Anti-corruption - Knowledge

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anticorruption strategy. Even before adoption of Anti-Corruption Strategy and implementation plan, after 2018 Velvet Revolution, number of criminal investigation cases of corruption almost doubled in Armenia. As Prosecutor General's Office issued report says, the number of corruption investigations started by law enforcement agencies in the country during the first half of 2018 is more than double compared with the number of the criminal cases against corruption cases started during the first half of 2017. Out of the 786 cases initiated in the beginning of 2018 - 579 resulted in criminal cases. Starting from the first months of the anticorruption plan implementation, Armenia carried out actions in the fight against corruption - which was mainly directed to improve the investment environment of Armenia, and as a result economic indexes were improved.

1662:(CFPOA) was passed in 1999, it was often not used to prosecute foreign bribery by Canadian companies, as the bill had a provision that the act of bribery had to have a "real and substantial link" with Canada. Such provision was canceled in 2013 by the Bill S-14 (also called Fighting Foreign Corruption Act). Additionally, Bill S-14 banned facilitation payments and increased the possible punishment for violating the CFPOA. An increase in the maximum prison sentence for bribery to 14 years was one of the increases in sanctioning. According to TI's report from 2014, Canada is moderately enforcing the OECD Convention against bribery. 2180:, requiring the member banks to adhere to several principles directed against money laundering and corruption. The mechanism is designed to protect individual banks from any negative consequences of complying with the strict rules by collectively enforcing those regulations. The Wolfsberg Group in addition serves as a back-channel for communication between the compliance officers of the participating banks. The World Economic Forum's initiatives against corruption can also be seen in this framework. Other initiatives in the field of collective action include the 1980:

to setting incentives for companies to comply with anti-corruption standards by threatening their exclusion from future contracts, the internal compliance to anti-corruption rules by the procurement agency has central importance. Such step should according to anti-corruption scholars Adam Graycar and Tim Prenzler include precisely and unambiguously worded rules, a functional protection and support of whistleblowers, and a system that notifies supervisors early about the potential dangers of conflicts of interest or corruption-related incidents.

1172:, a new discussion on the global impact of corruption became possible, leading to an official condemnation of corruption by governments, companies, and various other stakeholders. The 1990s additionally saw an increase in press freedom, the activism of civil societies, and global communication through an improved communication infrastructure, which paved the way to a more thorough understanding of the global prevalence and negative impact of corruption. In consequence to those developments, international 980: 1270: 2080:, which describes the activity of returning property to its legitimate owners after it was illegally acquired through corrupt actions. The process describes the whole procedure from gathering information on the criminal offence that initiated the transfer of assets, over their confiscation to their return. While recovery is mandated by UNCAC, it is not an activity singularity conducted by governments but attracts actors with different backgrounds, including 1485:(EU) adopted the EU Convention against corruption involving officials, which makes it illegal to engage in corrupt activities with officials from the European Union's administrative staff, or with officials from any member state of the EU. It forces the signatories to outlaw both active and passive bribing which involves any aforementioned official. Liability for unlawful actions is extend to the heads of those entities, whose agents were bribing officials. 1639:(officially "Law No. 12,846" and commonly known as the Clean Company Act") was enacted in 2014 to target corrupt practices among business entities doing business in Brazil. It defines civil and administrative penalties, and provides the possibility of reductions in penalties for cooperation with law enforcement under a written leniency agreement signed and agreed to between the business and the government. This had major implications in 1851:(FCPA), which criminalized corrupt interactions with foreign officials. Since its implementation, the law served to prosecute domestic and foreign companies, who bribed officials outside of the United States. As no other country implemented a similar law up to the 1990s, US-American companies faced disadvantages for their global operations. In addition to the legal status of corruption abroad, many countries also treated bribes as 1605: 1099: 5820: 5832: 1334:(UNCAC) in 2003, it proved more successful. UNCAC was ratified in 2003 and became effective in 2005. It constitutes an international treaty, currently signed by 186 partners, including 182 member states of the United Nations and four non-state signatories. UNCAC has a broader scope than the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, as it does not exclusively focus on public officials but includes inter alia corruption in the 1963:, even though reluctant in the 20th century to use sanctions, turned into a major source of this specific kind of applying anti-corruption measures. the involved MDBs are typically applying an administrative process that includes judicial elements, when a suspicion about corruption in regard to the granted projects surfaces. In case of identifying a sanctionable behavior, the respective authority can issue a 2123:

there was a financial increase on these fines. When a company is sued because its employers engaged in corruption, a well-established compliance system can serve as proof that the organization attempted to avoid those acts of corruption. Accordingly, fines can be reduced, which incentivizes the implementation of an efficient compliance system. In 2012, the US-authorities decided not to prosecute

1739:. Transparency International criticized Japan in 2014 for not enforcing the law, hence only complying to the convention on paper and providing no consequences to offenders. Nevertheless, a study conducted by Jensen and Malesky in 2017 provides empirical evidence that Japanese companies are less involved in bribery than companies based in other Asian countries that did not sign the convention. 2084:, the media, CSOs, and other non state actors. In this field of anti-corruption activism, representatives of the civil society are often taking a different stance than in other areas, as they are regularly consulted for assisting administrations with their respective expertise and are hence enabling state actions. Such strong role of NSAs was also recognized by UNCAC's States Parties. 1722:

Georgia on the Conflict of Interests and Corruption in Public Service, Money Laundering Law, and Law of Georgia on the Conflict of Interests and Corruption in Public Service (Art. 20). The trajectory of Georgia from highly corrupt to much cleaner governance supports the notion that piecemeal anti-corruption reforms are less effective than anti-corruption initiatives with broad scope.

962:. Just as corruption takes many forms, anti-corruption efforts vary in scope and in strategy. A general distinction between preventive and reactive measures is sometimes drawn. In such framework, investigative authorities and their attempts to unveil corrupt practices would be considered reactive, while education on the negative impact of corruption, or firm-internal 1519:

negatively impacted by an act of corruption is entitled to rely on laws to receive compensation from the culprit or the entity represented by the culprit, explicitly including the possibility of compensation from the state, if the corrupt deed was perpetrated by an official. The anti-corruption efforts by the Council of Europe are supervised and supported by the

5844: 1918:, who developed an economic theory of corruption that explains the occurrence of corrupt behavior by producing higher gains than the assumed punishment it might provoke. Klitgaard accordingly argues for approaching this rational by increasing the costs of corruption for those involved by making fines more likely and more severe. 1168:. Those effects claimed by Annan could be proven by a variety of empirical studies, as reported by Juli Bacio Terracino. The increased awareness of corruption was widespread and shared across professional, political, and geographical borders. While an international effort against corruption seemed to be unrealistic during the 1573:(ACA), that are tasked with varying duties and subject to varying degrees of independence from the respective government, regulations, and powers, depending on their role in the architecture of the respective national law enforcement system. One of the earliest precursors of such agencies is the anti-corruption commission of 1255:

peer reviews by officials from other signatories and the potentially resulting influences on the respective country's image. Groups like TI, however, also questioned whether the results of the process are sufficient, especially as a significant number of countries is not actively prosecuting cases of bribery.

