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to a foundation's underlying political aspects to their development plan, where the politics outweigh the science of disease. The diseases then treated are ranked by their prevalence, morbidity, risk of mortality, and the feasibility of control. Through this ranking system, the disease that cause the most mortality and are most easily treated are given the funding. The argument occurs because once these people are treated, they are sent back to the conditions that led to the disease in the first place. By doing this, money and resources from aid can be wasted when people are re-infected. This was seen in the
Rockefeller Foundation's Hookworm campaign in Mexico in the 1920s, where people were treated for hookworm and then contracted the disease again once back in the conditions from which they came. To prevent this, money could be spent on teaching citizens of the developing countries health education, basic sanitation, and providing adequate access to prevention methods and medical infrastructure. Not only would NGO money be better spent, but it would be more sustainable. These arguments suggest that the NGO development aid should be used for prevention and determining root causes rather acting upon political endeavours and treating for the sake of saying they helped.
664:, Sri Lanka, aims to improve the management of land and water resources for food, livelihoods and the environment. One project its scientists worked on demonstrates the impact that improving water management in agriculture can have. The study, funded by the Japan Bank for International Cooperation, initially upgraded and irrigated the irrigation system on the Walawe Left Bank, Sri Lanka, in 1997. In 2005, irrigation was extended to a further area. An analysis of the whole area was carried out in 2007 and 2008. This study found that access to irrigation provided families with opportunities to diversify their livelihood activities and potentially increase their incomes. For example, people with land could reliably grow rice or vegetables instead of working as labourers or relying on rainfall to water their crops. Those without land could benefit by working within new inland fisheries. Within the project's control area, 57% of households were below the poverty line in 2002 compared with 43% in 2007.
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1288:, as well as elite responsibility, have helped create strong states with the means and efficiency to carry out development policies today. On the other hand, strong states are not always the form of political organization most conducive to economic development. Other historical factors, especially the experiences of colonialism for each country, have intervened to make a strong state and/or good governance less likely for some countries, especially in Africa. Another important factor that has been found to affect the quality of institutions and governance was the pattern of colonization (how it took place) and even the identity of colonizing power. International agencies may be able to promote good governance through various policies of intervention in developing nations as indicated in a few African countries, but comparative analysis suggests it may be much more difficult to achieve in most poor nations around the world.
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cheaper alternatives. Sometimes foreign aid is seen to be serving the interests of the donor more than the recipient, and critics also argue that some of the foreign aid is stolen by corrupt governments and officials, and that higher aid levels erode the quality of governance. Policy becomes much more oriented toward what will get more aid money than it does towards meeting the needs of the people. Problems with the aid system and not aid itself are that the aid is excessively directed towards the salaries of consultants from donor countries, the aid is not spread properly, neglecting vital, less publicized area such as agriculture, and the aid is not properly coordinated among donors, leading to a plethora of disconnected projects rather than unified strategies.
889:
850:. Given that many less developed nations have gotten themselves into extensive debt to banks and governments from the rich nations, and given that the interest payments on these debts are often more than a country can generate per year in profits from exports, cancelling part or all of these debts may allow poor nations "to get out of the hole". If poor countries do not have to spend so much on debt payments, they can use the money instead for priorities which help reduce poverty such as basic health-care and education. Many nations began offering services, such as free health care even while overwhelming the health care infrastructure, because of savings that resulted from the rounds of debt relief in 2005.
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1740:, families with the most astounding dispensable salaries number 2.6 people, while families with the least discretionary cash flow number 4.7 people. With rising costs of simple commodities and privatization of the training market, economically distraught families will end up in an undeniably hard position to educate their own children. However, this type of social welfare will significantly lower the Taiwan's revenue. Due to the slow economic development in the past years, this method will no longer close the income inequality or reduce the unemployment rate effectively in the future.
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730:. In Mexico, for example, the country with the largest such program, dropout rates of 16- to 19-year-olds in rural area dropped by 20% and children gained half an inch in height. Initial fears that the program would encourage families to stay at home rather than work to collect benefits have proven to be unfounded. Instead, there is less excuse for neglectful behavior as, for example, children are prevented from begging on the streets instead of going to school because it could result in suspension from the program.
602:, poverty rates have risen higher between 75 million and 95 million individuals suffering from extreme poverty between pre-pandemic to 2022. This higher increase in poverty rates can be reflected by the rise in unemployment and work productivity caused by the pandemic. It is said that the global labor productivity between 200-2007 to 2011–2019 with a difference of 0.9 per cent productivity decrease has a similar rate which is seen between the years 2019 to 2021 and slowly declining since 2010. The
404:
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those 10 years had prevailed over the next 15 years, it would be possible to decrease the rate of extreme poverty in the world to 4 per cent by 2030, assuming the growth will benefit all income groups of the population on an equal footing. However, if the growth rate was over a longer period of 20 years, the rate of prevalent global poverty is likely to be about 6 per cent. In other words, the eradication of extreme poverty will require a significant change from its historical growth rates.
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of welfare, such results suggest that past poverty reduction procedures have not been precise. Unless suitable reduction procedures are formulated and implemented in the near future, rustic poverty will probably be a real issue for quite some long time. Families are determined to be low-pay if their monthly income does not surpass the evaluated monthly minimum set by every city or region. To meet the family's essential needs (shelter, food, clothing, and education) in
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1777:, Paul Polak and Mal Warwick directly addressed the criticism leveled against Prahalad's concept. They noted that big business often failed to create products that actually met the needs and desires of the customers who lived at the bottom-of-the-pyramid. Their answer was that a business that wanted to succeed in that market had to spend time talking to and understanding those customers. Polak had previously promoted this approach in his previous book,
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school-age children and well-being programs for women and children. In addition, there are additionally community associations, scholastic organizations, and private establishments arranged by government offices to help needy people. In principle, Taiwan is currently a liberal and elections based society. Hence social versatility ought to be the standard. Notably, as per an investigation of extra cash in Taiwan by the
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from 2006 to 2008 in Andhra
Pradesh, India, by its subsidiary Solae, a global manufacturer of soy protein ... Because the high costs of doing business among the very poor demand a high contribution per transaction, companies must embrace the reality that high margins and price points aren't just a top-of-the-pyramid phenomenon; they're also a necessity for ensuring sustainable businesses at the bottom of the pyramid.
1030:, the concept of placing gender issues into the mainstream of society, was established by the United Nations Fourth World Conference on Women as a global strategy for promoting gender equality; the UN conference emphasized the necessity to ensure that gender equality is a primary goal in all areas of social and economic development, which includes the discussion of poverty and its reduction. Correspondingly, the
2818:, p. 101; "Critics of neoliberalism have therefore looked at the evidence that documents the results of this great experiment of the past 30 years, in which many markets have been set free. Looking at the evidence, we can see that the total amount of global trade has increased significantly, but that global poverty has increased, with more today living in abject poverty than before neoliberalism."
