135:
381:'s reign. Suharto was a strong advocate for Chinese assimilation rather than integration. As part of 1967's 'Basic Policy for the Solution of the Chinese Problem' and other measures, only one Chinese-language newspaper was allowed to continue, all Chinese religious expressions had to be confined to their homes, Chinese-language schools were phased out, Chinese script in public places was banned, and Chinese were pushed to take on
328:. It was considered to be part of the anti-Chinese legislation in Indonesia. The resident Chinese community in Indonesia resented it because it forced them to lose traditional family names. However, some people thwarted the government efforts to some degree by incorporating their Chinese name into their new Indonesian name. For example, the Chinese family name "Tan" was easily embedded in the Indonesian name "Sutanto".
33:
272:, as many of their businesses were labelled as foreign-owned and liable to be confiscated. Tens of thousands of business owned by ethnic Chinese were either forcibly transferred (often with excessive force and threats) under the auspices of military personnel or peacefully, albeit with much reluctance and protest.
303:
of the economy. On 10 December 1959, Peking Radio announced a campaign for ethnic
Chinese to return to "The Warmth of Motherland". The Chinese embassy soon listed thousands Chinese citizens interested in returning to China. About 199,000 applied, but only 102,000 managed to be placed in a ship sent
456:
Instruction of the
Ministry of Home Affairs No. X01/1977 on Implementing Instructions for Population Registration and the confidential instructions No.3.462/1.755.6 of the Jakarta government 28 January 1980, both authorising special codes in national identification cards to indicate ethnic Chinese
443:
Cabinet
Presidium Instruction No. 37/U/IN/6/1967, prohibiting further residency or work permits to new Chinese immigrants, their wives, or children; freezing any capital raised by "foreigners" in Indonesia; closure of "foreign" schools except for diplomatic corps and their families; requiring the
352:
Presidential
Instruction No. 14/1967 (Inpress No. 14/1967) on Chinese Religion, Beliefs, and Traditions effectively banned any Chinese literature and cultures in Indonesia, including the prohibition of Chinese characters. Although Chinese names were not explicitly mentioned, "newly naturalized"
468:
the status of
Confucianism as one of Indonesia's six official religions was revoked. In 1978, the Minister of Home Affairs issued a directive that there were only five religions, excluding Confucianism. On 27 January 1979, a presidential cabinet meeting took place and it firmly decided that
482:. The use of Mandarin in traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions, for example, is not prohibited, since legal proceedings related to this case have been suspended after lobbying made to the Attorney General (Jaksa Agung) of Indonesia by INI (
444:
number of
Indonesian students to be the majority and in proportion to "foreigners" in any state schools; and making implementation of the "Chinese issue" be the responsibility of the minister for political affairs.
460:
Cabinet
Presidium Circular SE-06/Pres-Kab/6/1967 on Changing the Term China and Chinese, requiring the usage of the term "Cina" (considered a derogatory term by many Chinese Indonesians) instead of "Tionghoa" or
406:) was released on 28 June 1967. One of the points of contention is the selection of a proper term to describe Indonesian residents of Chinese descent. Accompanying explanatory text to Article 26 of the
453:
Circular of the
Director General for Press and Graphics Guidance in the Ministry of Information No. 02/SE/Ditjen-PPGK/1988, further restricting the usage of Chinese language and/or characters.
382:
321:
521:
1843:
1016:
447:
Resolution of the
Provisional People's Consultative Assembly No. 32, 1966 (TAP MPRS No. 32/1966), effectively banning the use of Chinese characters in newspapers and magazines.
344:, Keppres No. 240/1867) mandated assimilation of "foreigners" and supported a previous directive, 127/U/Kep/12/1966, for Indonesian Chinese to adopt Indonesian-sounding names.
50:
469:
Confucianism was not a religion. Another directive from
Minister of Home Affairs was issued in 1990 re-iterating about there being only five official religions in Indonesia.
983:
1098:
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a national holiday, but the repercussions of the discrimination then are still felt today and Indonesian Chinese are still discriminated in some regions.
1228:
526:
1340:
585:
1697:
546:
97:
69:
1218:
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450:
Home Affairs Ministry No. 455.2-360/1988 on Regulation of Temples, effectively and severely restricting building or repairing Chinese temples.
