678:
anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. The data were limited, but provides the best approximation of disease distribution. It found that women make up 81% of cases. Disease onset is skewed toward children, with a median age of diagnosis of 21 years. Over a third of cases were children, while only 5% of cases were patients over the age of 45. This same review found that 394 out of 501 patients (79%) had a good outcome by 24 months. 30 people (6%) died, and the rest were left with mild to severe deficits. The study mentioned that of the 38% presenting with tumors, 94% of those presented with ovarian
426:. During this acute phase, most patients require treatment in an intensive care unit to stabilize breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. One distinguishing characteristic of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is the concurrent presence of many of the above listed symptoms. The majority of patients experience at least four symptoms, with many experiencing six or seven over the course of the disease.
53:
601:
patient outcomes, but this remains impossible to know without data from randomized controlled trials. Given that the majority of patients are initially seen by psychiatrists, it is critical that all physicians (especially psychiatrists) consider anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis as a possible cause of acute psychosis in young patients with no past neuropsychiatric history.
777:
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via the classical pathway (antibody-antigen interaction). Membrane attack complex (MAC) is one of the end products of this cascade and can insert into neurons as a molecular barrel, allowing water to enter. The cell subsequently lyses. Notably, this mechanism is unlikely as it causes the cell to die,
336:
and, if a tumor is present, surgery to remove it. With treatment, about 80% of cases have a good outcome. Outcomes are better if treatment is begun earlier. Long-term mental or behavioral problems may remain. About 4% of those affected die from the condition. Recurrence occurs in about 10% of people.
677:
The estimated number of cases of the disease is 1.5 per million people per year. According to the
California Encephalitis Project, the disease has a higher incidence than its individual viral counterparts in patients younger than 30. The largest case series as of 2013 characterized 577 people with
600:
If a person is found to have a tumor, the long-term prognosis is generally better and the chance of relapse is much lower. This is because the tumor can be removed surgically, thus eradicating the source of autoantibodies. In general, early diagnosis and aggressive treatment is believed to improve
668:
The recovery process from anti-NMDAR encephalitis can take many months. The symptoms may reappear in reverse order: The patient may begin to experience psychosis again, leading many people to falsely believe the patient is not recovering. As the recovery process continues on, the psychosis fades.
368:
symptoms, the disease progresses at varying rates, and patients may present with a variety of neurological symptoms. During the initial stage of the disease, symptoms vary slightly between children and adults. However, behavior changes are a common first symptom within both groups. These changes
458:
These mechanisms may be informed by some simple observations. Serum NMDA receptor antibodies are consistently found at higher concentrations than cerebrospinal fluid antibodies, on average ten times higher. This strongly suggests the antibody production is systemic rather than in the brain or
483:
in acute stress has been shown to facilitate BBB penetration. However, it is also possible that the autonomic dysfunction manifested in many patients during the later phases of the condition aids antibody entry. For example, an increase in blood pressure would force larger proteins, such as
471:(BBB). This cellular filter, separating the central nervous system from the circulatory system, normally prevents larger molecules from entering the brain. A variety of reasons for such a collapse in integrity have been suggested, with the most likely answer being the effects of
389:
and bizarre movements, mostly of the lips and mouth, but also including pedaling motions with the legs or hand movements resembling playing a piano . Some other symptoms typical during the disease onset include impaired cognition, memory deficits, and speech problems (including
2520:
459:
cerebrospinal fluid. When concentrations are normalized for total IgG, intrathecal synthesis is detected. This implies that there are more NMDA receptor antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid than would be predicted given the expected quantities of total IgG.
556:
First and foremost is a high level of clinical suspicion, especially in young adults showing abnormal behavior as well as autonomic instability. Clinical examination may further reveal delusions and hallucinations, which can aid diagnostic efforts.
