305:, except that in this case it's striking at the core of the relations of exploitation. It's another example of how different constituencies are working together." On February 4, 1997, Mayor Ed Boyle of North Olmsted, Ohio, introduced the first piece of legislation actually prohibiting the government of purchasing, renting, or taking on consignment any and all goods made under sweatshop conditions and including in the definition those goods made by political prisoners. This legislation was copied by other American cities such as Detroit, New York, and San Francisco. Later Mayor Boyle introduced the legislation to the Mayors and Managers Association where it was immediately passed and he was invited by President Clinton to address a panel studying the subject in Washington, DC.
420:, argue that the anti-sweatshop movement "risks harming the very people it is aiming to help." This is because sweatshops signify the start of an industrial revolution in China and offer people a path towards making money and escaping poverty. The anti-sweatshop movement, in this view, can harm the impoverished workers by increasing labour costs for factories which, in turn, can incentivize turning to technology instead of people for labour and thus reduce the number of employees needed. Additionally, if anti-sweatshop movements succeed and manage to get stricter guidelines passed, companies may move to countries with less strict laws governing sweatshops, thus removing a source of jobs and money for impoverished countries.
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Bangladesh, Thailand, Indonesia- while the highest number of clothing job losses were in the United States. Although many anti-sweatshop campaigners would like for globalization to be reversed and factories to close, citizens of these developed countries do not have many options for alternative work. In developing countries, the primary alternative work consists of lower-wage agriculture. Other criticisms include advocating for humane globalization. This advocacy includes making a distinction between cost of living and the parallel to wage. For example, it does not cost a citizen the same to live in
Bangladesh as in Europe.
332:, many sweatshop laborers have lost autonomy and corporations have gained in their invincibility to anti-sweatshop laws within a particular country. Corporations have the ability to move their production to another country when the laws become too restricting. As corporations globalize, many sweatshop movements have begun to see "worker internationalization" as one of the only viable solution; however, this requires strong labor movements, sufficient resources, and a commitment to mobilizing all workers, including women, which can be difficult to do at an international scale, as has been the case in the Americas.
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voluntary" and that while sweatshops may provide opportunities that would not otherwise exist, when a worker "consents" to work in a sweatshop, they are also consenting to labor practices that cause more harm than good to the laborer overall. Another criticism includes the prevalence of child labor working heavy machinery for very low wages. This often requires children to be taken out of school, thus disrupting their education, and exposing them to very dangerous working conditions that may endanger their health.
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following the event. Though the study did find these slight negative economic effects, it did not find that, when taking into account companies of all reputations, anti-sweatshop movements or events damaged the reputation of the companies they targeted to a statistically significant degree; however, there does seem to be a slight undercutting of the reputations of companies with positive reputations when they are faced with anti-sweatshop campaigns, particularly intense ones.
403:
living wage in
Bangladesh is about $ 60 per month. Sweatshop workers in Bangladesh are paid about $ 40 a month. Companies outsource manufacturing labor from rich to poor countries because of the appeal of cheap labor and low costs. Although sweatshop work wages do not necessarily meet the living wage standards, poor workers in such developing countries rely on these companies, because it provides a primary source of work that pays more than others.
72:
215:, and many abolitionists saw similarities between slavery and sweatshop work. As slavery was successively outlawed in industrial countries between 1794 (in France) and 1865 (in the United States), some abolitionists sought to broaden the anti-slavery consensus to include other forms of harsh labor, including sweatshops. As it happened, the first significant law to address sweatshops (the
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describing the working conditions in which the shirt was made. By the end, people chose to donate to the cause of increasing supply chain transparency instead of buying the T-shirt. The video has over 7.9 million views. Their 2018 campaign film uploaded on April 22, 2018, was awarded the Best Green
Fashion Film award at the Fashion Film Festival Milano and has over 54,000 views to date.
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how low the wages are from the external's point of view. An economist pointed out "as simple as this: 'Either you believe labor demand curves are downward sloping, or you don't,' as a neoclassical colleague said to me. Of course, not to believe that demand curves are negatively sloped would be tantamount to declaring yourself an economic illiterate."