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637:(ICRISAT). The researchers estimated that using the varieties would bring about a total benefit of US$ 111 million for 30 years with consumers receiving 39% of the benefit and producers 61%. They expected the generated benefit would lift more than 0.7 million people (both producers and consumers) out of poverty. The authors concluded that further investments in the
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regard. For example, road investments in India were a staggering 3–10 times more effective than almost all other investments and subsidies in rural economy in the decade of the 1990s. What a road does at a macro level to increase transport, the bicycle supports at the micro level. The bicycle, in that sense, can be one of the best means to eradicate poverty in poor nations.
1770:"believe that in pursuing its own self-interest in opening and expanding the BoP market, business can make a profit while serving the poorest of consumers and contributing to development." According to Rangan "For business, the bulk of emerging markets worldwide is at the bottom of the pyramid so it makes good business sense – not a sense of do-gooding – to go after it."
1785:(iDE), which he had formed in 1982. Polak and Warwick provided practical advice: a product needed to affect at least a billion people (i.e., have universal appeal), it had to be able to be delivered to customers living where there was not a FedEx office or even a road, and it had to be "radically affordable" to attract someone who earned less than $ 2 a day.
873:, and to lower-income countries that went through the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative. The process by the IMF to carry out the initiative could be broken down into two steps, the first would be meeting four criteria including a track record and the second encompasses three criteria which include implementing and adopting key reforms, such as the
581:, for example, employment growth has slowed while productivity growth has continued. Furthermore, productivity increases do not always lead to increased wages, as can be seen in the US, where the gap between productivity and wages has been rising since the 1980s. The ODI study showed that other sectors were just as important in reducing unemployment, as
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the base monthly costs are fit to get a monthly sponsorship of $ 174. Private transfers also play an important role in Taiwan for antipoverty according to the date Taiwan provided to the
Luxembourg Income Studies, the results indicates the private transfer has greater impact than public transfers in terms of proving welfare state.
383:, among others, has called for an international movement to end extreme wealth concentration arguing that the concentration of resources in the hands of the top 1% depresses economic activity and makes life harder for everyone else—particularly those at the bottom of the economic ladder. And they say that the gains of the world's
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2,696 in fees, wait 82 business days, and go through 20 procedures to do the same. Such costly barriers favor big firms at the expense of small enterprises where most jobs are created. In India before economic reforms, businesses had to bribe government officials even for routine activities, which was in effect a tax on business.
999:, health and other social and economic indicators impose large costs on well-being and health of the poor, which diminishes productivity and the potential to reduce poverty. The limited opportunities of women in most societies restrict their aptitude to improve economic conditions and access services to enhance their well-being.
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appreciates the advantages of Taiwan's economic flourishing and extraordinarily enhanced personal satisfaction. Beside lowly-paid families, the government offers support to other individuals, for example, the elderly and the incapacitated, who cannot work. During 1980 to 1999 Taiwanese government developed a program called
885:, and the World Bank have predicted at least a billion people would be in extreme poverty, from the war aftermath in Ukraine. Some suggestions that were made were based on countries having the stability to stable access limits, addressing debt risks early, and aligning financial goals with sustainable development goals.
1056:, or ensuring that women and men have equal opportunities to generate and manage income, is an important step to enhancing their development within the household and in society. Additionally, women play an important economic role in addressing poverty experienced by children. By increasing female participation in the
570:, increasing labour productivity appears to have a negative impact on job creation: in the 1960s, a 1% increase in output per worker was associated with a reduction in employment growth of 0.07%, by the first decade of this century the same productivity increase implies reduced employment growth by 0.54%.
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Marc
Gunther states that "The bottom-of-the-pyramid (BOP) market leader, arguably, is Unilever ... Its signature BOP product is Pureit, a countertop water-purification system sold in India, Africa and Latin America. It's saving lives, but it's not making money for shareholders." This leaves the ideal
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Despite achieving healthy penetration rates of 5% to 10% in four test markets, for instance, Procter & Gamble couldn't generate a competitive return on its Pur water-purification powder after launching the product on a large scale in 2001... DuPont ran into similar problems with a venture piloted
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deployed in the previous two decades, poverty levels in several countries of the world has not been reduced. Recent research has demonstrated that the low wage levels of the needy families have risen gradually, although in some scenarios they have declined. While wage level is the main median pointer
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Poverty reduction requires governments to identify and reach out to extremely poor and help them out of poverty through sustainable measures. One such approach supported by many international donors is of targeted poverty reduction programmes. There are several poverty targeting methods through which
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The increase in extreme weather events, linked to climate change, and resulting disasters is expected to continue. Disasters are a major cause of impoverishment and can reverse progress towards poverty reduction. A report by the World Bank shows that poor persons are most prone to climate disasters.
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Some have argued for radical economic change in the system. There are several fundamental proposals for restructuring existing economic relations, and many of their supporters argue that their ideas would reduce or even eliminate poverty entirely if they were implemented. Such proposals have been put
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Raising farm incomes is described as the core of the antipoverty effort as three-quarters of the poor today are farmers. Estimates show that growth in the agricultural productivity of small farmers is, on average, at least twice as effective in benefiting the poorest half of a country's population as
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New enterprises and foreign investment can be driven away by the results of inefficient institutions, corruption, the weak rule of law and excessive bureaucratic burdens. It takes two days, two bureaucratic procedures, and $ 280 to open a business in Canada while an entrepreneur in
Bolivia must pay $
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program. NHI mainly provides economically disadvantaged people with quality healthcare at an affordable price. July 1993, the government of Taiwan started giving a monthly sponsorship to elderly people. People beyond 65 years old whose normal family salary is not exactly, or equivalent to, 1.5 times
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Experiments done in Africa (Uganda and
Tanzania) and Sri Lanka on hundreds of households have shown that a bicycle can increase the income of a poor family by as much as 35%. Transport, if analyzed for the cost-benefit analysis for rural poverty alleviation, has given one of the best returns in this
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Several platforms have been adopted and reiterated across many organizations in support of the empowerment of women with the specific aim of reducing poverty. Encouraging more economic and political participation by women increases financial independence from and social investment in the government,
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and NGOs have argued that
Western monetary aid often only serves to increase poverty and social inequality, either because it is conditioned with the implementation of harmful economic policies in the recipient countries, or because it is tied to the importing of products from the donor country over
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such as in China, where laws compel foreign multinationals to train their future
Chinese competitors in strategic industries and render themselves redundant in the long term. In Thailand, the 51 per cent rule compels multinational corporations starting operations in Thailand give 51 per cent control
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Others have noted that relying on BoP consumers to choose to purchase items that increase their incomes is naive. Poor consumers may spend their income disproportionately on events or goods and services that offer short-term benefits rather than invest in things that could change their lives in the
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began to focus on working directly with helping bottom-of-the-pyramid populations become local, small-scale entrepreneurs. Since so much of this population is engaged in agriculture, these NGOs have addressed market gaps that enable small-scale (i.e., plots less than 2 hectares) farmers to increase