580:
scan of the brain may show abnormalities in cases when the MRI scan is normal. EEG is abnormal in almost 90% of cases and typically shows general or focal slow wave activity. CSF analysis often shows inflammatory changes with increased levels of
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2825:
405:
The symptoms usually appear psychiatric in nature, which may confound the differential diagnosis. In many cases, this leads to the illness going undiagnosed. As the disease progresses, the symptoms become medically urgent and often include
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space) is also a possible mechanism. Dalmau et al. demonstrated that 53 out of 58 patients with the condition had at least partially preserved BBBs, whilst having a high concentration of antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid. Furthermore,
589:. NMDA receptor antibodies can be detected in serum and/or CSF. Whole body FDG-PET is usually performed as a part of tumor screening. Gynecological ultrasound or a pelvic MRI might be performed to search for an ovarian teratoma in women.
2512:
446:
can occur. Other autoimmune mechanisms are suspected for patients who do not have tumors. Whilst the exact pathophysiology of the disease is still debated, empirical evaluation of the origin of anti-NMDA receptor antibodies in
500:, drugs used to eliminate dysfunctional immune cells, have been shown to be successful second-line treatments in patients where first-line immunotherapy has failed. These destroy excess antibody-producing cells in the
726:
spent 17 months battling anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. In addition to three months in a medically-induced coma, he experienced a 145-day memory gap and lost 78 pounds. He returned to practice on
October 23, 2014.
1759:
Suh-Lailam BB, Haven TR, Copple SS, Knapp D, Jaskowski TD, Tebo AE (June 2013). "Anti-NMDA-receptor antibody encephalitis: performance evaluation and laboratory experience with the anti-NMDA-receptor IgG assay".
1104:
Dalmau J, Armangué T, Planagumà J, Radosevic M, Mannara F, Leypoldt F, et al. (November 2019). "An update on anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis for neurologists and psychiatrists: mechanisms and models".
1844:
Rabchevsky AG, Degos JD, Dreyfus PA (June 1999). "Peripheral injections of Freund's adjuvant in mice provoke leakage of serum proteins through the blood-brain barrier without inducing reactive gliosis".
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Diagnostic criteria for probable and definite anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis have been proposed to facilitate diagnosis at an early stage of the disease and help initiate early treatment.
2312:"The frequency of autoimmune N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis surpasses that of individual viral etiologies in young individuals enrolled in the California Encephalitis Project"
2945:
344:. About 80% of those affected are female. It typically occurs in adults younger than 45 years old, but it can occur at any age. The disease was first described by Josep Dalmau in 2007.
2581:
2915:
1712:"N-methyl-D-aspartate antibody encephalitis: temporal progression of clinical and paraclinical observations in a predominantly non-paraneoplastic disorder of both sexes"
682:. Within that subset, African & Asian women were more likely to have a tumor, but this was not relevant to the prevalence of the disease within those racial groups.
1797:"Mechanisms underlying autoimmune synaptic encephalitis leading to disorders of memory, behavior and cognition: insights from molecular, cellular and synaptic studies"
1170:
520:
A reduction in the density of NMDA receptors on the post synaptic knob, due to receptor internalization once the antibody has bound. This is dependent on antibodies
2403:
621:
to physically remove autoantibodies. A study of 577 patients showed that over four weeks, about half the patients improved after receiving first-line immunotherapy.
508:
A more sophisticated analysis of the processes involved in antibody presence in the cerebrospinal fluid hints at a combination of these two mechanisms in tandem.
516:
Once the antibodies have entered the CSF, they bind to the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor. There are three possible methods in which neuronal damage occurs.
2620:
1661:"Identification of cerebrospinal fluid biomarker candidates for anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: High-throughput proteomic investigation"
750:
that died on 19 March 2011, was diagnosed with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in August 2015. This was the first case discovered in a non-human animal.
352:
Prior to the development of a symptom complex that is specific to anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, people may experience prodromal symptoms, including
2543:
2708:
3115:
2996:
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799:
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2046:
1164:
988:
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with NMDA receptors in teratomas, which contain many cell types, including brain cells, and thus present a window in which a breakdown in
340:
The estimated number of cases of the disease is one in 1.5 million people per year. The condition is relatively common compared to other
1439:"Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study"
2973:
1333:"Clinical characteristics of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis in patients with a long-term history of mental disorders"
794:
2901:
2099:
2879:
2468:
SĂ©bire G (January 2010). "In search of lost time from "Demonic
Possession" to anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis".