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Most economists say that sweatshops can be a benefit to Third World workers and the anti-sweatshop movement could reduce Third World employment and investment. The economic ways to think about this issue, employers and employees can both get benefits when they voluntarily sign the contract, no matter
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Even if a company does not move to another country with more relaxed labor laws, economic demand theory says that the more a good cost, the less the demand for it is. Economists argue that even though the labor is "exploitative", it should be permitted, as trying to put regulations on sweatshop labor
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in the colonial world. For those groups that remained focused on slavery, sweatshops became one of the primary objects of controversy. Workplaces across multiple sectors of the economy were categorized as sweatshops. However, there were fundamental philosophical disagreements about what constituted
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lawsuit against Nike, did not result in any discernible change in stock price of the targeted company. The study found that 64.1% of the companies targeted by anti-sweatshop movements saw drops in stock price in the five days following the anti-sweatshop event, and 56.4% saw drops in the two days
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A study published in 2011 found that while in most cases anti-sweatshop movements did not affect sales for companies using sweatshops, they did correspond with a decrease in the sales of well-known, more specialized brands and more intense movements caused more significant reduction in the sales.
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While many sweatshop workers have higher wages compared to other industry workers such as agriculture, they are still exploited by brands and corporations that take an advantage of low wage standards in third world countries. For example, according to
Bangladeshi labor organizations, the average
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The criticisms of sweatshops, and thus the reason for an anti-sweatshop movement, begins with the lack of safety regulations in sweatshops and their exploitative nature. Matt
Zwolinski argues that though sweatshop laborers technically "choose" to work in sweatshops, this decision is not "fully
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The movement also utilized YouTube to spread awareness. To promote the hashtag in 2015, Fashion
Revolution released a video titled “The 2 Euro T-Shirt - A Social Experiment". The video showed a vending machine selling T-shirts for 2 Euros. When people went to purchase the shirt, a video played
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In recent years, the apparel industry has become increasingly globalized which has caused production to move abroad. Over 850,000 jobs were lost in developed countries but that number was matched by growth in the Third World. Four-fifths of the employment growth occurred in Asian countries-
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The same study also found that anti-sweatshop events also seemed to correspond with lower stock prices for the companies that were the target of these events, though some major anti-sweatshop events such the
264:. In the United Kingdom the Factory Act was revised six further times between 1844 and 1878 to help improve the condition of workers by limiting work hours and the use of child labor. The formation of the
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in 1919 under the League of
Nations and then the United Nations sought to address the plight of workers the world over. Concern over working conditions as described by muckraker journalists during the
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co-founders, Carry Somers and Orsola de Castro. Celebrities including Emma Watson, Kelly Slater, and
Fernanda Paes Leme used the hashtag on Twitter to support the issue.
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to improve the conditions of workers in those countries. These campaigns are meant to improve the working conditions through advocacy for higher wages, safer conditions,
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and other protections. While they are meant to undermine the reputation of companies using sweatshop labor, they are not statistically significant as intended.
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Armbruster-Sandoval, Ralph. "Workers of the world unite? The contemporary anti-sweatshop movement and the struggle for social justice in the
Americas."
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Ultimately, the abolitionist movement split apart. Some advocates focused on working conditions and found common cause with trade unions and
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and the United
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Bartley, Tim, and Curtis Child. “Movements, Markets and Fields: The Effects of Anti-sweatshop Campaigns on U.S. Firms, 1993-2000”.
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Powell, Benjamin, and Matt Zwolinski. "The ethical and economic case against sweatshop labor: A critical assessment."
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would only result in sweatshops needing fewer workers, thus reducing opportunities for individuals to make a living.
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1010:"The Bangladesh factory tragedy and the moralists of sweatshop economics | Maha Rafi Atal"
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slavery. Unable to agree on the status of sweatshops, the abolitionists working with the
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Mandle, Jay R. (2000). "The Student Anti-Sweatshop Movement: Limits and Potential".