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Some people disagree with aid when looking at where the development aid money from NGOs and other funding is going. Funding tends to be used in a selective manner where the highest ranked health problem is the only thing treated, rather than funding basic health care development. This can occur due
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Another initiative focused on improving the hunger situation by improving nutrition is the
Scaling up Nutrition movement (SUN). Started in 2010, this movement of people from governments, civil society, the United Nations, donors, businesses and researchers publishes a yearly progress report on the
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is an organization in the United States working to secure freedom from poverty for all by organizing the poor themselves. The
Campaign believes that a human rights framework, based on the value of inherent dignity and worth of all persons, offers the best means by which to organize for a political
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is a key element in economically empowering women and fostering economic growth overall for both genders. With legitimate claims to land, women gain bargaining power, which can be applied to their lives outside of and within the household. The ability and opportunity for women to lawfully own land
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Creating entrepreneurs through microfinance can produce unintended outcomes: Some entrepreneurial borrowers become informal intermediaries between microfinance initiatives and poorer micro-entrepreneurs. Those who more easily qualify for microfinance split loans into smaller credit to even poorer
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In 1999, the government of Taiwan spent US$ 5.08 billion on social welfare projects and offered numerous sorts of assistance to people and families from low-pay sets. Notwithstanding money, assistance to get employment is given to the breadwinners in families, alongside educational guide for
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and seeks to ensure social protection for the poor and supporting people affected by climate-related extreme events. As the decade that began in 2002, the percentage of the world's population living under the poverty line reduced by half, from 26 per cent to 13 per cent. If the growth rate during
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laid out a plan to eradicate global poverty by 2025. Following his recommendations, international organizations such as the Global Solidarity Network are working to help eradicate poverty worldwide with intervention in the areas of housing, food, education, basic health, agricultural inputs, safe
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economic development and a host of other strategies will not work." Despite the promise of such research several questions remain, such as where good governance comes from and how it can be achieved. The comparative analysis of one sociologist suggests that broad historical forces have shaped the
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since having a source of income elevates their financial and social status. However, women's entry into the paid labor force does not necessarily equate to reduction of poverty; the creation of decent employment opportunities and movement of women from the informal work sector to the formal labor
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is forced to spend aid money on foreign goods and services to build a network of railways even though it is cheaper to use local expertise and resources. Money from the United States to fight AIDS requires it be spent on U.S brand name drugs that can cost up to $ 15,000 a year compared to $ 350 a
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he argues that traditional poverty eradication strategies have been misguided and fail to address underlying problems. He lists "Three Great Poverty Eradication Myths": that we can donate people out of poverty, that national economic growth will end poverty, and that Big Business, operating as it
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concludes that increasing land rights is 'the key to reducing poverty' citing that land rights greatly increase poor people's wealth, in some cases doubling it. It is estimated that state recognition of the property of the poor would give them assets worth 40 times all the foreign aid since 1945.
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as one pillar of gender equality and women's empowerment. Sustainable economic growth requires poor people to have influence on the decisions that affect their lives; specifically strengthening women's voices in the political process builds social independence and greater consideration of gender
967:, policies aimed to reduce poverty have begun to address poor women separately from poor men. In addition to engendering poverty and poverty interventions, a correlation between greater gender equality and greater poverty reduction and economic growth has been illustrated by research through the
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as their jobs are insecure and low paid and offer no chance to accumulate wealth to avoid risks. This appears to be the result of a negative relationship between employment creation and increased productivity, when a simultaneous positive increase is required to reduced poverty. According to the
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pointed to widening income inequality as the defining challenge of our time. "In advanced economies, the gap between the rich and poor is at its highest level in decades. Inequality trends have been more mixed in emerging markets and developing countries (EMDCs), with some countries experiencing
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Improving water management is an effective way to help reduce poverty among farmers. With better water management, they can improve productivity and potentially move beyond subsistence-level farming. During the Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s, for example, irrigation was a key factor in
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have argued that it reduces poverty. Other commentators have claimed that, due to economic liberalization, poverty in the world is rising rather than declining, and the data provided by the World Bank, echoing that poverty is decreasing, is flawed. They also argue that extending property rights
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Across the board, a number of industries are stratified across the genders. This is the result of a variety of factors. These include differences in education choices, preferred job and industry, work experience, number of hours worked, and breaks in employment (such as for bearing and raising
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welfare states constituting over 40% of GDP. These modern welfare states, which largely arose in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, seeing their greatest expansion in the mid 20th century, and have proven themselves highly effective in reducing relative as well as absolute poverty in all
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Pursued through policies of privatization, deregulation, and financialization, and buttressed by an ideology of private property, free markets, and free trade, neoliberalism has entailed cuts in taxes for the rich and cuts in protections and benefits for workers and the poor, resulting in an
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also created objectives to address poverty with respect to the different effects on women. One important goal was the revision of laws and administrative practices to ensure women's equal rights and access to economic resources. Mainstreaming strengthens women's active involvement in poverty
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from Taiwan in the previous two decades appears to have adversely affected the poorest 20% of the populace. Poverty in Taiwan has nearly been eliminated, with under 1 per cent of the populace considered as poor or earning the low-level pay. This implies more than 99 per cent of the populace
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UN economists argue that good infrastructure, such as roads and information networks, helps market reforms to work. China claims it is investing in railways, roads, ports and rural telephones in African countries as part of its formula for economic development. It was the technology of the
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poor communities are identified and tracked for poverty reduction programmes. For instance, one common method of poverty targeting is 'means testing' that uses a certain income or expenditure threshold for an individual or the a household to be considered as poor and eligible for support.
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is most effective at translating productivity growth into employment growth. Agriculture provides a safety net for jobs and economic buffer when other sectors are struggling. This study suggests a more nuanced understanding of economic growth and quality of life and poverty alleviation.
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does now, will end poverty. Economic models which lead to national growth and more big business will not necessarily lead to more opportunities for self-sufficiency. However, businesses designed with a social goal in mind, such as micro finance banks, may be able to make a difference.
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their production and find markets for their harvests. This is done by increasing the availability of farming equipment (e.g., pumps, tillers, seeders) and better quality seed and fertilizer, as well as expanding access for training in farming best practices (e.g., crop rotation).
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In 2013 Caritas International started a Caritas-wide initiative aimed at ending systemic hunger by 2025. The One human family, food for all campaign focuses on awareness raising, improving the impact of Caritas programs and advocating the implementation of the right to food.