3156:
3125:
3120:
645:
476:
2950:
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analysis. MRI of the brain may show abnormalities in the temporal and frontal lobes, but do so in less than half of cases. A
178:
2731:
1405:
1209:
3087:
318:
2395:
3041:
577:
776:
3196:
614:
361:
333:
188:
2064:"Magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography in anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: A systematic review"
1540:"Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis presenting with imaging findings and clinical features mimicking Rasmussen syndrome"
561:
205:
3130:
764:
3166:
2855:
2604:
747:
306:
784:
in a patient. This EEG pattern is sometimes observed in anti-NMDAr encephalitis. From
Mizoguchi et al., 2022.
759:, Will Graham was affected by NMDA receptor or antibody encephalitis, also known as anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
46:
NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis, anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis, anti-NMDAR encephalitis
3097:
3082:
3054:
2924:
443:
341:
117:
2700:
1888:
Malviya M, Barman S, Golombeck KS, PlanagumĂ J, Mannara F, Strutz-Seebohm N, et al. (November 2017).
565:
165:
2757:"Novel qEEG Biomarker to Distinguish Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis From Other Types of Autoimmune Encephalitis"
1604:"Catatonic features in children and adolescents with N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibody encephalitis"
3191:
732:
407:
322:
283:
110:
2955:
3161:
3110:
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2965:
2655:
755:
713:
370:
1437:
Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, Armangué T, Glaser C, Iizuka T, et al. (February 2013).
690:
Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis is suspected of being an underlying cause of historical accounts of
531:
of the NMDA receptor by the antibody, similar to the action of the classic dissociative anesthetics
3021:
3006:
2844:
629:
573:
528:
468:
452:
158:
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1232:"Paraneoplastic anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma"
1130:
1013:
Venkatesan A, Adatia K (December 2017). "Anti-NMDA-Receptor
Encephalitis: From Bench to Clinic".
691:
543:
472:
310:
170:
80:
1156:
Inflammatory
Disorders of the Nervous System: Pathogenesis, Immunology, and Clinical Management
17:
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68:
2163:"Cerebrospinal Fluid Findings in Patients With Autoimmune Encephalitis-A Systematic Analysis"
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1491:"Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis"
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140:
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Dalmau J, Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, Rosenfeld MR, Balice-Gordon R (January 2011).
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411:
279:
209:
201:
174:
106:
2212:
Graus F, Titulaer MJ, Balu R, Benseler S, Bien CG, Cellucci T, et al. (April 2016).
1282:
Dalmau J, Gleichman AJ, Hughes EG, Rossi JE, Peng X, Lai M, et al. (December 2008).
736:, a young Japanese woman ends up being in a coma due to anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.
321:(NMDAR) in the brain. Diagnosis is typically based on finding specific antibodies in the
2659:
1284:"Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies"
1230:
Dalmau J, TĂŒzĂŒn E, Wu HY, Masjuan J, Rossi JE, Voloschin A, et al. (January 2007).
2940:
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2012:
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435:
364:. These symptoms may be present for weeks or months prior to disease onset. Beyond the
271:
2279:
2262:
2229:
2063:
1858:
1506:
1454:
1299:
1118:
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and autoimmune diseases, has sometimes proven useful when other therapies have failed.
3185:
2884:
1939:"Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis in children and adolescents"
1812:
1710:
Irani SR, Bera K, Waters P, Zuliani L, Maxwell S, Zandi MS, et al. (June 2010).
1134:
708:
698:
606:
532:
521:
448:
395:
314:
61:
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2454:
2296:
1874:
3016:
2642:
PrĂŒss H, Leubner J, Wenke NK, CzirjĂĄk GĂ, Szentiks CA, Greenwood AD (August 2015).
2573:
2497:
2095:
2003:
1937:
Florance NR, Davis RL, Lam C, Szperka C, Zhou L, Ahmad S, et al. (July 2009).
1573:
251:
213:
2138:
2121:
1986:
Hughes EG, Peng X, Gleichman AJ, Lai M, Zhou L, Tsou R, et al. (April 2010).