1227:. The reasons for such preference are multidimensional, ranging from the necessary international cooperation for tracing international corruption scandals, to the binding nature of international treaties, and the loss in relative competitiveness by outlawing an activity that remains legal in other countries. 2252:

sees value in the implementation of strong compliance departments in the respective company. Fritz Heimann and Mark Pieth are described the environment where those departments are working, as being in a best cased monitored from outside experts. Another measure that – according to Heimann and Pieth –

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for contracts, is another form of sanctioning that can be applied by procurement agencies to ensure compliance to external and internal anti-corruption rules. This aspect is of specific importance, as public procurement is both in volume and frequency especially vulnerable for corruption. In addition

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resulted in the firing of all 16,000 traffic police officers in a single day, simplification of government bureaucracy, and university entrance based on standardized exams rather than interviews. Laws in Georgia that deal with corruption include Articles 332–342 of its Criminal Code, the Law of

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suggests that companies based in countries that ratified the convention, are less likely to pay bribes abroad. The results are not exclusively explainable by the regulatory mechanisms and potential sanctions triggered through this process but are equally influenced by less formal mechanisms, e.g. the

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Another aspect of good governance as a tool to combat corruption lies in the creation of trust toward state institutions. Gong Ting and Xiao Hanyu for instance argue that citizens, who have a positive perception of state institutions are more likely to report corruption-related incidents than those,

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to limit or outlaw practices which contribute to political corruption. The idea was to craft a blueprint law that could be adapted by numerous jurisdictions at the state and local levels that was consistent with the current constitutional structure and that would make it easier to identify and limit

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and private sector corruption inter alia. Heimann and Pieth are arguing that British policy makers supported the Bribery Act to overcome the damage in reputation caused by the Al-Yamamah deal. Sappho Xenakis and Kalin Ivanov on the other hand claim that the negative impact on the UK's reputation was

1215:, as those laws are thought to, on the one hand, bring justice by holding individuals accountable for their wrongdoing, justice can be achieved by sanctioning those corrupted individuals, and potential criminals are deterred by having the consequences of their potential actions demonstrated to them. 1778:

came into force on July 1, 2011, and replaced all former bribery-related laws in the United Kingdom. It is targeting bribery and receiving bribes, both towards national and foreign public officials. Furthermore, it is assigning responsibility to organizations whose employees are engaging in bribing

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implemented the Unfair Competition Prevention Act (UCPA) to comply with the convention. The law states that it is illegal to bribe foreign public officials. The individual who was offering the bribes and the company on whose behalf the bribes were offered may face negative consequences. The Company

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of 1946 is another law frequently applied by US-American prosecutors in anti-corruption cases. Prosecutors are using the act by arguing that the acceptance of benefits for official acts qualifies as an offence against the act. Less frequently laws to prosecute corruption through auxiliary criminal

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In national and in international legislation, there are laws interpreted as directed against corruption. The laws can stem from resolutions of international organizations, which are implemented by the national governments, who are ratifying those resolutions or be directly issued by the respective

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can serve as underlying documents to promote support for anti-corrupt corporate policies. Seumas Miller et al. (2005) also stress the process of reaching the aspired result, which should include an open discussion among the employees of a company, in order to implement steps that are approved by

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and focuses on establishing rule-abiding practices that benefit every stakeholder, even if unilaterally each stakeholder might have an incentive to circumvent the specific anti-corruption rules. Transparency International first floated a predecessor to modern collective action initiatives in the

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The field of compliance can generally be perceived as an internalization of external laws in order to avoid their fines. The adoption of laws like the FCPA and the UK Bribery Act of 2010 strengthened the importance of concepts like compliance, as fines for corrupt behavior became more likely and

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Another sphere for engagement of civil society is the prevention by educating about the negative consequences of corruption and a strengthening of ethical values opposing corruption. Framing corruption as a moral issue used to be the predominant way of fighting it but lost importance in the 20th

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Taking into consideration that precise and comprehensive definitions of corrupt actions are lacking, the legal perspective is structurally incapable of efficiently ruling out corruption. Combined with a significant variety in national laws, frequently changing regulations, and ambiguously worded

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to develop and maintain the B20 Collective Action Hub, an online platform for anti-corruption collective action tools and resources including a database of collective action initiatives around the world. The B20 Collective Action Hub is managed by the Basel Institute's International Centre for

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In 2019 Armenian Government approved Anti-Corruption Strategy and its implementation plan between 2019 and 2022. Under this strategy the three main directions will be the prevention of corruption, the corruption crimes investigation, anticorruption education and awareness of the corruption and

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in the 19th century offices became perceived as trusteeships instead of property of the office holder, leading to legislation against and a negative perception of those additional forms of corruption. Especially in diplomacy and for international trade purposes, corruption remained a generally

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The convention on Civil Law is currently ratified by 35 countries, all of which are, with the exception of Belarus, members of the Council of Europe. As the name implies, it requires the States Parties to provide remedies for individuals materially harmed by corruption. The individual who was

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was the first large scale convention targeting an aspect of corruption, when it came in 1999 into force. Ratifying the convention obliges governments to implement it, which is monitored by the OECD Working Group on Bribery. The convention states that it shall be illegal bribing foreign public

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While bribing domestic officials was criminalized in most countries even before the ratification of international conventions and treaties, many national law systems did not recognize bribing foreign officials, or more sophisticated methods of corruption, as illegal. Only after ratifying and

1195:, which was also discussed by the responsible international bodies. Besides attempting to find a fitting description for corruption, the integration of corruption into a human rights-framework was also motivated by underlining the importance of corruption and educating people on its costs. 3876:

Conway-Hatcher, Amy; Griggs, Linda; Klein, Benjamin (2013). "Chapter 12: How whistleblowing may pay under the U.S. Dodd-Frank Act: implications and best practices for multinational companies". In Del Debbio, Alessandra; Carneiro Maeda, Bruno; da Silva Ayres, Carlos Henrique (eds.).

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Anti-corruption collective action initiatives are varied in type, purpose and stakeholders but are usually targeted at the supply side of bribery. They often take the form of collectively agreed anti-corruption declarations or standard-setting initiatives such as an industry

1515:, which abstains from the Additional Protocol. The Criminal Law Convention is currently by 48 States, while the Additional Protocol is signed by 44 countries. Both conventions are aiming at the protection of judicial authorities against the negative impact of corruption. 2030:

for the observed misbehavior. Those mechanisms are hence increasing the price of corrupt acts, by making them public and negatively impacting the image of the involved official. One example for such strategy of combating corruption by exposing corrupt individuals is the

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officials. The convention is currently signed by 43 countries. The scope of the convention is very limited, as it is only concerned with active bribing. It is hence more reduced than other treaties on restricting corruption, to increase – as the working group's chairman

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An example for a more inclusive approach to combating corruption that goes beyond the framework set by lawmakers and the foremost role taken by representatives of the civil society is the monitoring of governments, politicians, public officials, and others to increase

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is believed to be a possible tool to teach about the negative effects of corruption and to create resilience against acting in a corrupt manner, when the possibility of doing so arises. Another stream of thought on corruption prevention is connected to the economist

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implementing above mentioned conventions the illegal character of those offenses was fully recognized. Where legislation existed prior to the ratification of the OECD convention, the implementation resulted in an increased compliance with the legal framework.

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consent inside of the company. Such shift in culture can be implemented through and accompanied by exemplary behavior by top management, regularly conducted training programs on anti-corruption and a constant monitoring of the development in those sections.

2062:(WEF), and TI. Persistent work by civil societal organizations can also go beyond establishing a knowledge about the negative impact of corruption and serve as way to build up political will to prosecute corruption and engage in counter-corruption measures. 2000:

can have an efficient influence on the level of corruption. More over, Bertot et al. (2010) extended the list of potentially involved agents of civil society by introducing the notion of decentralized, non-formally organized anti-corruption activism through

1076:, and other strategies of gaining public assets by office holders were not yet constructed as unlawful or immoral, as positions of power were regarded a personal possession rather than an entrusted function. With the popularization of the concept of 2163:

The World Bank Institute states that collective action "increases the impact and credibility of individual action, brings vulnerable individual players into an alliance of like-minded organizations and levels the playing field between competitors.

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office in a high-level government position for companies to report possible bribery or corruption issues in public procurement tenders. As well as Colombia, the HLRM concept has been implemented in different ways in Argentina, Ukraine and Panama.

1017:(2nd century BC) are among the earliest written proofs of anti-corruption efforts. All of those early texts are condemning bribes in order to influence the decision by civil servants, especially in the judicial sector. During the time of the 1423:

Many other intergovernmental organizations are working on the reduction of corruption without issuing conventions binding for its members after ratification. Organizations that are active in this field include, but are not limited to, the

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As corruption incidences often happen in the interaction between representatives of private sector companies and public officials, a meaningful step against corruption can be taken inside of public administrations. The concept of

1855:. Through applying the law to companies with ties to the United States and by working on global conventions against foreign bribery, the government of the US tried to reduce the negative impact of FCPA on US-American companies. 1346:. UNCAC also specifies a variety of mechanisms to combat corruption, e.g. international cooperation in detecting and prosecuting corruption, the cancellation of permits, when connected to corrupt behavior, and the protection of 5603: 2160:. According to Transparency International, "collective action is necessary where a problem cannot be solved by individual actors" and therefore requires stakeholders to build trust and share information and resources. 1751:

was a founding member of the OECD working group on bribery and ratified the Anti-Bribery Convention, but faced significant problems in complying to its findings and the convention. It was severely affected by the

1682:, however, changed the relation towards corruption. This campaign led to increased press coverage of the topic and a sharp increase in court cases dedicated to the offense. The campaign was primarily led by the 1542: 1532: 3111: 1859: 3453:

Aiolfi, Gemma (2014). "Mitigating the Risks of Corruption Through Collective Action". In Brodowski, Dominik; Espinoza de los Monteros de la Parra, Manuel; Tiedemann, Karl; Vogl, Joachim (eds.).