537:
2038:"Under traditional (i.e., non-industrialized) modes of economic production, widespread poverty had been accepted as inevitable. The total output of goods and services, even if equally distributed, would still have been insufficient to give the entire population a
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advocated for several efforts: increase women in public office; strengthen advocacy of women's organizations; ensure fair legal protection; and provide equivalent health and education. Fair political representation and participation enable women to lobby for more
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alleviation by linking women's capabilities and contributions with macro-economic issues. The underlying purpose of both the UN and World Bank policies speaks to the use of discussion of gender issues in the promotion of gender equality and reduction of poverty.
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in Bangladesh. The idea is to loan small amounts of money to farmers or villages so these people can obtain the things they need to increase their economic rewards. A small pump costing only $ 50 could make a very big difference in a village without the means of
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job losses for low-skilled workers were 11%, a much higher rate compared to medium and high-skilled workers, and 71% of the lower-income household at least one person in the household was unemployed or had to shut down their business due to the pandemic (61%).
577:", which is why some experts are now promoting the creation of "quality" and not "quantity" in labour market policies. This approach does highlight how higher productivity has helped reduce poverty in East Asia, but the negative impact is beginning to show. In
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recommended that efforts to combat hunger and malnutrition should be the first priority for politicians and private sector philanthropists looking to maximize the effectiveness of aid spending. They put this ahead of other priorities, like the fight against
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published a report in April 2000 which focused on good governance in poor countries as a key to economic development and overcoming the selfish interests of wealthy elites often behind state actions in developing nations. The report concludes that "Without
1263:. These "hard states" have the will and authority to create and maintain policies that lead to long-term development that helps all their citizens, not just the wealthy. Multinational corporations are regulated so that they follow reasonable standards for
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oriented towards reducing poverty. Toronto Dollars are sold and redeemed in such a way that raise funds which are then given as grants to local charities, primarily ones oriented towards reducing poverty. Toronto Dollars also provide a means to create an
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Although approaches varied, the World Bank said the key issues were security of tenure and ensuring land transactions were low cost. In China and India, noted reductions in poverty in recent decades have occurred mostly as a result of the abandonment of
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have saved millions of lives. Aid from non-governmental organizations may be more effective than governmental aid; this may be because it is better at reaching the poor and better controlled at the grassroots level. As a point of comparison, the annual
963:. Because women and men experience poverty differently, they hold dissimilar poverty reduction priorities and are affected differently by development interventions and poverty reduction strategies. In response to the socialized phenomenon known as the
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led to high economic growth, eliminating mass poverty in what is now considered the developed world. World GDP per person quintupled during the 20th century. In 1820, 75% of humanity lived on less than a dollar a day, while in 2001 only about 20% did.
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that originally began the dramatic decreases in poverty levels. Cell phone technology brings the market to poor or rural sections. With necessary information, remote farmers can produce specific crops to sell to the buyers that brings the best price.
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could benefit Ethiopian farmers in future. The study assessed the potential economic and poverty impact of 11 improved chickpea varieties, released by the national agricultural research organization of Ethiopia in collaboration with the
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with the involvement of UN organisations, NGOs and private foundations, develops and disseminates evidence-based advice to politicians and other decision-makers aimed at ending hunger and undernutrition in the coming 10 years, by 2025.
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Report (for the UN Millennium Project) proposes a series of "quick wins", approaches identified by development experts which would cost relatively little but could have a major constructive effect on world poverty. The quick wins are:
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make and enforce good laws that provide security to property and businesses. Efficient and fair governments would work to invest in the long-term interests of the nation rather than plunder resources through corruption. Researchers at
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Graph (based on data from the World Bank) showing the proportion of the world's population (blue) and the absolute numbers of people (red) living on <1, <1.25, and <2 US dollars a day (2005 equivalent values) between 1981 and
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because it learned what worked and what did not. Knowledge on the cost effectiveness of healthcare interventions can be elusive but educational measures to disseminate what works are available, such as the disease control priorities
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market are key to poverty reduction. Other ways to encourage female participation in the workforce to promote decline of poverty include providing childcare services, increasing educational quality and opportunities, and furthering
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campaign is an online communication campaign aimed at raising awareness of the hunger problem. It has many worked through viral videos depicting celebrities voicing their anger about the large number of hungry people in the world.
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Chen, Martha, Joann Vanek, Francie Lund, James Heintz with Renana Jhabvala, and Christine Bonner. 2005. "Employment, Gender, and Poverty," in Progress of the World's Women, pp. 36–57. New York: United Nations Development Fund for
921:. A specific example is the Thai government's People's Bank which is making loans of $ 100 to $ 300 to help farmers buy equipment or seeds, help street vendors acquire an inventory to sell, or help others set up small shops.
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protection to the poor is one of the most important poverty reduction strategies a nation can implement. Securing property rights to land, the largest asset for most societies, is vital to their economic freedom. The
110:
Poverty has been historically accepted in some parts of the world as inevitable as non-industrialized economies produced very little, while populations grew almost as fast, making wealth scarce. Geoffrey Parker wrote
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which advocates the payment of an above market price as well as social and environmental standards in areas related to the production of goods. The efficacy of this approach to poverty reduction is controversial.
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for welfare recipients to work: Toronto dollars can be given as gifts to welfare recipients who perform volunteer work for charitable and non-profit organizations, and these gifts do not affect welfare benefits.
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altogether, while National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) likewise do not deal directly with poverty reduction. Adaptation-poverty linkages were found to be strongest in NAPAs from sub-Saharan Africa
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Milton Friedman argues that the social responsibility of business is to increase its profits only; thus, it needs to be examined whether business in BoP markets is capable of achieving the dual objective of
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have an effect on poverty reduction. Currently modern, expansive welfare states that ensure economic opportunity, independence and security in a near universal manner are still the exclusive domain of the
561:(ILO) estimates that as many as 40% of workers are poor, not earning enough to keep their families above the $ 2 a day poverty line. For instance, in India most of the chronically poor are wage earners in
190:
Poverty alleviation also involves improving the living conditions of people who are already poor. Aid, particularly in the medical and scientific areas, is essential in providing better lives, such as the
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1219:, ordinary people would benefit "in a way that aid flows will never achieve". The report asked for more regulation of banks as they have proved capable of stanching the flow of funds linked to terrorism,
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country programme supports operations in 11 poor provinces. Between 2002 and 2010 around 1,000 saving and credit groups (SCGs) were formed, with over 17,000 members; these SCGs increased their access to
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of women has relatively recently become a significant area of discussion with respect to development and economics; however it is often regarded as a topic that only addresses and primarily deals with
304:. However, trade rules are often unfair as they block access to richer nations' markets and ban poorer nations from supporting their industries. Processed products from poorer nations, in contrast to
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In Antwerp and Lyon, two of the largest cities in western Europe, by 1600 three-quarters of the total population were too poor to pay taxes, and therefore likely to need relief in times of crisis.
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Howell, David R. and Mamadou Diallo. 2007. "Charting U.S. Economic Performance with Alternative Labor Market Indicators: The Importance of Accounting for Job Quality." SCEPA Working Paper 2007-6.