1890:"NMDAR encephalitis: passive transfer from man to mouse by a recombinant antibody"
1556:
1539:
768:
featured an episode called "Into
Madness" that featured two cases of the disease.
2860:
2513:"What to watch with your kids: 'Ant-Man and the Wasp,' 'Leave No Trace' and more"
2036:
1026:
871:
3140:
1193:
723:
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about her experience with the disease. This has subsequently been turned into a
656:
605:
If a tumor is detected, its removal should occur in conjunction with first-line
488:
419:
135:
2079:
1795:
Moscato EH, Jain A, Peng X, Hughes EG, Dalmau J, Balice-Gordon RJ (July 2010).
1391:
1349:
1066:
945:
669:
Lastly, the person's social behavior and executive functions begin to improve.
52:
3011:
2834:
2773:
2438:
1773:
1677:
1602:
Eyre M, Kaushik A, Barrett E, King MD, Pollak T, Dale RC, et al. (2020).
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1317:
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1205:
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1085:
1050:"Catatonia in adult anti-NMDAR encephalitis: an observational cohort study"
1034:
963:
889:
2644:"Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis in the Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) Knut"
2327:
1390:
Agarwal R, Gupta V (2022). "Anti-NMDA Receptor
Encephalitis In Children".
3074:
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Gillinder L, Warren N, Hartel G, Dionisio S, O'Gorman C (February 2019).
2062:
Bacchi S, Franke K, Wewegama D, Needham E, Patel S, Menon D (June 2018).
679:
610:
536:
386:
378:
374:
353:
309:, while the cause in other cases is unclear. The underlying mechanism is
298:
275:
274:(hallucinations). People are also often agitated or confused. Over time,
102:
2425:
Tam J, Zandi MS (July 2017). "The witchcraft of encephalitis in Salem".
1619:
977:
Niederhuber JE, Armitage JO, Doroshow JH, Kastan MB, Tepper JE (2013).
637:
391:
302:
2817:
2667:
2544:"Cowboys' Okoye returns to practice after battling rare brain disease"
2481:
1954:
1247:
2829:
1988:"Cellular and synaptic mechanisms of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis"
1905:
649:
399:
294:
560:
The initial investigation usually consists of clinical examination,
2310:
Gable MS, Sheriff H, Dalmau J, Tilley DH, Glaser CA (April 2012).
1659:
Li Y, Yang K, Zhang F, Wang J, Shen H, Liu M, et al. (2022).
775:
438:
that target NMDA receptors in the brain. These can be produced by
262:, headache, and feeling tired. This is then typically followed by
259:
89:
2261:
Liba Z, Sebronova V, Komarek V, Sediva A, Sedlacek P (May 2013).
1762:
Clinica
Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry
633:
2897:
467:
of antibodies from the blood across a pathologically disrupted
1331:
Wang HY, Yang XY, Han J, Liu H, Yan ZR, Liang Z (2022-03-10).
856:"Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis, autoimmunity, and psychosis"
326:
2263:"Prevalence and treatment of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis"
2214:"A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis"
385:, and violent behaviors. Other common manifestations include
2732:"How a Post reporter changed the course of medical history"
2122:"EEG findings in NMDA encephalitis - A systematic review"
487:
Intrathecal production (production of antibodies in the
484:
antibodies, to extravasate into the cerebrospinal fluid.
2578:"Knut the Polar Bear's Mysterious Death Finally Solved"
455:
leads to the consideration of two possible mechanisms.
272:
seeing or hearing things that others do not see or hear
1538:
Greiner H, Leach JL, Lee KH, Krueger DA (April 2011).
329:
of the brain is often normal. Misdiagnosis is common.
286:
typically occur. In some cases, patients may develop
2807:
1048:
Wu H, Wu C, Zhou Y, Huang S, Zhu S (February 2023).
475:
of the nervous system. Likewise, the involvement of
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3096:
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2811:
237:
229:
219:
195:
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164:
147:
134:
126:
116:
79:
67:
42:
37:
2755:Mizoguchi T, Hara M, Hirose S, Nakajima H (2022).