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and punish the non-fulfillment of compliance rules. By aligning the self-interest of the agent with the societal interest of avoiding corruption, a reduction in corruption can thus be achieved.

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of 1962 for example regulates the sanctions for bribing national officials, respectively the acceptance of bribes by national officials, and the abuse of power for their personal interest. The

2143:. It is a collaborative anti-corruption activity that brings together representatives of the private sector, public sector and civil society. The idea stems from the academic analysis of the 2852: 1385: 5725: 2343: 1351: 2982: 3424: 938: 5664: 4407:

Gomes Pereira, Pedro; Roth, Anja; Attisso, Kodjo (2011). "A stronger role for non-state actors in the asset recovery process". In Thelesklaf, Daniel; Gomes Pereira, Pedro (eds.).

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Chen, Lyric (2017). "Who Enforces China's Anti-corruption Laws? Recent Reforms of China's Criminal Prosecution Agencies and the Chinese Communist Party's Quest for Control".

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Sepúlveda Carmona, Magdalenda; Bacio-Terracino, Julio (2010). "Chapter III. Corruption and Human Rights: Making the Connection". In Boersma, Martine; Nelen, Hans (eds.).

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Jensen, Nathan M.; Malesky, Edmund J. (2017). "Nonstate Actors and Compliance with International Agreements: An Empirical Analysis of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention".

1870:(SEC). Conway-Hatcher et al. (2013) attributed an increase the number of whistleblowers, who are reporting to SEC, inter alia on corruption incidents to the provision. 2050:

century as other approaches became more influential. The biggest organization in the field of civil societal opposition towards corruption is the globally active NGO

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was ratified by 38 States Parties. It represents the consensus of the signatories on minimal standards for combating corruption. The resolution was criticized in the

4642: 4531: 1644: 5499: 1109: 4666: 2054:(TI). NGOs are also providing material to educate practitioners on anti-corruption. Examples for such publications are the rules and suggestions provided by the 1873:

The TI's last report on enforcement of the OECD Convention against bribery published in 2014 concluded that the United States are complying with the convention.

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remained one of the last signatories of the OECD-convention on bribery that did not implement its national laws against bribes for foreign officials. While the

1577:, which was established in 1873. A surge in the numbers of national ACAs can be noted in the last decade of the 20th and the first decade of the 21st century. 1473:(IACAC). The convention, which targeted both active and passive bribing, came into force in 1997. It is currently ratified by all 34 active OAS-Member States. 5735: 5715: 5430: 2308: 1683: 1470: 1460: 1331: 1264: 162: 3118: 5773: 5608: 5452: 2342:

Cuba was suspended from the OAS from 1962 to 2009. After the ban on Cuba's participation was lifted in 2009, the country elected not to participate. See:

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seem to be underwritten by a legal framework, their application often lies outside of a state-sponsored legal system since they are frequently applied by

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but were often seen as potentially dangerous to a politician's integrity. Other early attempts to oppose corruption by law were enacted after the end of

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can be seen as an early anti-corruption law, as it outlawed the acceptance of gifts and other favors from foreign governments and their representatives.

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Approaching the fight against corruption in an international setting is often seen as preferential over addressing it exclusively in the context of the

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since the United Nations established it in 2003 to underline the importance of anti-corruption and provide visible sign for anti-corruption campaigns.

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is another way of identifying potentially corrupt dealings by officials. Such monitoring is often combined with reporting about it, in order to create

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Pacini, Carl; Swingen, Judyth A.; Rogers, Hudson (2002). "The Role of the OECD and EU Conventions in Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials".

1959:(MDBs), state agencies, and other organizations, which implement those sanctions not through applying laws, but by relying on their internal bylaws. 5550: 2197: 2127:

in a case of bribery in China under FCPA-provisions due to its compliance program. This case demonstrates the relevance of the compliance approach.

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is one aspect of good governance. Transparency initiatives can help to detect corruption and hold corrupt officials and politicians accountable.

1523:(GRECO) as its main monitoring organization. Membership to GRECO is open to all countries worldwide and is not conditional on membership at CoE. 5680: 5597: 2211:

by offering their insights as business leaders, including in regard to strengthening anti-corruption policies, e.g. transparency in government

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Ayogu, Melvin (2011). "Non-state actors and value recovery: Ganging up political will". In Thelesklaf, Daniel; Gomes Pereira, Pedro (eds.).

1400:(III), and TI. An implementation of the concept is currently not scheduled by any organizations with the authority of conducting such step. 5763: 5758: 5539: 5469: 5000: 4545: 3428: 1956: 584: 2803:

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2001): "Illicit Payments", UNCTAD Series on International investment agreements. p. 24

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laws, it is argued that non-state actors are needed to complement the fight against corruption and structure it in a more holistic way.

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Bleker-van Eyk, Sylvie C. (2017). "Chapter 17: Anti-Bribery & Corruption". In Bleker-van Eyk, Sylvie C.; Houben, Raf A. M. (eds.).

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discussed a draft for a convention on corruption. The draft on an international agreement on illicit payments proposed in 1979 by the

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by a new Section 21F that protects whistleblowers from retaliation and grants them financial awards them when collaborating with the

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policy interventions are another form of engaging in the anti-corruption discourse, as B20 members are attempting to support the

2196:(IFBEC). Collective action is included in the national anti-corruption statements of the UK, France, and Ghana, delivered at the 2185: 1888:, with input from dozens of strategists, reformers and constitutional attorneys from across the ideological divide, as a type of 1570: 754: 599: 31: 5788: 2960: 1858:

Alongside the FCPA, additional laws were implement that are directly influencing anti-corruption activities. Section 922 of the

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that repeatedly reported on corruption by airing segments filmed with hidden cameras, in which officials are accepting bribes.

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condemn corrupt conduct in their respective religious texts. The described legal and moral stances were exclusively addressing

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discussions on the possibility of preventing corruption were held, leading to increased awareness for corruption's threads.

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Transparency International stated in 2014 that the United Kingdom fully complied to the OECD Convention against Bribery.

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Musaraj, Smoki (2018). "Corruption, Right On! Hidden Cameras, Cynical Satire, and Banal Intimacies of Anti-corruption".

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supports the work of compliance officers is when the company is joining collective action initiatives. Instruments like

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to facilitate an arms deal. British prosecution of BAE Systems was stopped after an intervention by then Prime Minister

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Since the 2000s, the discourse became broader in scope. It became more common to refer to corruption as a violation of

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The underlying legal regulations for the campaign is rooted in provisions of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law and the

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Schnell, Sabina (2018). "Cheap talk or incredible commitment? (Mis)calculating transparency and anti‐corruption".

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The international legal framework against corruption : states' obligations to prevent and repress corruption

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of administrations, decreasing hence the likelihood that officials will agree on engaging in corrupt behavior.

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accepted phenomenon of the political and economic life throughout the 19th and big parts of the 20th century.

3385: 1384:, or as an equivalent to it. The suggestion was widely discussed and endorsed by a variety of NGOs including 5064: 2249: 2019: 1936: 1671: 898: 882: 837: 821: 659: 513: 503: 423: 267: 64: 5195: 3753:"Does Hypocrisy Matter? National Reputational Damage and British Anti-Corruption Mentoring in the Balkans" 3145: 2140: 1775: 1546: 867: 857: 816: 729: 724: 704: 589: 528: 493: 473: 393: 342: 322: 232: 197: 192: 3318: 1569:

Corruption is often addressed by specialized investigative or prosecution authorities, often labelled as

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Laws against corruption are motivated by similar reasons that are generally motivating the existence of

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rankings to among the top third for clean government. Anti-corruption reforms implemented by president

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Graycar, Adam; Prenzler, Tim (2013). "Chapter 7: Preventing Corruption in Public Sector Procurement".