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It is predicted that by 2030, 325 million (plus) extremely poor people will be living in the 49 most hazard prone countries. Most of these are located in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Social connectedness to people of higher income levels is a strong predictor of upward income mobility. However, data shows substantial social segregation correlating with economic income groups.
536:
91:, are those that raise, or are intended to raise, ways of enabling the poor to create wealth for themselves as a conduit of ending poverty forever. In modern times, various economists within the
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and efficient government over 100 years ago. Comparative research has found that the scale is correlated with higher rates of economic development. With their related concept of good governance
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borrowers. Informal intermediation ranges from casual intermediaries at the good or benign end of the spectrum to 'loan sharks' at the professional and sometimes criminal end of the spectrum.
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A major proportion of aid from donor nations is 'tied', mandating that a receiving nation buy products originating only from the donor country. This can be harmful economically. For example,
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has estimated that global unemployment was increased to 33 million in the year 2020 which was four times higher than the global financial crisis that happened in 2009. According to the
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children). Men also typically go into higher paid and higher risk jobs when compared to women. These factors result in 60% to 75% difference between men's and women's average aggregate
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unlocking Asia's agricultural potential and reducing poverty. Between 1961 and 2002, the irrigated area almost doubled, as governments sought to achieve food security, improve public
2949:
3770:
Birn, Anne-Emanuelle; Armando Solórzano (1999). "Public health policy paradoxes: science and politics in the Rockefeller Foundation's hookworm campaign in Mexico in the 1920s".
5382:
Paul Polak and Mal Malwick (2013). "The Business Solution to Poverty: Designing Products and Services for Three Billion New Customers" Published by Berrett-Koehler Publishers
769:
525:
However, several academic studies have shown that mobile phones have only limited effect on poverty reduction when not accompanied by other basic infrastructure development.
266:
principle of ending government sponsorship of social programs has also had negative consequences. For example, the World Bank presses poor nations to eliminate subsidies for
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2884:
518:
in cash and translate these onto a virtual account on customers' phones. Cash transfers can be done between phones and issued back in cash with a small commission, making
3186:
1011:, depending on the source. Various explanations for the remaining 25% to 40% have been suggested, including women's lower willingness and ability to negotiate salary and
4317:
Agarwal, Bina. 1994. "Land Rights for Women: Making the Case," in A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia, pp. 1–50. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.
1707:, one would need to have $ 337 every month. This sum changes relying upon the city's way of life; for instance, one would just need to have $ 171 every month to live in
5482:
5300:
1913:
1267:
and labor conditions, pay reasonable taxes to help develop the country, and keep some of the profits in the country, reinvesting them to provide further development.
411:
Long run economic growth per person is achieved through increases in capital (factors that increase productivity), both human and physical, and technology. Improving
5682:
3426:
2395:
5897:
1375:
1087:
3974:"Developing Countries Must Be Provided with Debt Relief to Prevent Financial Brink, Preserve Progress, Deputy Secretary-General Tells Development Finance Dialogue"
3956:
4050:
4399:
3560:"Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries"
3511:"Unconditional cash transfers for reducing poverty and vulnerabilities: effect on use of health services and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries"
2670:
6394:
1793:
861:, which gave voluntary debt relief to creditors and on foreign debt for Multilateral and Bilateral debt, which was pushed later in a second phase known as the
348:
argued in 2006 that the driving force behind rising inequality in the United States has been a series of deliberate neoliberal policy choices, including anti-
3394:"Ensuring Impact: Reaching the Poorest While Building Financially Self-Sufficient Institutions, and Showing Improvement in the Lives of the Poorest Families"
1674:
4417:
Evans, Peter; Rauch, James E. (1999). "Bureaucracy and Growth: A Cross-National Analysis of the Effects of 'Weberian' State Structures on Economic Growth".
4112:
811:
Supporters of aid argue that these problems may be solved with better auditing of how the aid is used. Immunization campaigns for children, such as against
557:(ODI) of 24 countries that experienced growth found that in 18 cases, poverty was alleviated. However, employment is no guarantee of escaping poverty. The
4139:
423:
of 2% in the 1930s, higher than any nation today. It reduced it to 0.5–0.6% in the 1950s and to 0.06% today. However, it was spending less each year on
1408:
with climate change adaptation. The two issues are argued to be currently only dealt with in parallel as most poverty reduction strategy papers ignore
888:
4092:
World Bank. 2001a "Engendering Development: Through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources, and Voice". Policy Research Report. Oxford University Press.
3804:
1762:
The concept of business serving the world's poorest four billion or so people has been popular since CK Prahalad introduced the idea through his book
718:, where such a program pays just $ 13 a month, people were able to pay tuition fees, raising the proportion of children going to school by 92%, child
1766:
in 2004, among many business corporations and business schools. Kash Rangan, John Quelch, and other faculty members at the Global Poverty Project at
1215:
are often diverted into private hands and then sent to banks overseas as a result of graft. If Western banks rejected stolen money, says a report by
6342:
4838:
4568:
901:
657:
2039:
341:
5688:
5155:
881:
reflects debt relief for Developing Countries which showed that between 2019 and 2021, debt from governments has risen from 58 to 65 per cent in
676:
has based his career around doing both at once, creating companies that employ the poor while creating "radically" affordable goods. In his book
3667:
Bradley, D.; Huber, E.; Moller, S.; Nielson, F.; Stephens, J. D. (2003). "Determinants of relative poverty in advanced capitalist democracies".
5869:
2617:
4681:
4199:
2586:
2413:
5641:
5421:
3735:
Walsh, Julia A.; Kenneth S. Warren (1980). "Selective primary health care: An interim strategy for disease control in developing countries".
1782:
866:
207:, which mandates receiving nations to buy products, often more expensive, originating only from donor countries. Nevertheless, some believe (
912:
One of the most popular of the new technical tools for economic development and poverty reduction are microloans made famous in 1976 by the
6321:
5252:
5226:
3245:
2685:
1804:
1092:
4357:
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950:
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and generate economic growth. In South Asia, cereal production rose by 137% from 1970 to 2007. This was achieved with only 3% more land.
1963:
862:
549:
Economic growth has the indirect potential to alleviate poverty, as a result of simultaneous increases in employment opportunities and
5614:
5587:
5435:"Microfinance for poverty alleviation: Do transnational initiatives overlook fundamental questions of competition and intermediation?"
3393:
3148:
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317:
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1123:
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and empowering women are necessary steps in overcoming poverty and furthering development as supported by the human development and
603:
558:
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was directly responsible for a "surprisingly large" increase in imports from Africa. Deals can sometimes be negotiated to favor the
2042:
by prevailing standards. With the economic productivity that resulted from industrialization, however, this ceased to be the case"
4759:
4652:
2461:
4280:
Narayan, Deepa and Nicholas Stern. 2002. "Empowerment and Poverty Reduction: A Sourcebook", pp. 1–272. Washington DC: World Bank.