2396:"A YoungReporter Chronicles Her 'Brain On Fire'"
27:Rare disease which results in brain inflammation
1396:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
930:"Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis in Psychiatry"
648:that cross-links DNA and is used to treat both
1894:Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology
1484:
1482:
2909:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1277:
1275:
640:, thus destroying the self-reactive B cells.
8:
547:which is inconsistent with current evidence.
2605:"Death of beloved polar bear, Knut, solved"
3069:
2916:
2902:
2894:
2808:
2041:(7th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.
923:
921:
919:
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847:
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841:
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51:
34:
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2178:
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2011:
1962:
1913:
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1735:
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1676:
1635:
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1514:
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1366:
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1307:
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1148:
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1144:
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1095:
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1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
983:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 600.
953:
917:
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911:
909:
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903:
901:
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879:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
284:blood pressure and heart rate variability
111:blood pressure and heart rate variability
2035:Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S (2011).
293:About half of cases are associated with
2890:â about her experience with the disease
811:
420:loss of feeling on one side of the body
122:Long term mental or behavioral problems
3116:Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex
2997:Paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration
2701:"Hannibal and Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis"
2390:
2388:
854:Kayser MS, Dalmau J (September 2016).
800:Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder
2880:"My mysterious lost month of madness"
2711:from the original on 16 February 2021
7:
2979:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
2623:from the original on 14 October 2023
2161:Blinder T, Lewerenz J (2019-07-25).
1801:The European Journal of Neuroscience
1337:European Journal of Medical Research
585:, total protein and the presence of
313:, with the primary target being the
2584:from the original on 6 October 2018
2523:from the original on 27 August 2021
624:Second-line immunotherapy includes
2974:Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis
2406:from the original on June 18, 2018
2373:from the original on 26 March 2018
980:Abeloff's Clinical Oncology E-Book
795:Anti-glutamate receptor antibodies
709:Brain on Fire: My Month of Madness
25:
3027:LambertâEaton myasthenic syndrome
2038:Cellular and Molecular Immunology
1591:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
1589:Brain on Fire-My Month of Madness
1194:"Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis"
305:. Another established trigger is
2402:. WHYY; NPR. November 14, 2012.
2361:"When the brain is under attack"
2068:Journal of Clinical Neuroscience
1813:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07349.x
1173:from the original on 1 July 2024
1153:Minagar A, Alexander JS (2017).
504:, thus alleviating the symptoms.
3157:Febrile neutrophilic dermatosis
3126:Florid cutaneous papillomatosis
3032:Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
2554:from the original on 2019-04-22
2102:from the original on 2021-06-14
1408:from the original on 2024-07-01
1212:from the original on 2021-12-06
613:to suppress the immune system,
477:corticotropin releasing hormone
248:Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
225:Typically good (with treatment)
38:Anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis
18:Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis
2004:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0167-10.2010
319:N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors
179:neuroleptic malignant syndrome
1:
3088:Necrolytic migratory erythema
2603:Armitage H (27 August 2015).
2280:10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70070-X
2230:10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00401-9
2139:10.1016/j.seizure.2018.12.015
1859:10.1016/S0006-8993(99)01479-1
1557:10.1016/j.seizure.2010.11.013
1507:10.1016/s1474-4422(10)70253-2
1455:10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70310-1
1300:10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70224-2
1159:. Humana Press. p. 177.
1119:10.1016/S1474-4422(19)30244-3
730:In the Japanese movie called
434:The condition is mediated by
258:. Early symptoms may include
3121:Extramammary Paget's disease
2316:Clinical Infectious Diseases
1027:10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00319
928:Kayser MS, Dalmau J (2011).
872:10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.007
463:Passive access involves the
422:, loss of consciousness, or
360:, or symptoms similar to an
332:Treatment is typically with
2699:Pitt A (21 February 2018).
1992:The Journal of Neuroscience
655:Other medications, such as
636:receptor on the surface of
362:upper respiratory infection
334:immunosuppresive medication
189:Immunosuppresive medication
92:, headache, feeling tired,
60:A schematic diagram of the
3213:
2951:ZollingerâEllison syndrome
2511:Hornaday A, O'Sullivan M.