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Another tangible outcome of the B20 meetings was the discussion (and implementation as a test case in

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Nasuti, Peter (2016). "Administrative Cohesion and Anti-Corruption Reforms in Georgia and Ukraine".

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Lehtinen, Jere; Locatelli, Giorgio; Sainati, Tristano; Artto, Karlos; Evans, Barbara (May 1, 2022).

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Schroth, Peter W. (2005). "The African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption".

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Act also enables the punishment of senior management if the payment was made possible by their

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Mccoy, Jennifer L.; Heckel, Heather (2001). "The Emergence of a Global Anti-corruption Norm".

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but were not concerned with other aspects that are considered corruption in the 21st century.

992: 984: 3036:"List of signatories of the Additional Protocol to the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption" 5690: 5400: 5371: 5258: 5188: 5178: 5158: 4959: 4280: 4206: 4140: 4059: 4020: 3769: 3659: 3649: 3584: 3530: 3458: 3289: 3255: 3218: 3154: 3112:"List of signatories of the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption" 2757: 2596: 2404: 1967:

or milder forms, e.g. mandatory monitoring of the business conduct or the payment of fines.

1915: 1910: 1893:

political corruption. It is supported by nonprofit nonpartisan reform organizations such as

1437: 1339: 1028:

In ancient times, moral principles based on religious beliefs were common, as several major

5836: 5351: 5346: 5023: 3988:"What makes good governance? #2 in series: Why transparency in governance is so important" 3803: 3654: 3637: 3498: 3284:

Graycar, Adam; Prenzler, Tim (2013). "Chapter 4: The Architecture of Corruption Control".

2173: 2169: 1952: 1928: 1812: 1550: 1488: 1250:

explained – the influence on its specific target. Empirical research by Nathan Jensen and

1077: 69: 4457: 5848: 5405: 5361: 5278: 4314: 2356: 2157: 2124: 1852: 1748: 1482: 1389: 1343: 1335: 1315: 1251: 5831: 1604: 5858: 5695: 5325: 5268: 4971: 4300: 4139:. Crime Prevention and Security Management. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 100–113. 3789: 3596: 3230: 3174: 2769: 2608: 2424: 1885: 1800: 1764: 1574: 1538: 1347: 1022: 114: 74: 3267: 1730:

After signing the OECD-Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials,

979: 5366: 5318: 5313: 5273: 5173: 5143: 5094: 4712: 3388:[Odebrecht and Braskem to pay the highest fine for corruption in history]. 3288:. Crime Prevention and Security Management. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 50–69. 3244:

Cuervo-Cazurra, Alvaro (2008). "The effectiveness of laws against bribery abroad".

2484: 2477: 2408: 2254: 2002: 1820: 1761: 1465:

The first convention adopted against corruption by a regional organization was the

1224: 1212: 1192: 1065: 1037: 1018: 4963: 3588: 3259: 3462: 2178:

Anti-Money Laundering Principles for Private Banking and Anti-Corruption Guidance

1503:, which were adopted in 1999. The former was an addition extended by passing the 5819: 5330: 5288: 5283: 5248: 5215: 5098: 2600: 2538: 2323: 2212: 2148: 1894: 1757: 1205: 1161: 1152:

In the 1990s corruption was increasingly perceived to have a negative impact on

1081: 1014: 89: 84: 2887:

The internationalisation of corruption : scale, impact and countermeasures

2103:

Instead of relying purely on deterrence, as suggested by Robert Klitgaard (see

17: 5824: 5783: 5298: 5253: 5210: 5009: 4211: 4194: 3945:... Represent.Us says its goal is to pass the American Anti-Corruption Act... 3773: 3222: 3188: 3158: 2937: 2761: 2276: 1997: 1960: 1768: 1736: 1425: 1247: 1165: 996: 959: 104: 4948:"Political Connections Reduce Job Creation: Firm-level Evidence from Lebanon" 4938: 4911: 4878: 4851: 4612:"United Kingdom National Statement, International Anti-Corruption Conference" 4292: 4073: 4032: 3781: 3752: 3561: 2416: 5220: 5148: 5108: 5089: 2636:

Corruption: A Violation of Human Rights and a Crime Under International Law?

2288: 2236: 2112: 2108: 2037: 2027: 1964: 1932: 1828: 1816: 1157: 3319:"Anti-Corruption Commissions Panacea or Real Medicine to Fight Corruption?" 2076:

One prominent field of activism for non-state actors (NSAs) is the area of

4887: 4684: 4583: 4354: 4228:"Governance through private authority? Non-state actors in world politics" 4144: 3970: 3293: 3095: 3057: 2824:"Disrupting the Kleptocrat's Playbook, one investigative report at a time" 2718: 2215:

or more comprehensive anti-corruption laws. In 2013, the B20 mandated the

5293: 5263: 5033: 3638:"Corruption and Anti-Corruption in Environmental and Resource Management" 2228: 2081: 1169: 1073: 1069: 1041: 1033: 1029: 1003: 124: 94: 59: 4807:"Main page of the campaign for an International Anti-Corruption Academy" 3166: 5604:

Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia

5205: 5103: 4330: 4048:"Socially Embedded Anti-Corruption Governance: Evidence from Hong Kong" 4024: 3664: 3534: 2541:(2011). "Preface". In Thelesklaf, Daniel; Gomes Pereira, Pedro (eds.). 2318: 2032: 1976: 1512: 1508: 1153: 1061: 1053: 1049: 1021:, corruption was also inhibited, such as by a decree issued by emperor 54: 5533: 4064: 4047: 3386:"Odebrecht e Braskem pagarão a maior multa por corrupção da história" 2393:"The grand challenge: Effective anti-corruption measures in projects" 1655: 1417: 1057: 109: 1815:

argued that giving and receiving presents held an important role in

1269: 4533:

World Bank Institute: Fighting Corruption Through Collective Action

4284: 5493: 5153: 4780: 3850: 3012:"List of signatories of the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption" 2703: 2440:

King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kauṭilya's Arthaśāstra

2360: 1731: 1675: 1268: 1045: 983:

Among the earliest documented anti-corruption efforts include the

978: 4763:

Corruption and Anti-Corruption: An Applied Philosophical Approach

3919:...Settle down, class: Professor Lawrence will school you now.... 3833:

Corruption and Anti-Corruption: An Applied Philosophical Approach

3425:"The Anti-Bribery and Anti-Corruption Review – Edition 6: CANADA" 2857:(5th ed.). Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 30. 2686:

Corruption and Anti-Corruption: An Applied Philosophical Approach

5138: 3550:

Loyola of Los Angeles International & Comparative Law Review

1505:

Additional Protocol to the Criminal Law Convention on Corruption

1185: 4982: 3074:"List of signatories of the Civil Law Convention on Corruption" 2933:"Bolivia asume la presidencia del Parlamento Andino por un año" 1533:

African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption

1273:

A world map depicting international participation in the UNCAC.

1188:

Working group on bribery) were founded to overcome corruption.

2208: 1678:

because anti-corruption laws were insufficiently applied. The

1599: 1092: 4978: 3519:

Gong, Ting; Zhou, Na (2015). "Corruption and marketization".

3352:. Government of the Republic of Armenia. 2019. Archived from 2854:

International institutional law : unity within diversity

2661:

Corruption & Human Rights: Interdisciplinary Perspectives

2104: 1549:

for disregarding other aspects of the rule of law, like e.g.

4193:

Bertot, John C.; Jaeger, Paul T.; Gimes, Justin M. (2010).

3904:"Actress Jennifer Lawrence lays out a plan to save America" 2139:

with the aim of combatting corruption and bribery risks in

1975:

Excluding companies with a track record of corruption from

5529:

Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania

4317:(1997). "Corruption and Development: A Review of Issues". 1713:

moved from one of the ten most-corrupt countries based on

1386:

Global Organization of Parliamentarians Against Corruption

3933:"New Group Unveils Its Plan to Get Money Out of Politics" 2782:

International Anti-Corruption Norms, Chapter 2, pp. 59–95

1860:

Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

1511:

and all Council of Europe members, with the exception of

5726:

International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities

2344:

Cuban relations with the Organization of American States

1352:

International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities

4761:

Miller, Seumas; Roberst, Peter; Spence, Edward (2005).