1593:
1067:
1044:
1091:
76:
2161:
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in its terminology, prompting the beginning of an unofficial ban on its use. By 1967, a cabinet circular enforced the use of the term
1821:
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386:
116:
83:
195:
were allowed to have licenses to import certain items. This was to reduce the economic disparity between ordinary Indonesians and
1831:
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134:
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Berita Peristiwa 60 Tahun Waspada: Penduduk Cina Dipulangkan (1960). PP No.10 dan Masalah Pemulangan Hoakiao Hal 39
782:
697:
516:
43:
2171:
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2017:
1816:
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1137:
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407:
90:
1997:
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662:
156:
1564:
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1107:
291:, Huang Chen insisted that the directive should be reviewed but was denied by Indonesia's State Minister,
250:
211:
1056:
Indonesian Law 1949–1989: A Bibliography of Foreign-Language Materials with Brief Commentaries on the Law
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2032:
1967:
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in which he insisted there is no element of anti-Chinese sentiment but rather, a part of the necessary
234:, requiring them to either transfer ownership to Indonesian nationals by 1 January 1960 or relocate to
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1987:
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353:
Indonesian Chinese were strongly advised to adopt non-Chinese names. (Annulled by former president
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1962:
1910:
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1992:
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The Presidential Regulation 10 of 1959 was a directive prohibiting foreign nationals from doing
1982:
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A letter requesting a name change, in accordance with Cabinet Presidium Decision 127 of 1966
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Arsip. Majalah Tempo 24 November 1990 dimuat pada Majalah Tempo edisi 13-19 Agustus 2007.
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2022:
1941:
1900:
1781:
1576:
1032:
176:
1076:
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1825:
1421:
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385:. Most of this legislation were revoked following Suharto's fall from power in 1998.
300:
2094:
1350:
1345:
1127:
1039:, Asian Studies Monograph Series, Singapore: Singapore Society of Asian Studies,
2074:
2027:
2002:
1936:
1187:
725:"Sistem Ekonomi Ali Baba: Latar Belakang, Sosok Pencetus, hingga Pelaksanaannya"
32:
876:
1946:
1314:
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235:
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1977:
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218:
and native Indonesians who benefited each other through mutual cooperation.
870:"Investigating the Grey Areas of the Chinese Communities in Southeast Asia"
2057:
462:
320:, 127/U/Kep/12/1966) was an Indonesian law passed in 1966 that suggested
254:
242:
1659:
1197:
1192:
586:"Sistem Ekonomi Gerakan Benteng: Tujuan, Pencetus, dan Program-program"
378:
2084:
1122:
227:
2079:
701:(in Indonesian). 13–19 August 2007. pp. 94–95. Archived from
284:
269:
241:
This was the government's attempt to better redistribute economic
133:
752:"Peraturan Presiden Nomor 10 Tahun 1959 - Pusat Data Hukumonline"
478:
There are exceptions to laws and regulations that ban the use of
404:
Surat Edaran Presidium Kabinet Ampera Nomor SE-06/Pres.Kab/6/1967
265:
1080:
357:
in Keppres No. 6/2000; annulment supported by former president
187:
In the early 1950s the Government of Indonesia implemented the
1708:
Monosodium glutamate controversy (Chinese restaurant syndrome)
253:
is run by a small, elite minority of ethnic Chinese which had
26:
498:
ended restrictions on Chinese culture and language, and made
264:
However, the implementation of the directive resulted with
373:
Laws affecting Chinese Indonesians proliferated under the
199:
who were given racial privileges during the centuries-old
1017:
Surat Edaran Presidium Kabinet Ampera Nomor 06 Tahun 1967
612:"Sistem Ekonomi Gerakan Benteng beserta Program Kerjanya"
938:
Keputusan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 6 Tahun 2000
268:
and triggered the return of many ethnic Chinese back to
522:
Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia
984:
Penjelasan Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia 1945
206:
The program soon evolved into a colloquially term of
2108:
2050:
1955:
1919:
1883:
1876:
1749:
1557:
1414:
1393:
1366:
1359:
1323:
1211:
1165:
1115:
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
949:
826:(in Indonesian). 13–19 August 2007. pp. 96–97
786:(in Indonesian). 13–19 August 2007. pp. 88–89
287:which were seen as close allies then. The Chinese
687:
685:
683:
338:
316:Keputusan Presidium Kabinet Nomor 127 Tahun 1966
314:
171:. The legislations mostly regulated individual
1548:Union Colliery Co of British Columbia v Bryden
1479:Royal Commission on Chinese Immigration (1885)
145:Indonesia's Legislation on Chinese Indonesians
1489:Attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers, 1885
1092:
902:"Indonesian Chinese : about their names"
8:
129:Laws oppressing people of Chinese background
952:A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s
396:Ampera Cabinet Presidium Circular 6 of 1967
391:Ampera Cabinet Presidium Circular 6 of 1967
1880:
1363:
1099:
1085:
1077:
527:Discrimination against Chinese Indonesians
1341:Canadian Brotherhood of Railway Employees
1003:(in Indonesian). Djakarta: Bintang Press.
