coubertin 149:of this article is 2552:insidethegames.biz 2527:insidethegames.biz 2397:on 11 October 2009 2325:The New York Times 2269:Jaimoukha, Amjad. 1820:on 8 January 2009. 1813:The Globe and Mail 1728:. China Tech News. 1048:Uyghur nationalism 996:in Japan, such as 966: 906:Joshua Cooper Ramo 852: 744: 693: 622:2008 Olympic Games 616:Uyghur nationalism 565: 514:, chairman of the 488: 335:William John McGee 292: 4567: 4566: 4517: 4516: 4506:COVID-19 pandemic 4492:Cancelled due to 4473:Cancelled due to 4390:2018 Buenos Aires 4354: 4353: 4244:1960 Squaw Valley 3946: 3945: 3763:summer (pre-2000) 3733:Songs and anthems 3330:978-0-8166-3382-1 3293:978-0-8032-1098-1 3224:978-0-8032-1098-1 3205:978-0-8032-1098-1 3136:978-0-7748-2423-1 2986:978-1-55152-444-3 2917:978-0-7591-1089-2 2882:978-0-8032-1098-1 2852:"Commodification" 1951:Hill 2012, p. 61. 1852:. 10 August 2008. 1688:on April 29, 2008 1594:Los Angeles Times 1477:on 1 January 2007 990:World War II 986:Imperial Japanese 729:Downtown Eastside 208: 207: 200: 190: 189: 182: 129: 128: 121: 103:, as appropriate. 65: 18:Anthropology Days 16:(Redirected from 4602: 4555: 4554: 4543: 4542: 4532: 4531: 4530: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4477: 4471: 4436:2016 Lillehammer 4417: 4360: 4337:2030 French Alps 4319:2018 PyeongChang 4289:1994 Lillehammer 4284:1992 Albertville 4269:1980 Lake Placid 4224: 4217: 4205:1932 Lake Placid 4179: 4144:2028 Los Angeles 4088:1984 Los Angeles 4068:1968 Mexico City 4038: 4031: 4019:1932 Los Angeles 3999: 3952: 3928:Special Olympics 3883:Paralympic Games 3551:tropical nations 3441:Olympic Congress 3424: 3387: 3380: 3373: 3364: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3345:Wonders, Karen. 3341: 3339: 3337: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3297: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3265:. 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2488: 2457: 2438: 2427:on 2 July 2012 2408: 2377: 2360: 2344: 2330: 2311: 2300:on 2 July 2012 2285: 2275: 2262: 2240: 2214: 2201:Sacramento Bee 2187: 2158: 2132: 2106: 2103:. 4 June 2012. 2086: 2073: 2064: 2055: 2046: 2037: 2028: 2019: 2010: 2001: 1992: 1980: 1971: 1962: 1953: 1939: 1930: 1921: 1912: 1903: 1894: 1882: 1873: 1864: 1855: 1837: 1823: 1799: 1766: 1749: 1731: 1717: 1699: 1666: 1652: 1626: 1615:on 18 May 2008 1599: 1596:. p. A-9. 1580: 1562: 1548: 1537:on 1 June 2002 1518: 1488: 1462: 1451: 1439: 1430: 1421: 1407: 1394: 1385: 1376: 1363: 1354: 1345: 1336: 1327: 1315: 1303: 1294: 1285: 1276: 1267: 1258: 1246: 1234: 1225: 1211: 1202: 1188: 1179: 1170: 1161: 1148: 1136: 1123: 1111: 1102: 1085: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1070: 1067: 1039: 1036: 974:Olympic spirit 957: 954: 923: 920: 898:Main article: 895: 892: 879:respectively. 836: 833: 814:, training in 790: 787: 764: 761: 699:Democracy Now! 679:United Nations 674:Tsleil-Waututh 656: 653: 607: 604: 550:Chinese Taipei 469: 466: 423:Glenbow Museum 390: 387: 365: 362: 327:Susan Brownell 279: 276: 250: 247: 206: 205: 188: 187: 170:September 2020 143: 141: 134: 127: 126: 87:of the subject 85:worldwide view 80: 78: 71: 66: 40: 39: 37: 30: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4607: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4560: 4559: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4538: 4536: 4535: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4507: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4476: 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4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4048:1952 Helsinki 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4034: 4032: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3960: 3956:Olympic Games 3953: 3949: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3868: 3865: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3848: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3801: 3800:Olympic Order 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3634: 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