3831:

Miller, Seumas; Roberst, Peter; Spence, Edward (2005).

2684:

Miller, Seumas; Roberst, Peter; Spence, Edward (2005).

1616: 1117: 2442:. Oxford UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 30–31. 1314:

20 years before the OECD convention was ratified, the

5808: 5523:

Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program

5482:

Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)

3423:

Ramsay, Christopher J; Wilson, Clark (January 2018).

1507:. The two conventions on criminal law were signed by 5464:

Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory

4894:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

2912:"Beheading the Hydra: How the IMF Fights Corruption" 5744: 5704: 5665:

Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011

5655: 5646: 5439: 5393: 5384: 5339: 5241: 5082: 5073: 5052: 5016: 4170:

Civil Society and Corruption: Mobilizing for Reform

2733:

International Anti-Corruption Norms, pp. 59 et seq.

2476: 1760:faced allegations of having bribed members of the 1647:and the recovery of billions of dollars in fines. 1350:. The implementation of UNCAC is monitored by the 3716:Handbook of Compliance & Integrity Management 3190:OECD Bribery Awareness Handbook for Tax Examiners 2367:signed the Protocol but did so far not ratify it. 2220:Collective Action (ICCA) in partnership with the 1543:Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption 4436:. Kassel University Press. pp. 102 et seq. 3810:. Harvard University Press. pp. 17 et seq. 3709: 3707: 3705: 2194:International Forum on Business Ethical Conduct 2135:Anti-corruption collective action is a form of 2066:Non-state actors in the field of asset recovery 1643:, and resulted in major agreements such as the 5633:Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption 5500:Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption 5431:UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations 4432:Teichmann, Fabian Maximilian Johannes (2017). 3718:. Kluwer Law International. pp. 311–324. 958:) comprises activities that oppose or inhibit 4994: 2182:Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative 1680:anti-corruption campaign that started in 2012 1441: 1106:The examples and perspective in this section 932: 8: 5736:United Nations Convention against Corruption 5716:Inter-American Convention Against Corruption 4946:Diwan, Ishac; Haidar, Jamal Ibrahim (2021). 4636:"National Anti-Corruption Statement: France" 3636:Tacconi, Luca; Williams, David Aled (2020). 2309:United Nations Convention against Corruption 1988:Michael Johnston, among others, argued that 1684:Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 1471:Inter-American Convention Against Corruption 1461:Inter-American Convention Against Corruption 1332:United Nations Convention against Corruption 1265:United Nations Convention against Corruption 163:United Nations Convention against Corruption 27:Activities that oppose or inhibit corruption 5774:Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity 5609:Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission 5453:Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission 3279: 3277: 3030: 3028: 3006: 3004: 2885:Fletcher, Clare; Herrmann, Daniela (2012). 2397:International Journal of Project Management 2186:Construction Sector Transparency Initiative 1931:can accordingly be applied to increase the 1901:Governmental anti-corruption beyond the law 1436:(IMF), and regional organizations like the 1380:, as either a part of the already existing 5652: 5621:National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine 5517:Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau 5390: 5079: 5001: 4987: 4979: 3699:International Anti-Corruption Norms, p. 61 3642:Annual Review of Environment and Resources 2812:International Anti-Corruption Norms, p. 64 2235:(HLRM), which aims to implement a form of 1660:Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act 1645:Odebrecht–Car Wash plea bargain agreements 1320:United Nations Economic and Social Council 1124:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 939: 925: 176: 36: 4210: 4063: 3902:Helena Andrews-Dyer (February 27, 2019). 3663: 3653: 3448: 3446: 3247:Journal of International Business Studies 2741: 2739: 2289:ISO 37001 Anti-bribery management systems 1443:Plan Andino de Lucha contra la Corrupción 1140:Learn how and when to remove this message 5551:Independent Corrupt Practices Commission 2198:International Anti-Corruption Conference 1906:Prevention of corruption/anti-corruption 1450:Regulations by continental organizations 1326:, and was not pursued further. When the 5815: 5593:Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission 5458:Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh) 4518:Collective Action on Business Integrity 4137:Understanding and Preventing Corruption 4052:Public Administration & Development 3751:Xenakis, Sappho; Ivanov, Kalin (2016). 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3455:Regulating Corporate Criminal Liability 3384:Bedinelli, Talita (December 21, 2016). 3286:Understanding and Preventing Corruption 2380: 2335: 1880:was drafted, written in part by former 1779:and hence obliges companies to enforce 966:programs are classified as the former. 890: 829: 788: 762: 561: 350: 179: 170: 132: 46: 39: 5681:Freedom of information laws by country 5598:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau 4765:. Pearson/Prentice Hall. p. 139. 4475: 3835:. Pearson/Prentice Hall. p. 130. 2983:"European Anti-Corruption Conventions" 2688:. Pearson/Prentice Hall. p. 128. 2190:Infrastructure Transparency Initiative 1376:floated in 2012 the idea to launch an 1338:and non-bribery corruption, like e.g. 1080:and the development of a professional 5545:Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar 5487:Commission Against Corruption (Macau) 5416:International Anti-Corruption Academy 4919:Heimann, Fritz; Pieth, Mark (2018) . 4889:OSCE Handbook on Combating Corruption 4686:OSCE Handbook on Combating Corruption 4672:from the original on October 6, 2022. 4648:from the original on October 2, 2022. 4624:from the original on October 6, 2022. 4585:OSCE Handbook on Combating Corruption 4356:OSCE Handbook on Combating Corruption 3972:OSCE Handbook on Combating Corruption 3655:10.1146/annurev-environ-012320-083949 3097:OSCE Handbook on Combating Corruption 3059:OSCE Handbook on Combating Corruption 2822:Magistad, Mary Kay (April 21, 2017). 2720:OSCE Handbook on Combating Corruption 2299:International Anti-Corruption Academy 1410:International Anti-Corruption Academy 153:International Anti-Corruption Academy 7: 5764:2012 Indian anti-corruption movement 5759:2011 Indian anti-corruption movement 5540:Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission 5470:National Anti-Corruption Observatory 2386: 2384: 2088:Corporate anti-corruption approaches 1825:Bribery and Conflict of Interest Act 1420:to teach on anti-corruption topics. 1404:Existing international organizations 5686:The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 5581:National Anticorruption Directorate 5575:Anti-Corruption General Directorate 4861:International Anti-Corruption Norms 4521:. Transparency International. 2018. 4505:. Transparency International. 2016. 3931:GAVIN ARONSEN (November 13, 2012). 3879:Temas De Anticorrupção e Compliance 2111:are pursuing the implementation of 1943:who express lower levels of trust. 1838:False Statements Accountability Act 1398:Integrity Initiatives International 1378:International Anti-Corruption Court 1369:International Anti-Corruption Court 1363:International Anti-Corruption Court 1330:(UNODC) presented its draft of the 143:International Anti-Corruption Court 5411:Group of States Against Corruption 4434:Anti-Bribery Compliance Incentives 4409:Non-State Actors in Asset Recovery 4384:Non-State Actors in Asset Recovery 2910:Thomson, Alistair (May 18, 2017). 2543:Non-State Actors in Asset Recovery 2294:Group of States Against Corruption 1868:Securities and Exchange Commission 1521:Group of States Against Corruption 1501:Civil Law Convention on Corruption 148:Group of States Against Corruption 25: 5587:Investigative Committee of Russia 4343:Bacio Terracino (2012), pp. 29-31 3427:. The Law Reviews. Archived from 2304:International Anti-Corruption Day 2273:International Anti-Corruption Day 2268:International Anti-Corruption Day 2056:International Chamber of Commerce 1799:Already at the foundation of the 158:International Anti-Corruption Day 5842: 5830: 5818: 5779:Russian anti-corruption campaign 5769:Anti-austerity movement in Spain 5676:Foreign Extortion Prevention Act 4236:Journal of International Affairs 4199:Government Information Quarterly 4046:Gong, Ting; Xiao, Hanyu (2017). 3986:Rubbra, Alice (April 19, 2017). 3371:"Anti-corruption digest Armenia" 2565:Bacio Terracino (2012), pp.31-34 1686:(CCDI), an internal body of the 1603: 1182:inter-governmental organizations 1097: 213:Democratic Republic of the Congo 32:Anti-corruption (disambiguation) 5615:Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera 5476:National Supervisory Commission 4832:Bacio Terracino, Julio (2012). 