638:"Racism in the Dutch East Indies - Tirto"
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
312:Cabinet Presidium Decision 127 of 1966 (
576:
340:Keputusan Presiden Nomor 240 Tahun 1967
926:
856:
465:" (used by ethnic Chinese themselves).
308:Cabinet Presidium Decision 127 of 1966
1594:Soviet deportations of Chinese people
414:to describe this group. In 1948, the
18:Anti-Chinese legislation in Indonesia
7:
2167:Indonesian people of Chinese descent
1037:Studying Ethnic Chinese in Indonesia
66:"Legislation on Chinese Indonesians"
55:adding citations to reliable sources
2147:Anti-Chinese sentiment in Indonesia
1698:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66
693:"Peraturan yang Menggusur Tionghoa"
547:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66
361:in Keppres No 19/2002 by declaring
348:Presidential Instruction 14 of 1967
336:Presidential Decision 240 of 1967 (
147:were conducted through a series of
1675:Legislation on Chinese Indonesians
1526:Vancouver anti-Chinese riots, 1886
1510:1885 Chinese expulsion from Eureka
222:Presidential Regulation 10 of 1959
25:
332:Presidential Decision 240 of 1967
1832:Artificial Intelligence Cold War
1792:2014 Vietnam anti-China protests
1703:1967 anti-Chinese riots in Burma
778:"Nasionalisasi Berakhir Buntung"
494:During his tenure as president,
31:
1484:Chinese Immigration Act of 1885
1054:Pompe, Sebastiaan, ed. (1992),
663:"The pre-war Dutch East Indies"
275:These chain of events led to a
42:needs additional citations for
2070:Chinese, Japanese, dirty knees
818:"Terusir dari Kampung Sendiri"
377:regime under former President
1:
1859:2024 Papua New Guinean unrest
1822:China–United States trade war
1687:Internment of Chinese-Indians
1600:Chinese Immigration Act, 1923
1864:Boycotts of Chinese products
1787:2013 Tiananmen Square attack
1719:1969 race riots of Singapore
1693:1964 race riots in Singapore
1380:2nd Sangley Rebellion (1639)
552:Banjarmasin riot of May 1997
484:Ikatan Naturopatis Indonesia
416:Communist Party of Indonesia
1854:2021 Solomon Islands unrest
1844:COVID-19 pandemic incidents
1741:May 1998 riots of Indonesia
1060:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
165:ethnic Chinese in Indonesia
2188:
1849:2021 Atlanta spa shootings
1713:13 May incident (Malaysia)
1681:Chinese Confession Program
1571:Vancouver anti-Asian riots
1515:Chinese head tax in Canada
1462:San Francisco riot of 1877
956:. Westview Press. p.
517:Chinese Indonesian surname
457:origin, the code being A01
285:People's Republic of China
2162:Linguistic discrimination
1817:2015 Aksu colliery attack
1767:2008 Kunming bus bombings
1138:The Unparalleled Invasion
566:Korea under Japanese rule
557:May 1998 Indonesian riots
542:Mergosono massacre (1947)
383:Indonesian-sounding names
322:Indonesian-sounding names
2142:Anti-Chinese legislation
1802:April 2014 ĂśrĂĽmqi attack
1611:Second Sino-Japanese War
1440:Chinese massacre of 1871
1336:Asiatic Exclusion League
474:Anomalies and exceptions
304:by the PRC government.