2874:
1715:
1405:
874:
5086:
Chinn, Dennis (1979). "Rural Poverty and the Structure of Farm Household Income in Developing Countries: Evidence from Taiwan".
3378:
3322:
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2137:
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Making employment opportunities available is just as important as increasing income and access to basic needs. Poverty activist
6549:
3183:
1903:
854:
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107:. While poverty is much more widespread in developing countries, both types of countries undertake poverty reduction measures.
5483:"Friedman, M. (1970, September 13). The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Its Profits. New York Times Magazine"
1666:
sets globally agreed targets to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.
726:, widely credited as a successful anti-poverty program, is based on actions such as enrolling children in school or receiving
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4951:
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appear to be an effective intervention for reducing poverty, while at the same time improving health and education outcomes.
554:
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5486:
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701:
415:, in the form of health, is needed for economic growth. Nations do not necessarily need wealth to gain health. For example,
225:
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rates fell from 42% to 10% and economic activity grew 10%. Aid could also be rewarded based on doing certain requirements.
6144:
5813:
1659:
1605:
446:
Human capital, in the form of education, is an even more important determinant of economic growth than physical capital.
6380:
6246:
5829:
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Paul Polak (2009), "Out of Poverty: What Works When Traditional Approaches Fail" Published by Berrett-Koehler Publishers
3003:
1943:
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launched one of the first systems where a network of agents of mostly shopkeepers, instead of bank branches, would take
361:
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4042:
1638:
An important part of the fight against poverty are efforts to end hunger and achieve food security. In April 2012, the
6459:
5803:
5699:
Highly-Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) debt relief: Lessons from IMF-World Bank work, 2001–2005, Bill Dorotinsky, IMF/FAD
4403:
2055:
1788:
731:
723:
619:
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advocates respect for countries leadership to implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development.
251:
36:
Information and communication technologies for development help to fight poverty. A mobile phone being charged from a
5689:
Information and Communication Technologies for Development and Poverty Reduction: The Potential of Telecommunications
5381:
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2831:
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4722:
Andrew Shepherd, Tom Mitchell, Kirsty Lewis, Amanda Lenhardt, Lindsey Jones, Lucy Scott and Robert Muir-Wood (2013)
4595:
3362:
1799:
Rather than encouraging multinational businesses to meet the needs of the poor, some organizations such as iDE, the
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researchers have found much the same: Data from 150 nations have shown several measures of good governance (such as
395:
5844:
5773:
4043:"'Friending Bias' / A large new study offers clues about how lower-income children can rise up the economic ladder"
2916:
2043:
1958:
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in which 30% of workers earn low wages (less than two-thirds the median wage for full-time workers) and 35% of the
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1973:
1767:
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964:
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429:
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234:
148:
4101:
U.N. General Assembly, 55th Session. "United Nations Millennium Declaration." (A/55/L.2). 8 September 2000.
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in 2017, which amounted to $ 762 billion, were enough to end extreme global poverty seven times over.
6497:
6332:
6165:
6129:
6048:
6028:
6023:
5963:
5798:
5763:
4298:
UNICEF. 2007. "Equality in Employment," in The State of the World's Children, pp. 36–49. New York: UNICEF.
2513:
Era Dabla-Norris; Kalpana Kochhar; Nujin Suphaphiphat; Frantisek Ricka; Evridiki Tsounta (June 15, 2015).
1993:
1280:
4845:
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3805:
Haiti's rice farmers and poultry growers have suffered greatly since trade barriers were lowered in 1994.
255:
declining inequality, but pervasive inequities in access to education, health care, and finance remain."
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5993:
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2014:
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likelihood of good governance. Ancient civilizations with more developed government organization before
1012:
988:
628:
growth generated in non-agricultural sectors. For example, a 2012 study suggested that new varieties of
360:. The economists David Howell and Mamadou Diallo contend that neoliberal policies have contributed to a
313:
217:) that small changes in the ways people in affluent nations live their lives could solve world poverty.
213:
136:
3065:
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study found the dropping of duty charges on thousands of products from African nations because of the
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Dalglish C. and M. Tonelli 2016. Entrepreneurship at the Bottom of the Pyramid. New York: Routledge.
4004:
3991:
Chetty, Raj; Jackson, Matthew O.; Kuchler, Theresa; Stroebel, Johannes; et al. (1 August 2022).
2549:
Transition: The First Ten Years – Analysis and Lessons for Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union
1928:
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1643:
1170:
1053:
1027:
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87:
5698:
5277:"The Development of Social Welfare Policy in Taiwan: Welfare Debates between the Left and the Right"
4358:"Occupational Health and Safety. [Social Impact]. ICP. Inclusive Cities Project (2008-2014)"
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that many farmers cannot afford at market prices. The reconfiguration of public financing in former
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1988:
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from other countries. Only Norway, Denmark, Netherlands and Britain have stopped tying their aid.
458:
and is only a twenty-fifth as expensive to increase school attendance as by constructing schools.
171:. Inefficient institutions, corruption, and political instability can also discourage investment.
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5968:
5927:
5917:
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5211:"Handbook of the Nations , 17th,18th, 19th and 20theditions for 1996, 1997, 1998 and 1999 data".
5111:
5103:
4911:"Poverty Reduction of Sustainable Development Goals in the 21st Century: A Bibliometric Analysis"
4434:
4378:
IFAD. 2007. "Strategy and Approach: Gender equality and women's empowerment". 21 March 2011. <
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accessible to the poor. Those in poverty place overwhelming importance on having a safe place to
471:
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100:
5002:
3473:
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2126:
Krugman, Paul, and Robin Wells. Macroeconomics. 2. New York City: Worth Publishers, 2009. Print.
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was signed, the world's first legally binding international agreement on food aid. The May 2012
1596:
4365:
3704:"Public policy, economic inequality, and poverty: The United States in comparative perspective"
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2514:
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6114:
6099:
6089:
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5748:
5683:"Educate a Woman, You Educate a Nation" – South Africa Aims to Improve its Education for Girls
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4932:
4511:
4030:
3787:
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Pega, Frank; Pabayo, Roman; Benny, Claire; Lee, Eun-Young; Lhachimi, Stefan; Liu, Sze (2022).
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1978:
1948:
1878:
1529:
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301:
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were common before modern agricultural technology and in places that lack them today, such as
104:
5181:
Tsai, Pang-Long; Huang, Chao-Hsi (2007). "Openness, Growth and Poverty: The Case of Taiwan".
3088:
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Muwanigwa, Virginia. 2002. "Gender Considerations in Poverty Alleviation". Harere, Zimbabwe.
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3779:
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3579:
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Pega, Frank; Liu, Sze; Walter, Stefan; Pabayo, Roman; Saith, Ruhi; Lhachimi, Stefan (2017).