2080:10.1016/j.jocn.2018.03.026
1350:10.1186/s40001-022-00664-5
1067:10.1186/s12888-022-04505-x
946:10.2174/157340011797183184
934:Current Psychiatry Reviews
615:intravenous immunoglobulin
206:intravenous immunoglobulin
2774:10.3389/fimmu.2022.845272
2542:Whitmire K (2014-10-23).
2439:10.1007/s00415-017-8546-4
1774:10.1016/j.cca.2013.02.010
1678:10.3389/fimmu.2022.971659
1192:Samanta D, Lui F (2022).
1015:ACS Chemical Neuroscience
59:
50:
3167:Paraneoplastic pemphigus
2925:Paraneoplastic syndromes
2550:. FOX Sports Southwest.
2359:Lamas DJ (27 May 2013).
2180:10.3389/fneur.2019.00804
748:Berlin Zoological Garden
342:paraneoplastic disorders
307:herpesviral encephalitis
3083:Erythema gyratum repens
3055:Hypertrophic osteopathy
2761:Frontiers in Immunology
2730:Kaplan M (2017-08-27).
2617:10.1126/science.aad1675
1665:Frontiers in Immunology
542:The recruitment of the
444:immunological tolerance
2167:Frontiers in Neurology
860:Schizophrenia Research
785:
765:Something's Killing Me
659:, remain experimental.
166:Differential diagnosis
2267:The Lancet. Neurology
2218:The Lancet. Neurology
1495:The Lancet. Neurology
1443:The Lancet. Neurology
1288:The Lancet. Neurology
1107:The Lancet. Neurology
779:
733:The 8-Year Engagement
714:film of the same name
408:autonomic dysfunction
3162:Pyoderma gangrenosum
3111:Ichthyosis acquisita
3106:Acanthosis nigricans
2705:Encephalitis Society
2427:Journal of Neurology
1728:10.1093/brain/awq113
706:wrote a book titled
266:which presents with
3022:Transverse myelitis
3007:Limbic encephalitis
2707:. North Yorkshire.
2660:2015NatSR...512805P
2470:Annals of Neurology
2328:10.1093/cid/cir1038
1943:Annals of Neurology
1722:(Pt 6): 1655â1667.
1620:10.1192/bjo.2020.55
1236:Annals of Neurology
782:extreme delta brush
686:Society and culture
630:monoclonal antibody
469:blood-brain barrier
453:cerebrospinal fluid
323:cerebrospinal fluid
280:decreased breathing
159:cerebrospinal fluid
107:decreased breathing
3197:Demonic possession
3136:Pityriasis rotunda
2956:Cushing's syndrome
2878:(4 October 2009).
2648:Scientific Reports
2576:(27 August 2015).
1587:Cahalan S (2013).
786:
722:defensive lineman
692:demonic possession
544:complement cascade
473:acute inflammation
348:Signs and symptoms
252:brain inflammation
171:Viral encephalitis
130:Over days to weeks
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3131:Leser-Trélat sign
3002:Encephalomyelitis
2870:
2869:
2668:10.1038/srep12805
2548:www.foxsports.com
2482:10.1002/ana.21928
2048:978-1-4377-3573-4
1998:(17): 5866â5875.
1955:10.1002/ana.21756
1294:(12): 1091â1098.
1248:10.1002/ana.21050
1166:978-3-319-51220-4
1113:(11): 1045â1057.
1021:(12): 2586â2595.
990:978-1-4557-2881-7
632:that targets the
587:oligoclonal bands
583:white blood cells
564:of the brain, an
416:cerebellar ataxia
245:
244:
241:~4% risk of death
149:Diagnostic method
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3204:
3070:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2895:
2889:
2809:
2797:
2796:
2786:
2776:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2654:(12805): 12805.
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2433:(7): 1529â1531.