4386:. Peter Lang. pp. 93–108. 4172:. University Press of America. 4168:Johnston, Michael, ed. (2005). 2985:. GAN Integrity. Archived from 2663:. Intersentia. pp. 25–50. 2545:. Peter Lang. pp. vii–ix. 2483:. New York: Macmillan. p. 1864:Securities Exchange Act of 1934 1756:, in which the British company 1467:Organization of American States 987:, dated to around 1754 BC. 5563:Investigation Task Force Sweep 5557:National Accountability Bureau 5029:Corruption in local government 5017:Corruption in different fields 4952:Journal of Development Studies 4319:Journal of Economic Literature 3881:. Elsevier. pp. 251–267. 3495:"Trade Trumps Anti-Corruption" 3457:. Springer. pp. 125–134. 2961:"List of signatories of IACAC" 2409:10.1016/j.ijproman.2022.04.003 2275:has been annually observed on 2233:High Level Reporting Mechanism 2152:1990s with its concept of the 1990:non-governmental organizations 1957:multilateral development banks 1537:Since its launch in 2003, the 1414:intergovernmental organization 1174:non-governmental organizations 1: 5671:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 5569:Central Anticorruption Bureau 4964:10.1080/00220388.2020.1849622 4886:Stukalo, Alexey, ed. (2016). 4713:"Collective Action - B20 hub" 4411:. Peter Lang. pp. 1–15. 3589:10.1080/09668136.2016.1192107 3260:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400372 2516:Bacio Terracino (2012), p. 30 2507:Bacio Terracino (2012), p. 29 2462:Bacio Terracino (2012), p. 28 2319:Preventing fraud in subsidies 2217:Basel Institute on Governance 2172:. A prominent example is the 1849:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 1596:Brazilian Anti-Corruption Act 1440:(within the framework of the 1322:did not gain traction in the 1007: 5731:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention 5721:International asset recovery 5505:Central Vigilance Commission 5060:Corruption Perceptions Index 4689:. OSCE. pp. 155 et seq. 4359:. OSCE. pp. 142 et seq. 4243:(1): 281–290. Archived from 3617:. GAN Integrity. August 2020 3615:Risk & Compliance Portal 3463:10.1007/978-3-319-05993-8_11 2941:(in Spanish). August 9, 2011 2851:; Blokker, Niels M. (2011). 2723:. OSCE. pp. 208 et seq. 2638:. Intersentia. p. 358. 2314:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention 2078:international asset recovery 2072:International asset recovery 1878:American Anti-Corruption Act 1715:Corruption Perceptions Index 1430:Independent Evaluation Group 1382:International Criminal Court 1328:UN Office on Drugs and Crime 1243:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention 1237:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention 5789:2017–2019 Romanian protests 4923:. Oxford University Press. 4863:. Oxford University Press. 4717:b20-dev.baselgovernance.org 4546:"B20 Collective Action Hub" 3975:. OSCE. pp. 55 et seq. 3611:"Georgia Corruption Report" 3522:Regulation & Governance 3317:Heilbrunn, John R. (2004). 3100:. OSCE. pp. 11 et seq. 2601:10.1057/palgrave.ip.8892613 2248:Sylvie Bleker-van Eyk from 1994:Civil Society Organizations 1882:Federal Election Commission 1434:International Monetary Fund 1358:International organizations 1120:, discuss the issue on the 5881: 5794:2017–2018 Russian protests 5426:Transparency International 5401:Global Financial Integrity 4588:. OSCE. 2016. p. 155. 3210:Journal of Business Ethics 2828:Public Radio International 2749:International Organization 2438:Olivelle, Patrick (2013). 2265: 2096: 2069: 2052:Transparency International 1674:, corruption increased in 1593: 1530: 1458: 1366: 1262: 1234: 1184:and initiatives (e.g. the 1178:Transparency International 29: 5754:2011 Azerbaijani protests 5231:Offshore financial centre 5034:Interest group corruption 4212:10.1016/j.giq.2010.03.001 3774:10.1007/s10612-016-9345-4 3196:. OECD. 2009. p. 15. 3159:10.1017/S0021855305000033 2762:10.1017/S0020818317000443 2634:Boersma, Martine (2012). 1971:Public sector procurement 1862:for instance extents the 5865:Anti-corruption measures 5696:Whistleblower protection 5184:Cryptocurrency and crime 4683:Stukalo, Alexey (2016). 4353:Stukalo, Alexey (2016). 3969:Stukalo, Alexey (2016). 3094:Stukalo, Alexey (2016). 3056:Stukalo, Alexey (2016). 2717:Stukalo, Alexey (2016). 2024:Investigative journalism 1845:United States of America 1571:anti-corruption agencies 1555:presumption of innocence 1164:, as was pointed out by 5065:Economics of corruption 3223:10.1023/A:1015235806969 2250:VU University Amsterdam 2115:structures that reward 2045:Education on corruption 1832:activities include the 1690:and secondarily by the 1672:economic liberalization 1089:In contemporary society 1004:Great Edict of Horemheb 65:Economics of corruption 5691:UK Bribery Act of 2010 5447:Oficina Anticorrupción 5196:Noble cause corruption 5053:Measures of corruption 4921:Confronting Corruption 4794:Confronting Corruption 4749:Confronting Corruption 4737:Confronting Corruption 4700:Confronting Corruption 4599:Confronting Corruption 4571:Confronting Corruption 4482:: CS1 maint: others ( 4464:. Expert Participation 4462:www.legislation.gov.uk 4370:Confronting Corruption 4123:Confronting Corruption 4111:Confronting Corruption 4099:Confronting Corruption 4087:Confronting Corruption 3957:Confronting Corruption 3864:Confronting Corruption 3739:Confronting Corruption 3411:Confronting Corruption 3146:Journal of African Law 2792:Confronting Corruption 2622:Confronting Corruption 2589:International Politics 2575:Confronting Corruption 2526:Confronting Corruption 2176:and in particular its 1776:UK Bribery Act of 2010 1692:People's Procuratorate 1547:Journal of African Law 1442: 1311: 988: 585:Bosnia and Herzegovina 5421:Mo Ibrahim Foundation 5201:Professional courtesy 5164:Honest services fraud 4859:Rose, Cecily (2015). 4145:10.1057/9781137335098 3808:Corruption in America 3431:on September 21, 2018 3294:10.1057/9781137335098 2989:on September 21, 2018 2105:section on prevention 2099:Regulatory compliance 2013:Ensuring transparency 1785:facilitation payments 1428:(such as through its 1272: 982: 171:Corruption by country 120:State-corporate crime 100:Pyrrhic defeat theory 5385:Institutions dealing 5119:Conflict of interest 5044:Political corruption 4617:. October 22, 2018. 4552:on December 29, 2019 4272:Current Anthropology 3761:Critical Criminology 3493:Vogl, Frank (2014). 3326:World Bank Institute 2889:. Gower. p. 2. 2060:World Economic Forum 1805:Article 1, Section 9 1754:Al-Yamamah arms deal 1118:improve this section 1108:may not represent a 41:Political corruption 30:For other uses, see 5226:Offshore investment 4226:Büthe, Tim (2004). 3908:The Washington Post 3577:Europe-Asia Studies 3062:. OSCE. p. 16. 2849:Schermers, Henry G. 2154:Island of Integrity 1719:Mikheil Saakashvili 1709:From 2003 to 2012, 1637:Anti-Corruption Act 1011: 1300 BC 1000: 1754 BC 5627:Warioba Commission 5565:(Papua New Guinea) 5309:Regulatory capture 5114:Commercial bribery 4499:The Integrity Pact 4458:"Bribery Act 2010" 4025:10.1111/gove.12298 3535:10.1111/rego.12054 2365:Russian Federation 2156:, now known as an 2145:prisoner's dilemma 2141:public procurement 1834:Mail Fraud Statute 1641:Operation Car Wash 1615:. You can help by 1491:also ratified the 1412:was created as an 1394:Human Rights Watch 1374:Mark Lawrence Wolf 1312: 989: 80:Influence peddling 47:Forms and concepts 5806: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5642: 5641: 5380: 5379: 5357:Election security 5304:Political scandal 5039:Police corruption 4930:978-0-19-045833-1 4903:978-92-9234-192-3 4870:978-0-19-873721-6 4843:978-1-78068-092-7 4772:978-0-13-061795-8 4751:, pp. 235 et seq. 4573:, pp. 225 et seq. 4443:978-3-7376-5034-2 4418:978-3-0343-1073-4 4393:978-3-0343-1073-4 4179:978-0-7618-3125-9 4154:978-1-137-33508-1 3842:978-0-13-061795-8 3817:978-0-674-05040-2 3472:978-3-319-05992-1 3303:978-1-137-33508-1 2896:978-1-4094-1129-1 2695:978-0-13-061795-8 2645:978-1-78068-105-4 2552:978-3-0343-1073-4 2449:978-0-19-989182-5 2222:UN Global Compact 2137:collective action 2131:Collective action 1890:model legislation 1633: 1632: 1493:Council of Europe 1290: Signatories 1219:International law 1150: 1149: 1142: 993:code of Hammurabi 985:code of Hammurabi 949: 948: 916: 915: 223:Equatorial Guinea 16:(Redirected from 5872: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5835: 5834: 5823: 5822: 5814: 5653: 5391: 5372:Vote suppression 5259:Crony capitalism 5189:Hawala and crime 5179:Money laundering 5159:Graft (politics) 5139:Confidence trick 5080: 5074:Forms or aspects 5003: 4996: 4989: 4980: 4975: 4958:(8): 1373–1396. 4942: 4915: 4882: 4855: 4819: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4803: 4797: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4664: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4640: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4616: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4548:. Archived from 4542: 4536: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4494: 4488: 4487: 4481: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4454: 4448: 4447: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4379: 4373: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4325:(3): 1320–1346. 