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Increases in employment without increases in productivity leads to a rise in the number of "
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Examples of good governance leading to economic development and poverty reduction include
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countries. Foreign investment and export industries helped fuel the economic expansion of
200:
152:
6352:
5542:
4545:
431:
Promoting hand washing is one of the most cost effective health intervention and can cut
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3206:
2307:
975:
through empowerment of women is a qualitatively significant poverty reduction strategy.
6492:
6487:
6472:
5573:
5404:
5253:"Private Transfers and Emerging Welfare States in East Asia: A Comparative Perspective"
4660:
4025:
3992:
3584:
3559:
3535:
3510:
2175:
2101:
1922:
1918:
1584:
1570:
1535:
1327:
1309:
1305:
1216:
1201:
900:"Working together to end poverty one nail at a time", T-shirt, 50th anniversary of the
773:
Aid for Trade Global Review 2017 Frank Matsaert, Vanessa Erogbogbo and Amelia Kyambadde
737:
495:
491:
176:
168:
96:
4817:
3783:
3491:
3107:
2940:"Billionaires Made So Much Money Last Year They Could End Extreme Poverty Seven Times"
2851:
1818:
making a profit while serving the poorest of consumers and contributing to development
6564:
6337:
5778:
5692:
5599:
5434:
5115:
4185:
3973:
3957:"Factsheet - Debt Relief Under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative"
3748:
3720:
3703:
3319:
2765:
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1461:
1367:
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582:
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180:
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3125:
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945:
Empowering Women - Panel discussion on the occasion of the International Women's Day
372:
while only 40% of the working-age population in the country is adequately employed.
6518:
6429:
6296:
5194:
3942:
3575:
3526:
3317:
Potential economic and poverty impact of improved chickpea technologies in Ethiopia
3184:
Jobs, growth and poverty: what do we know, what don't we know, what should we know?
2827:
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1933:
1553:
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1820:? Erik Simanis has reported that the model has a fatal flaw. According to Simanis:
1431:
1404:, suggests that far more effort should be done to better coordinate and integrate
4379:
4335:
2573:
450:
children costs about 50 cents per child per year and reduces non-attendance from
278:
called for reduced spending on health and education, sharply increasing poverty.
5671:
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1983:
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4799:"Appropriate Transportation and Rural Development in Makete District, Tanzania"
4640:
4016:
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also decreases the asset gap that exists between women and men, which promotes
6281:
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4910:
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4530:
4177:
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The main global policy to reduce hunger and poverty are the recently approved
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4936:
4884:
4760:"Closing the gap between climate adaptation and poverty reduction frameworks"
3882:"World Bank Group - International Development, Poverty, & Sustainability"
2227:
1019:
direct discrimination only explains a small part of gender wage differences.
6439:
5606:
5579:
3427:"A New Approach to Aid: How a Basic Income Program Saved a Namibian Village"
2760:
1754:
1323:
1314:
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developed what they called a "Weberianness scale" which measures aspects of
1134:
507:
447:
440:
416:
349:
128:
17:
4034:
3791:
3653:
3593:
3544:
4698:
4083:". Berlin, Germany: Conference on Sustainable Poverty Reduction and PRSPs.
3756:
6502:
6444:
6419:
5450:
5303:
Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty Through Profits
4508:
World Poverty: The Roots of Global Inequality and the Modern World System
3344:
Revitalising Asia's Irrigation: To sustainably meet tomorrow's food needs
3108:"Market approach recasts often-hungry Ethiopia as potential bread basket"
2911:
2906:
2365:
1764:
Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty Through Profits
1699:
1490:
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issues in policy. In order to promote women's political empowerment, the
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642:
638:
629:
599:
436:
204:
196:
119:
Poverty reduction occurs largely as a result of overall economic growth.
92:
67:
5459:
3635:"Do social-welfare policies reduce poverty? A cross-national assessment"
3492:"Latin America makes a dent in poverty with 'conditional cash' programs"
2515:
Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality : A Global Perspective
842:
One of the proposed ways to help poor countries that emerged during the
494:
addresses the problem of the heavy regulation and costly maintenance of
6467:
6434:
6424:
6286:
5734:
5107:
4438:
4114:
An Analysis of Reasons for the Disparity in Wages Between Men and Women
3993:"Social capital I: measurement and associations with economic mobility"
3688:
3330:
1648:
1498:
1348:
In law, there has been a move to establish the absence of poverty as a
1322:
forward by both left-wing and right-wing groups: socialism, communism,
1250:
1060:, women are able to contribute more effectively to economic growth and
820:
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715:
661:
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to a Thai company in a joint venture. Additionally, the United Nations
164:
99:
to enhance access to the natural world for all. Poverty occurs in both
75:
6372:
5572:
Haymes, Stephen; Vidal de Haymes, Maria; Miller, Reuben, eds. (2015).
5072:
2605:
The Four Little Dragons: The Spread of Industrialization in East Asia.
2414:"The Ethical Poverty Line: a moral quantification of absolute poverty"
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2975:
1708:
1704:
1008:
567:
511:
451:
309:
120:
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1714:
Sustained economic growth is noted as the main propelling agent for
143:
Today, continued economic development is constrained by the lack of
5677:
5099:
4775:
3149:"Mobile phones are not always a cure for poverty in remote regions"
2723:
1296:
Another approach that has been proposed for alleviating poverty is
545:– The importance of MDGs in redefining what are the poverty drivers
5129:
Rajamann. "Poverty inequality and economic growth: Rural Punjab".
4724:"The geography of poverty, disasters and climate extremes in 2030"
3264:"World Bank report puts agriculture at core of antipoverty effort"
3246:"COVID-19 and the social determinants of health and health equity"
3221:"Global Productivity Growth Remains Weak, Extending Slowing Trend"
1753:
1722:
has no noteworthy effect on the mean wage of poor people, outward
1663:
1620:
1609:
1595:
1430:
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768:
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is a supporter of gathering funds for the poor by using a sort of
618:
532:
380:
224:
45:
31:
5634:
Poverty Alleviation through Sustainable Strategic Business Models
5445:(3). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: 103–17.
4546:
Mark Herpel, "The Toronto Dollar: Community Alternative Dollar",
4452:
Kaufmann, D.; Kraay, A; Zoido-Lobaton, P. "Governance Matters.".
3859:
714:
periodically providing citizens with money. In pilot projects in
288:
sent to poor countries, such as India, are sometimes larger than
167:, can be made accessible to the poor through technology, such as
4328:"Strategy and Approach: Gender equality and women's empowerment"
3347:
1652:
1264:
1004:
922:
635:
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
478:
money, much more so than receiving loans. Also, a large part of
297:
6546:
List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty
6376:
5707:
5276:
3351:
2163:"Ethical Man blog: Is the green movement part of the problem?"
1234:, call for a global organization that can manage some form of
1107:
1086:
Political participation is supported by organizations such as
1044:
both of which are critical to pulling society out of poverty.