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Why Economists Are Wrong About Sweatshops and the Antisweatshop Movement
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Some of the earliest sweatshop critics were found in the 19th-century
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that the anti-sweatshop movement is in some ways, he said, "like the
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Campaigns to improve the conditions of workers in abusive workplaces
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Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem
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The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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movement that had originally coalesced in opposition to chattel
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would inspire the Marxist movement named for his collaborator,
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National Labor Committee in Support of Human and Worker Rights
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Nicholas D. Kristof's criticism of the anti-sweatshop movement
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in poorer countries by companies based in wealthy countries.
893:"THE ANTI-SWEATSHOP MOVEMENT and CORPORATE Codes of Conduct"
718:"Fair Labor Standards Act - FLSA - 29 U.S. Code Chapter 8".
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refers to campaigns to improve the conditions of workers in
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535:- a student organization in the United States and Canada
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Some people, such as Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist
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The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844
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234:. Others focused on the continued slave trade and
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283:In the late 20th century, with the advent of
250:Those focused on working conditions included
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1203:Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
709:. Alta Mira Press, Walnut Creek, California.
692:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8–22.
498:- a specialized agency of the United Nations
485:Institute for Global Labour and Human Rights
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891:Adams, Roy J.; Hallock, Margaret (2001).
156:Learn how and when to remove this message
558:Hong Kong Christian Industrial Committee
49:of all important aspects of the article.
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504:- a Canadian anti-sweatshop network
370:Debate on the effects of sweatshops
226:and socialist political groups, or
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533:United Students Against Sweatshops
514:, a textile artist who engages in
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496:International Labour Organization
266:International Labour Organization
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763:Blanchard, Tamsin (2019-04-22).
491:International Labor Rights Forum
344:hashtag was launched in 2013 by
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81:needs additional citations for
37:may be too short to adequately
1008:Atal, Maha Rafi (2013-04-29).
312:People working in a sweatshop.
47:provide an accessible overview
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643:National Anti-Sweating League
510:- an organization founded by
356:Effectiveness of the movement
930:"Two Cheers for Sweatshops"
276:of 1938, passed during the
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881:90.2 (2011): 425–451. Web.
502:Maquila Solidarity Network
412:Provision of opportunities
322:transnational corporations
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1198:History of fashion design
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688:Powell, Benjamin (2014).
105:"Anti-sweatshop movement"
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539:Worker Rights Consortium
274:Fair Labor Standards Act
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1937:Anti-sweatshop movement
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303:Anti-Apartheid Movement
289:exploitation of workers
169:Anti-sweatshop movement
1988:Chinoiserie in fashion
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448:Clean Clothes Campaign
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565:Prominent campaigners
552:China Labour Bulletin
474:environmental justice
424:Effects on employment
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236:involuntary servitude
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1299:Fashion illustration
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852:Who Made My Clothes?
751:Work and Occupations
228:progressive movement
90:improve this article
1947:Sustainable fashion
1914:Vietnamese clothing
1445:Western dress codes
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601:Mary Reid Macarthur
433:Views of economists
217:Factory Act of 1833
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1978:Ballet and fashion
1962:Zero-waste fashion
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1356:Trickle-up fashion
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1309:Fashion journalism
1304:Fashion influencer
1058:. pp. 93–122.
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616:Rutherford Waddell
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653:Sweatshop-free
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41:the key points
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1151:Fashion plate
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879:Social Forces
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832:on 2020-09-27
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797:"2018 Impact"
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576:Alfred Deakin
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479:Green America
477:
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442:Organizations
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389:Globalization
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318:globalization
310:
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285:globalization
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254:, whose book
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200:
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194:
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181:United States
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174:
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160:
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149:
146:February 2023
138:
135:
131:
128:
124:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107: –
106:
102:
101:Find sources:
95:
91:
85:
84:
79:This article
77:
73:
68:
67:
58:
55:February 2021
48:
42:
40:
35:
30:
26:
21:
20:
2056:Minimum wage
1952:Slow fashion
1936:
1932:Anti-fashion
1909:Thai fashion
1570:Smart casual
1490:Evening gown
1329:Fast fashion
1274:Fashion blog
1236:Fashion week
1231:Fashion show
1213:21st century
1208:19th century
1055:
1049:
1041:
1036:
1025:. Retrieved
1014:The Guardian
1013:
961:
957:
937:. Retrieved
933:
903:(1): 15–18.