4311: 4305: 4304: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4250:on July 26, 2020 4249: 4232: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4067: 4065:10.1002/pad.1798 4043: 4037: 4036: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3947: 3942: 3940: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3914: 3899: 3893: 3892: 3873: 3867: 3866:, pp. 72 et seq. 3861: 3855: 3854: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3804:Teachout, Zephyr 3800: 3794: 3793: 3757: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3711: 3700: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3684: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3657: 3633: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3516: 3510: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3490: 3477: 3476: 3450: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3367: 3361: 3360: 3359:on May 12, 2021. 3358: 3351: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3323: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3281: 3272: 3271: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3140: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3124:on June 28, 2018 3123: 3117:. Archived from 3116: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3032: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3008: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2929: 2923: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2804: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2743: 2734: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2656: 2650: 2649: 2631: 2625: 2619: 2613: 2612: 2584: 2578: 2577:, pp. 12 et seq. 2572: 2566: 2563: 2557: 2556: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2499: 2498: 2482: 2469: 2463: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2388: 2368: 2353: 2347: 2340: 2035:television show 1996:(CSOs), and the 1916:Robert Klitgaard 1911:Values education 1628: 1625: 1607: 1600: 1445: 1438:Andean Community 1340:money laundering 1324:General Assembly 1305: 1298: Not signed 1297: 1289: 1281: 1145: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1125: 1101: 1100: 1093: 1012: 1009: 1001: 941: 934: 927: 909:Papua New Guinea 690:Northern Ireland 177: 37: 21: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5843: 5841: 5829: 5817: 5809: 5807: 5798: 5746: 5740: 5708: 5706: 5700: 5657: 5648:Anti-corruption 5638: 5435: 5387:with corruption 5386: 5376: 5352:Electoral fraud 5347:Ballot stuffing 5335: 5237: 5075: 5069: 5048: 5024:Corporate crime 5012: 5007: 4945: 4931: 4918: 4904: 4885: 4871: 4858: 4844: 4836:. Intersentia. 4831: 4828: 4823: 4822: 4812: 4810: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4773: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4719: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4698: 4694: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4669: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4645: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4621: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4544: 4543: 4539: 4530: 4526: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4491: 4474: 4467: 4465: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4431: 4430: 4426: 4419: 4406: 4405: 4401: 4394: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4315:Bardhan, Pranab 4313: 4312: 4308: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4180: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4155: 4134: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4113:pp. 213 et seq. 4109: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4045: 4044: 4040: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3938: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3912: 3910: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3843: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3755: 3750: 3749: 3745: 3737: 3733: 3726: 3713: 3712: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3518: 3517: 3513: 3503: 3501: 3499:Huffington Post 3492: 3491: 3480: 3473: 3452: 3451: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3422: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3392:(in Portuguese) 3383: 3382: 3378: 3369: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3321: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3283: 3282: 3275: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3033: 3026: 3016: 3014: 3010: 3009: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2916: 2914: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2847: 2846: 2842: 2832: 2830: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2777: 2745: 2744: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2696: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2573: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2553: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2473:Noonan, John T. 2471: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2450: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2390: 2389: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2371: 2354: 2350: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2285: 2270: 2264: 2246: 2174:Wolfsberg Group 2170:code of conduct 2133: 2101: 2095: 2090: 2074: 2068: 2047: 2015: 1986: 1973: 1949: 1929:good governance 1924: 1922:Good governance 1908: 1903: 1813:Zephyr Teachout 1797: 1745: 1728: 1707: 1688:Communist Party 1670:In the wake of 1668: 1653: 1629: 1623: 1620: 1613:needs expansion 1598: 1592: 1583: 1563: 1551:data protection 1535: 1529: 1489:European states 1479: 1463: 1457: 1452: 1406: 1371: 1365: 1360: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1282: Ratifiers 1279: 1274: 1267: 1261: 1239: 1233: 1221: 1201: 1199:Legal framework 1146: 1135: 1129: 1126: 1115: 1102: 1098: 1091: 1078:public interest 1010: 999: 977: 972: 952:Anti-corruption 945: 789:Central America 685:North Macedonia 134:Anti-corruption 70:Electoral fraud 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Anti-Corruption 15: 12: 11: 5: 5878: 5876: 5868: 5867: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5851: 5839: 5827: 5804: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5750: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5712: 5710: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5661: 5659: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5606: 5601: 5595: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5537: 5531: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5497: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5450: 5443: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5406:Global Witness 5403: 5397: 5395: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5362:Gerrymandering 5359: 5354: 5349: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5322: 5321: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5279:Ghost soldiers 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5228: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5092: 5086: 5084: 5077: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5062: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5006: 5005: 4998: 4991: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4943: 4929: 4916: 4902: 4883: 4869: 4856: 4842: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4798: 4786: 4771: 4753: 4741: 4729: 4704: 4692: 4675: 4651: 4627: 4603: 4591: 4575: 4563: 4537: 4524: 4508: 4489: 4449: 4442: 4424: 4417: 4399: 4392: 4374: 4362: 4345: 4336: 4306: 4285:10.1086/696162 4261: 4218: 4205:(3): 264–271. 4185: 4178: 4160: 4153: 4127: 4115: 4103: 4091: 4079: 4058:(3): 176–190. 4038: 4019:(3): 415–430. 4001: 3978: 3961: 3949: 3935:. Mother Jones 3923: 3894: 3887: 3868: 3856: 3841: 3823: 3816: 3795: 3768:(3): 433–452. 3743: 3731: 3724: 3701: 3692: 3671: 3628: 3602: 3583:(5): 847–867. 3567: 3556:(2): 139–166. 3540: 3511: 3478: 3471: 3442: 3415: 3403: 3376: 3362: 3338: 3309: 3302: 3273: 3254:(4): 634–651. 3236: 3217:(4): 385–405. 3199: 3180: 3135: 3103: 3086: 3065: 3048: 3024: 3000: 2974: 2952: 2924: 2902: 2895: 2877: 2863: 2840: 2814: 2805: 2796: 2784: 2775: 2735: 2726: 2709: 2694: 2676: 2669: 2651: 2644: 2626: 2614: 2579: 2567: 2558: 2551: 2530: 2518: 2509: 2500: 2493: 2464: 2455: 2448: 2430: 2403:(4): 347–361. 2379: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2357:Czech Republic 2348: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2296: 2291: 2284: 2281: 2266:Main article: 2263: 2260: 2245: 2244:Implementation 2242: 2158:integrity pact 2132: 2129: 2125:Morgan Stanley 2097:Main article: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2070:Main article: 2067: 2064: 2046: 2043: 2014: 2011: 1985: 1982: 1972: 1969: 1948: 1945: 1923: 1920: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1853:tax-deductible 1796: 1793: 1788:very limited. 