1932:Ita Martadinata Haryono
1812:2015 Plaza Low Yat riot
1762:Abacus Bank prosecution
1385:Sangley Massacre (1662)
245:back into the hands of
214:between ethnic Chinese
157:Government of Indonesia
1807:May 2014 ĂśrĂĽmqi attack
1772:July 2009 ĂśrĂĽmqi riots
1565:White Australia policy
1108:Anti-Chinese sentiment
997:Toer, Pramoedya Ananta
564:, similar movement in
403:
365:as national holiday.)
339:
315:
212:symbiotic relationship
139:
2157:Cultural assimilation
2121:Hong Kong nationalism
1757:2006 Nukuʻalofa riots
1736:1997 Banjarmasin riot
1531:Hells Canyon Massacre
1504:Rock Springs massacre
1494:Issaquah riot of 1885
1473:Chinese Exclusion Act
1401:1740 Batavia massacre
1203:Plaek Phibunsongkhram
1178:Andrew Jackson Bryant
667:www.verzetsmuseum.org
532:1740 Batavia massacre
359:Megawati Sukarnoputri
281:Republic of Indonesia
259:business transactions
161:cultural assimilation
137:
1777:2011 Kashgar attacks
1521:Seattle riot of 1886
1467:New Zealand head tax
1406:1782 Saigon massacre
1145:Japanese nationalism
1062:, pp. 144–147,
1001:Hoakiau di Indonesia
948:Schwarz, A. (1994).
51:improve this article
2116:Chinese imperialism
1797:2014 Kunming attack
1653:Home Office 213/926
1641:Sook Ching massacre
1629:Japanese war crimes
1605:Wanpaoshan Incident
1499:Tacoma riot of 1885
1456:Trout Creek Outrage
512:Chinese Indonesians
201:Dutch colonial rule
191:, under which only
149:constitutional laws
1730:Cambodian genocide
1667:Mergosono massacre
1647:Changkiao massacre
1623:Nanshitou Massacre
1428:Lambing Flat riots
1331:Anti-Chinese Union
1261:Racism in Malaysia
1173:Adriaan Valckenier
1133:Chinese emigration
1033:Coppel, Charles A.
326:Indonesian Chinese
243:commerce and trade
193:native Indonesians
173:naming conventions
169:Indonesian society
140:
2129:
2128:
2063:Chinaman's chance
2046:
2045:
2013:Mi Gao Huang Chen
1983:Franklin Feng Tao
1872:
1871:
1634:Three Alls Policy
1445:Pigtail Ordinance
1374:Sangley Rebellion
1069:978-0-7923-1744-9
1046:978-9971-9904-0-4
584:Yulianti, Cicin.
496:Abdurrahman Wahid
408:1945 Constitution
355:Abdurrahman Wahid
324:to be adopted by
249:when much of the
177:business statutes
127:
126:
119:
101:
16:(Redirected from
2179:
2172:Chinese diaspora
2152:Law of Indonesia
2100:Sick man of Asia
2090:Locust/Wongchung
2008:Leung Chi-cheung
1881:
1839:China Initiative
1617:Nanking Massacre
1583:TorreĂłn massacre
1537:Scott Act (1888)
1451:Page Act of 1875
1364:
1308:China Initiative
1101:
1094:
1087:
1078:
1073:
1050:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1004:
993:
987:
982:
978:
972:
971:
955:
945:
939:
936:
930:
924:
918:
917:
915:
913:
904:. Archived from
898:
892:
891:
889:
887:
881:
875:. Archived from
874:
866:
860:
854:
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846:
842:
836:
835:
833:
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814:
808:
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802:
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767:
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715:
714:
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705:on 18 April 2010
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500:Chinese New Year
490:Current practice
363:Chinese New Year
342:
318:
251:nation's economy
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100:
59:
35:
27:
21:
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2132:
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2130:
2125:
2104:
2042:
1951:
1915:
1868:
1745:
1724:Malari incident
1589:1918 Kudus riot
1553:
1434:Anti-Coolie Act
1410:
1389:
1355:
1319:
1266:Ketuanan Melayu
1239:Racism in Japan
1207:
1161:
1157:De-Sinicization
1111:
1105:
1070:
1053:
1047:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1014:(in Indonesian)
1013:
1012:
1008:
995:
994:
990:
981:(in Indonesian)
980:
979:
975:
968:
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946:
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937:
933:
925:
921:
911:
909:
908:on 14 July 2011
900:
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882:on 13 June 2007
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851:
845:(in Indonesian)
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805:(in Indonesian)
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761:
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758:(in Indonesian)
756:hukumonline.com
750:Online, Hukum.