900:
896:
886:
878:
856:, retrieved
851:
845:
834:. Retrieved
830:the original
825:
815:
804:. Retrieved
800:
791:
780:. Retrieved
769:The Guardian
768:
758:
750:
733:
727:
719:
714:
706:
689:
683:
675:
672:
667:
628:Child labour
611:R. H. Tawney
458:fast fashion
436:
427:
415:
401:
392:
383:
362:
359:
350:
339:
315:
296:
293:Noam Chomsky
282:
255:
249:
221:
209:abolitionist
206:
197:unionization
168:
167:
152:
143:
133:
126:
119:
112:
100:
88:Please help
83:verification
80:
52:
36:
34:lead section
1790:Heavy metal
1712:Alternative
1695:Bling-bling
1625:Young fogey
1475:Semi-formal
1370:Traditional
1314:Fashion law
508:microRevolt
189:New Zealand
177:child labor
2066:Labour law
2045:Categories
1993:Dress code
1820:By country
1805:Rockabilly
1668:Athleisure
1663:Sportswear
1643:Streetwear
1620:Teddy Boys
1603:Ivy League
1389:Diplomatic
1379:Ceremonial
1027:2020-05-06
964:: 92–103.
939:2016-02-26
858:2020-04-15
836:2020-04-15
820:Dot, Red.
806:2020-04-15
782:2020-04-15
734:The Nation
659:References
633:Craftivism
571:Lady Astor
527:UNITE HERE
516:Craftivism
375:Criticisms
298:The Nation
232:muckrakers
173:sweatshops
116:newspapers
1760:Steampunk
1720:Androgyny
1532:Christian
1524:Religious
1485:Black tie
1468:Ball gown
1463:White tie
1351:Sweatshop
1022:0261-3077
986:154404388
909:1534-9276
777:0261-3077
512:Cat Mazza
398:Low wages
262:Karl Marx
185:Australia
39:summarize
1971:See also
1957:Trashion
1755:Skinhead
1725:Bohemian
1683:Surfwear
1673:Gorpcore
1512:Pantsuit
1497:Informal
1401:Military
1394:Academic
1372:clothing
1334:in China
1246:Industry
1099:articles
622:See also
295:said in
278:New Deal
230:and the
224:Marxists
191:and the
1998:Undress
1877:History
1775:Greaser
1658:Hipster
1648:Hip hop
1542:Islamic
1416:Service
1180:History
1114:General
1097:Fashion
978:1049242
546:In Asia
521:Rugmark
213:slavery
203:History
130:scholar
1785:Grunge
1770:Rocker
1745:Lolita
1740:Gothic
1735:Fetish
1653:Hippie
1598:Preppy
1561:Casual
1537:Jewish
1453:Formal
1428:Combat
1421:Sailor
1254:Awards
1223:Events
1020:
984:
976:
907:
775:
460:brands
132:
125:
118:
111:
103:
1800:Skate
1750:Queer
1384:Court
982:S2CID
974:JSTOR
363:Kaksy
340:The #
137:JSTOR
123:books
1795:Punk
1780:Glam
1588:Chic
1502:Suit
1435:Folk
1411:Mess
1406:Full
1018:ISSN
905:ISSN
773:ISSN
326:Nike
320:and
109:news
1730:Emo
1610:Mod
966:doi
962:570
330:Gap
328:or
92:by
2047::
1016:.
1012:.
994:^
980:.
972:.
960:.
948:^
932:.
917:^
899:.
895:.
866:^
824:.
799:.
771:.
767:.
742:^
698:^
676:34
280:.
247:.
187:,
183:,
1089:e
1082:t
1075:v
1030:.
988:.
968::
942:.
911:.
901:5
839:.
809:.
785:.
722:.
159:)
153:(
148:)
144:(
134:·
127:·
120:·
113:·
86:.
57:)
53:(
43:.
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