1749:United Kingdom 1744: 1743:United Kingdom 1741: 1727: 1724: 1706: 1703: 1667: 1664: 1652: 1649: 1631: 1630: 1610: 1608: 1594:Main article: 1591: 1588: 1582: 1579: 1562: 1559: 1531:Main article: 1528: 1525: 1483:European Union 1478: 1475: 1459:Main article: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1405: 1402: 1390:Global Witness 1367:Main article: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1348:whistleblowers 1344:abuse of power 1336:private sector 1316:United Nations 1309: 1308: 1302: 1300: 1294: 1292: 1286: 1284: 1278: 1275: 1263:Main article: 1260: 1259:United Nations 1257: 1252:Edmund Malesky 1235:Main article: 1232: 1229: 1220: 1217: 1200: 1197: 1148: 1147: 1112:of the subject 1110:worldwide view 1105: 1103: 1096: 1090: 1087: 976: 973: 971: 968: 956:anticorruption 947: 946: 944: 943: 936: 929: 921: 918: 917: 914: 913: 912: 911: 906: 901: 893: 892: 888: 887: 886: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 832: 831: 827: 826: 825: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 791: 790: 786: 785: 784: 783: 778: 773: 765: 764: 760: 759: 758: 757: 755:United Kingdom 752: 747: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 600:Czech Republic 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 564: 563: 559: 558: 557: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 353: 352: 348: 347: 346: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 182: 181: 173: 172: 168: 167: 166: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 137: 136: 130: 129: 128: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 49: 48: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5877: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5850: 5840: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5812: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5743: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5713: 5711: 5705:International 5703: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5645: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5611:(South Korea) 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5394:International 5392: 5389: 5383: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5326:State capture 5324: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5269:Elite capture 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5240: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5078: 5076:of corruption 5072: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5004: 4999: 4997: 4992: 4990: 4985: 4984: 4981: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4890: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4730: 4718: 4714: 4708: 4705: 4702:, pp. 238-239 4701: 4696: 4693: 4688: 4687: 4679: 4676: 4668: 4661: 4655: 4652: 4644: 4637: 4631: 4628: 4620: 4613: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4592: 4587: 4586: 4579: 4576: 4572: 4567: 4564: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4528: 4525: 4520: 4519: 4512: 4509: 4501: 4500: 4493: 4490: 4485: 4479: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4450: 4445: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4425: 4420: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4400: 4395: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4363: 4358: 4357: 4349: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4310: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4273: 4265: 4262: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4229: 4222: 4219: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4189: 4186: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4161: 4156: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4131: 4128: 4124: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4092: 4089:pp.49 et seq. 4088: 4083: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4042: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4005: 4002: 3989: 3982: 3979: 3974: 3973: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3934: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3895: 3890: 3888:9788535269284 3884: 3880: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3824: 3819: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3762: 3754: 3747: 3744: 3740: 3735: 3732: 3727: 3725:9789041188199 3721: 3717: 3710: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3681: 3675: 3672: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3632: 3629: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3544: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3515: 3512: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3430: 3426: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3404: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3377: 3372: 3366: 3363: 3355: 3348: 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2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2255:ethical codes 2251: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2165: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2100: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2073: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2004: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1984:Civil society 1983: 1981: 1978: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1912: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1886:Trevor Potter 1883: 1879: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1843:In 1977, the 1841: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1801:United States 1795:United States 1794: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1733: 1725: 1723: 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1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1024: 1023:Constantine I 1020: 1016: 1005: 998: 994: 986: 981: 975:Early history 974: 969: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 942: 937: 935: 930: 928: 923: 922: 920: 919: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 896: 895: 894: 889: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 835: 834: 833: 830:South America 828: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 794: 793: 792: 787: 782: 781:United States 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 768: 767: 766: 763:North America 761: 756: 753: 751: 748: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 567: 566: 565: 560: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 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Vienna: 4813:August 14, 4781:2004002505 4601:pp.226-227 4468:October 7, 4254:August 28, 4012:Governance 3851:2004002505 3504:August 24, 3435:August 20, 3331:August 30, 3128:August 16, 3079:August 16, 3041:August 16, 3017:August 16, 2993:August 10, 2967:August 14, 2704:2004002505 2375:References 2277:December 9 2262:In culture 2117:compliance 2109:economists 2093:Compliance 2005:channels. 1961:World Bank 1781:compliance 1769:Tony Blair 1737:negligence 1426:World Bank 1248:Mark Pieth 1166:Kofi Annan 1160:, and the 1032:, such as 964:compliance 960:corruption 675:Montenegro 665:Luxembourg 544:Uzbekistan 524:Tajikistan 464:Kazakhstan 459:Kyrgyzstan 409:East Timor 379:Bangladesh 369:Azerbaijan 105:Slush fund 5747:movements 5667:(pending) 5635:(Vietnam) 5623:(Ukraine) 5583:(Romania) 5577:(Romania) 5553:(Nigeria) 5547:(Myanmar) 5525:(Liberia) 5496:(Croatia) 5466:(Burundi) 5340:Elections 5221:Tax haven 5149:Extortion 5109:Collusion 5090:Baksheesh 4972:229717871 4939:965154105 4912:964654700 4879:908334497 4852:810879652 4301:148598894 4293:0011-3204 4074:0271-2075 4033:0952-1895 3790:151952105 3782:1205-8629 3597:156813675 3562:1533-5860 3529:: 63–76. 3231:153579940 3175:145296780 2770:158446483 2609:145174166 2425:248470690 2417:0263-7863 2237:ombudsman 2231:) of the 2113:incentive 2038:Fiks Fare 2028:publicity 1965:debarment 1953:sanctions 1947:Sanctions 1933:integrity 1884:chairman 1829:Hobbs Act 1817:diplomacy 1635:Brazil's 1388:(GOPAC), 1204:national 1158:democracy 1122:talk page 1030:religions 899:Australia 883:Venezuela 838:Argentina 822:Nicaragua 660:Lithuania 514:Sri Lanka 504:Singapore 424:Indonesia 268:Mauritius 5859:Category 5837:Politics 5656:Laws and 5589:(Russia) 5571:(Poland) 5519:(Latvia) 5478:(China) 5440:National 5294:Nepotism 5264:Cronyism 5169:Kickback 4722:June 19, 4667:Archived 4643:Archived 4619:Archived 4556:June 19, 4478:cite web 4372:, p. 224 4125:, p. 223 4101:, p. 214 3959:, p. 217 3806:(2014). 3621:April 6, 3268:56422300 3167:27607931 2475:(1984). 2363:and the 2283:See also 2229:Colombia 2184:(EITI), 2082:academia 2033:Albanian 1992:(NGOs), 1836:and the 1553:and the 1497:Criminal 1469:' (OAS) 1455:Americas 1354:(IAACA) 1170:Cold War 1116:You may 1074:nepotism 1070:cronyism 1042:Hinduism 1034:Buddhism 1025:in 331. 868:Paraguay 858:Colombia 817:Honduras 730:Slovenia 725:Slovakia 705:Portugal 590:Bulgaria 529:Thailand 494:Pakistan 474:Malaysia 394:Cambodia 343:Zimbabwe 323:Tanzania 233:Ethiopia 198:Cameroon 193:Botswana 125:Throffer 95:Nepotism 60:Cronyism 5849:History 5811:Portals 5745:Protest 5617:(Spain) 5507:(India) 5206:Scandal 5104:Bribery 5083:General 4826:Sources 4809:. 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