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731:(in Indonesian)
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642:Histori Bersama
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619:
618:(in Indonesian)
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592:(in Indonesian)
583:
582:
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537:1918 Kudus riot
508:
492:
476:
440:
393:
371:
350:
334:
310:
297:nationalization
277:diplomatic rift
228:retail business
224:
210:, referring to
189:Benteng Program
185:
167:with the wider
155:enacted by the
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60:
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36:
23:
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5:
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2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2023:Teoh Beng Hock
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1998:Jiansheng Chen
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1957:
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1950:
1949:
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1942:Velma Demerson
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1934:
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1891:Chae Chan Ping
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1782:Wolf Amendment
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1577:Beipu uprising
1574:
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1356:
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1353:
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1333:
1327:
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1324:By institution
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1160:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1051:
1045:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1006:
988:
973:
966:
940:
931:
919:
893:
861:
849:
837:
809:
797:
769:
742:
716:
679:
654:
629:
603:
575:
573:
570:
569:
568:
559:
554:
549:
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534:
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524:
519:
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507:
504:
491:
488:
475:
472:
471:
470:
466:
458:
454:
451:
448:
445:
439:
438:Other examples
436:
410:used the term
392:
389:
370:
367:
349:
346:
333:
330:
309:
306:
223:
220:
197:ethnic Chinese
184:
181:
128:
125:
124:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2184:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
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2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
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2088:
2086:
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2078:
2076:
2073:
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2068:
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2056:
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2053:
2049:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1896:Fong Yue Ting
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:Trump tariffs
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
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1793:
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1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
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1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:(1920s–1930s)
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
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1578:
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1569:
1566:
1563:
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1497:
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1471:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:Buckland Riot
1420:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1392:
1386:
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1303:United States
1301:
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1214:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1183:Denis Kearney
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1166:By persecutor
1164:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1071:
1065:
1061:
1058:, Dordrecht:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1010:
1007:
1002:
998:
992:
989:
985:
977:
974:
969:
967:1-86373-635-2
963:
959:
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953:
944:
941:
935:
932:
928:
923:
920:
907:
903:
897:
894:
878:
871:
865:
862:
858:
853:
850:
841:
838:
825:
824:
819:
813:
810:
801:
798:
785:
784:
779:
773:
770:
757:
753:
746:
743:
730:
726:
720:
717:
704:
700:
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688:
686:
684:
680:
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664:
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613:
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604:
591:
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571:
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563:
560:
558:
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533:
530:
528:
525:
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510:
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501:
497:
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481:
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368:
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360:
356:
347:
345:
343:
341:
331:
329:
327:
323:
319:
317:
307:
305:
302:
301:socialization
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
273:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
255:near monopoly
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
221:
219:
217:
216:entrepreneurs
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
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182:
180:
178:
174:
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166:
162:
158:
154:
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136:
132:
121:
118:
110:
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
1956:21st century
1927:Vincent Chin
1920:20th century
1906:Wong Kim Ark
1884:19th century
1750:21st century
1674:
1663:(1945–1947)
1658:
1613:(1937-1945)
1558:20th century
1415:19th century
1394:18th century
1367:17th century
1351:Uyoku dantai
1346:Tsagaan Khas
1278:Nazi Germany
1128:Yellow Peril
1110:(Sinophobia)
1055:
1036:
1026:Bibliography
1009:
1000:
991:
976:
951:
943:
934:
929:, p. 31
922:
910:. Retrieved
906:the original
896:
884:. Retrieved
877:the original
864:
859:, p. 33
852:
840:
828:. Retrieved
821:
812:
800:
788:. Retrieved
781:
772:
760:. Retrieved
755:
745:
733:. Retrieved
728:
719:
707:. Retrieved
703:the original
696:
670:. Retrieved
666:
657:
645:. Retrieved
641:
632:
620:. Retrieved
615:
606:
594:. Retrieved
589:
579:
562:SĹŤshi-kaimei
493:
477:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:began using
411:
395:
394:
372:
351:
337:
335:
313:
311:
279:between the
274:
263:
240:
236:urban cities
225:
205:
186:
144:
143:
141:
131:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
2095:Shina/Zhina
2075:Ching chong
2038:Michelle Go
2028:Xiaoxing Xi
2018:Sherry Chen
2003:Jiayang Fan
1937:Qian Xuesen
1732:(1975–1979)
1683:(1956–1965)
1655:(1945–1946)
1625:(1942-1945)
1619:(1937–1938)
1567:(1901–1973)
1544:(1892–1943)
1517:(1885–1923)
1475:(1882–1943)
1469:(1881–1944)
1430:(1860–1861)
1360:By incident
1283:Philippines
1188:Hideki Tojo
927:Coppel 2002
912:22 November
886:22 November
857:Coppel 2002
232:rural areas
159:to enforce
107:August 2009
2136:Categories
2033:Yao Pan Ma
1993:Haoyang Yu
1968:Danny Chen
1947:Wen Ho Lee
1212:By country
1116:Background
830:1 February
790:1 February
709:1 February
400:Indonesian
289:ambassador
153:directives
77:newspapers
1988:Gang Chen
1978:Eileen Gu
1963:Anming Hu
1901:Mary Tape
1877:By victim
1542:Geary Act
1288:Singapore
1229:Indonesia
1219:Hong Kong
375:New Order
293:Subandrio
2058:Chinaman
1677:(1950s-)
1298:Thailand
1256:Malaysia
1035:(2002),
999:(1960).
762:9 August
735:9 August
729:kumparan
672:9 August
647:9 August
622:9 August
616:kumparan
596:9 August
590:detikedu
506:See also
480:Mandarin
463:Tiongkok
432:Tiongkok
428:Tionghoa
420:Tionghoa
412:Tionghoa
283:and the
247:majority
208:Ali Baba
2109:Related
1911:Yick Wo
1660:Bersiap
1315:Vietnam
1273:Myanmar
1198:Pol Pot
1193:Suharto
1150:Minzoku
379:Suharto
257:of all
91:scholar
2085:Chinky
1973:Ee Lee
1726:(1974)
1715:(1969)
1689:(1962)
1669:(1947)
1649:(1943)
1643:(1942)
1607:(1931)
1585:(1911)
1579:(1907)
1573:(1907)
1550:(1899)
1533:(1887)
1506:(1885)
1458:(1876)
1447:(1873)
1436:(1862)
1424:(1857)
1376:(1603)
1293:Taiwan
1123:Coolie
1066:
1043:
964:
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
2080:Chink
2051:Slurs
1246:Korea
1234:Japan
1224:India
880:(PDF)
873:(PDF)
823:Tempo
783:Tempo
698:Tempo
572:Notes
426:over
270:China
266:riots
183:1950s
98:JSTOR
84:books
1251:Laos
1064:ISBN
1041:ISBN
962:ISBN
914:2007
888:2007
832:2009
792:2009
764:2024
737:2024
711:2009
674:2024
649:2024
624:2024
598:2024
430:and
424:Cina
369:1967
299:and
175:and
151:and
70:news
958:106
486:).
261:.
230:in
203:.
163:of
53:by
2138::
1828:)
960:.
820:.
780:.
754:.
727:.
695:.
682:^
665:.
640:.
614:.
588:.
434:.
402::
238:.
179:.
1824:(
1100:e
1093:t
1086:v
1072:.
1049:.
1019:.
986:.
970:.
916:.
890:.
834:.
794:.
766:.
739:.
713:.
676:.
651:.
626:.
600:.
461:"
398:(
120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
47:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