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2366:The Boston Globe
2356:
2350:
2349:
2339:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2282:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2241:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2192:
2182:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2141:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2015:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1906:10.1002/acn3.444
1885:
1879:
1878:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1824:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1680:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1639:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1559:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1486:
1477:
1476:
1466:
1434:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1370:
1352:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1311:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1259:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1150:
1139:
1138:
1101:
1090:
1089:
1079:
1069:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1010:
995:
994:
974:
968:
967:
957:
925:
894:
893:
883:
851:
704:Susannah Cahalan
646:alkylating agent
642:Cyclophosphamide
609:. This involves
494:cyclophosphamide
440:cross reactivity
358:flu-like illness
297:, most commonly
270:(delusions) and
141:Ovarian teratoma
55:
35:
21:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3171:
3145:
3092:
3059:
3050:Dermatomyositis
3042:Musculoskeletal
3036:
2983:
2960:
2927:
2922:
2874:
2871:
2866:
2865:
2820:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2740:
2738:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2587:
2585:
2580:. Smithsonian.
2572:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2517:Washington Post
2510:
2509:
2505:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2394:
2393:
2386:
2376:
2374:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2103:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2034:
2033:
2029:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1900:(11): 768â783.
1887:
1886:
1882:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1436:
1435:
1420:
1411:
1409:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1167:
1152:
1151:
1142:
1103:
1102:
1093:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1012:
1011:
998:
991:
976:
975:
971:
927:
926:
897:
853:
852:
813:
808:
791:
774:
688:
675:
666:
598:
570:lumbar puncture
554:
514:
432:
430:Pathophysiology
412:hypoventilation
350:
210:plasma exchange
202:Corticosteroids
175:acute psychosis
97:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3210:
3208:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3184:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3098:Papulosquamous
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2941:Hypercalcaemia
2937:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2913:
2906:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2852:
2837:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:Classification
2805:
2804:External links
2802:
2799:
2798:
2747:
2722:
2691:
2634:
2595:
2565:
2534:
2503:
2476:(1): 141â142.
2460:
2417:
2384:
2351:
2322:(7): 899â904.
2302:
2273:(5): 424â425.
2253:
2224:(4): 391â404.
2204:
2153:
2112:
2054:
2047:
2027:
1978:
1929:
1880:
1853:(1â2): 84â96.
1847:Brain Research
1836:
1807:(2): 298â309.
1787:
1751:
1702:
1651:
1594:
1579:
1550:(3): 266â270.
1530:
1478:
1449:(2): 157â165.
1418:
1382:
1323:
1271:
1222:
1200:. StatPearls.
1184:
1165:
1140:
1091:
1054:BMC Psychiatry
1040:
996:
989:
969:
940:(3): 189â193.
895:
810:
809:
807:
804:
803:
802:
797:
790:
787:
773:
770:
762:The TV series
720:Dallas Cowboys
687:
684:
674:
671:
665:
662:
661:
660:
653:
622:
619:plasmapheresis
597:
594:
553:
550:
549:
548:
540:
525:
513:
510:
506:
505:
485:
436:autoantibodies
431:
428:
369:often include
349:
346:
243:
242:
239:
235:
234:
231:
227:
226:
223:
217:
216:
199:
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65:
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57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3209:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3065:Mucocutaneous
3062:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2966:Hematological
2963:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2930:
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2900:
2899:
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2887:
2886:
2885:New York Post
2881:
2877:
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2858:
2857:
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2842:
2838:
2836:
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2827:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2748:
2737:
2736:New York Post
2733:
2726:
2723:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2669:
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2522:
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2428:
2421:
2418:
2410:September 20,
2405:
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2355:
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2298:
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2276:
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2240:
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2200:
2196:
2191:
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2168:
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2157:
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2140:
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2127:
2123:
2116:
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2101:
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2069:
2065:
2058:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2031:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
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1989:
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1965:
1960:
1956:
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699:New York Post
695:
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672:
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663:
658:
654:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:immunotherapy
604:
603:
602:
595:
593:
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588:
584:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
551:
545:
541:
538:
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533:phencyclidine
530:
526:
523:
522:cross linking
519:
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397:
396:perseveration
393:
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367:
363:
359:
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335:
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315:GluN1 subunit
312:
308:
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489:intrathecal
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311:autoimmune
256:antibodies
254:caused by
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379:delusions
371:agitation
366:prodromal
354:headaches
299:teratomas
288:catatonia
264:psychosis
230:Frequency
221:Prognosis
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153:Specific
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