882:
870:
745:. commonly constituting at least 20% of GDP, with the largest
690:
172:
3881:
5695:
and Joachim von Braun (2006), Johns Hopkins University Press
5321:"The base of the pyramid: will selling to the poor pay off?"
2015:"Women's Empowerment in Zambia | Volunteer Abroad in Africa"
645:
were therefore justified as a means of poverty alleviation.
482:
loans are spent on products that would usually be paid by a
470:
Such technology also helps bring economic freedom by making
332:
Critics have argued that neoliberal policies have increased
4267:
4265:
4263:
2803:
2747:
2562:
Study Finds Poverty Deepening in Former Communist Countries
1483:
Appointing government scientific advisors in every country.
5703:
4159:"The Gender Pay Gap – Have Women Gone as Far as They Can?"
506:
in this respect, could be worth $ 5 billion by 2012.
247:
in China and the cutting of government red tape in India.
3985:
3983:
2907:"Oxfam seeks 'new deal' on inequality from world leaders"
1208:) to be related to higher rates of economic development.
1175:
Efficient institutions that are not corrupt and obey the
5094:(2). The University of Chicago Press Journals: 283–301.
4531:
Barbara Turnbull, "Milestone for the `Toronto Dollar'",
3737:
Social Science & Medicine. Part C: Medical Economics
1738:
Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics
5678:
The Life You Can Save – Acting Now to End World Poverty
5597:
Jones, Campbell; Parker, Martin; Bos, Rene Ten (2005).
4885:"Goal 1 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform"
4758:
Martin Prowse, Natasha Grist and Cheikh Sourang (2009)
4294:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4286:
2517:. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
5575:
The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States
5433:
Arp, Frithjof; Ardisa, Alvin; Ardisa, Alviani (2017).
4839:"Project Tsunami Report Confirms The Power of Bicycle"
4140:"On Equal Pay Day, key facts about the gender pay gap"
3182:
Claire Melamed, Renate Hartwig and Ursula Grant 2011.
74:, that are intended to permanently lift people out of
5670:, on the relationship between poverty reduction, the
2724:"Goal 17 | Department of Economic and Social Affairs"
2684:
Lorenz, Andreas; Wagner, Wieland (27 February 2007).
6511:
6458:
6410:
6269:
6174:
6153:
6077:
5956:
5885:
5878:
5822:
5741:
5685:
WNN – Women News Network. 28 August 2007. Lys Anzia
5031:"Pope Francis denounces 'global scandal' of hunger"
4491:
Overcoming Human Poverty: UNDP Poverty Report 2000.
2396:"Global inequality may be much worse than we think"
1634:
Global initiatives to end hunger and undernutrition
1371:drinking water, transportation and communications.
1253:, which tend to have a strong government, called a
923:
The International Fund for Agricultural Development
3320:http://exploreit.icrisat.org/page/chickpea/685/107
229:The number of people below different poverty lines
5351:
5349:
4454:World Bank Policy Research Working Paper no. 2196
3968:
3966:
3291:"Climate Change: Bangladesh facing the challenge"
2686:"Red China, Inc.: Does Communism Work After All?"
1870:explains economic growth of developing countries.
1400:A researcher at a leading global think-tank, the
865:in order to provide debt relief, that helped the
175:and government support in health, education, and
2875:"Can we fight poverty by ending extreme wealth?"
2832:An Open Letter to Steven Pinker (and Bill Gates)
2462:"World bank poverty figures: what do they mean?"
1914:International Day for the Eradication of Poverty
5059:"Compact2025: Ending hunger and undernutrition"
3943:"Debt Relief: Development news, research, data"
2532:"Ending Famine, Simply by Ignoring the Experts"
2354:"Economic liberalization and poverty reduction"
1836:good business sense – not a sense of do-gooding
1460:(MDGs). In addition to broader approaches, the
113:
2815:
1238:, which could evolve in complexity with time.
6388:
5719:
5668:United Nations Rule of Law: Poverty Reduction
4467:
4465:
4463:
4380:http://www.ifad.org/gender/approach/index.htm
4075:
4073:
4071:
4069:
2711:The Fifth Tiger: A Study of Thai Development.
2551:, The World Bank, Washington, DC, 2002, p. 4.
2216:"Next Step for Microfinance: Taking Deposits"
2194:"Business – Land rights 'help fight poverty'"
1925:deals with individual players in the economy.
623:Helping insure farmers in Argentina and Chile
8:
5510:"Reality Check at the Bottom of the Pyramid"
4569:"Six policies to reduce economic inequality"
4225:"What are the causes? - European Commission"
4081:Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers and Gender
3610:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
3315:Macharia I, Orr A, Simtowe F and Asfaw, S.,
2246:
2244:
2188:
2186:
2184:
1486:Deworming school children in affected areas.
1376:Poor People's Economic Human Rights Campaign
284:increases total surplus of trading nations.
5314:
5312:
4754:
4752:
4718:
4716:
4157:Francine D. Blau; Lawrence M. Kahn (2007).
3842:"Will More Foreign Aid End Global Poverty?"
3836:
3834:
3832:
2804:Haymes, Vidal de Haymes & Miller (2015)
2748:Haymes, Vidal de Haymes & Miller (2015)
2607:Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
2271:
2269:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
1355:The IMF and member countries have produced
933:for taking up small-scale farm activities.
668:Building opportunities for self-sufficiency
6395:
6381:
6373:
5882:
5726:
5712:
5704:
3623:. New York: Oxford University Press (USA).
2852:Increasing Inequality in the United States
2477:"Globalization and the Myth of free Trade"
2329:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
1137:. Please do not remove this message until
1098:female-specific poverty reduction policies
5656:The factors causing poverty and suffering
5458:
5019:. United Nations Sustainable Development.
4952:"Costs and benefits of poverty targeting"
4926:
4501:
4499:
4489:United Nations Development Report. 2000.
4024:
3719:
3583:
3534:
3039:Kristof, Nicholas D. (20 November 2009).
2525:
2523:
2358:Report on the World Social Situation 2010
2276:EDT, Fareed Zakaria (19 September 2008).
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
1157:Learn how and when to remove this message
995:. Disparities in the areas of education,
342:Center for Economic and Policy Research's
6343:Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas
5231:National Health Insurance Administration
5088:Economic Development and Cultural Change
4641:Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP)
3929:"Zambia overwhelmed by free health care"
3178:
3004:"Saving Millions for Just a Few Dollars"
1787:
1583:Upgrading slums, and providing land for
1133:Relevant discussion may be found on the
902:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
658:International Water Management Institute
402:
394:
3564:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3515:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3056:
3054:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2040:right to an adequate standard of living
2006:
1690:changes in their 57 partner countries.
5870:Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation
5213:CIA World Factbook 2001 for 2000 Data
5206:
5204:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5144:
4871:"UN Millennium Project – Publications"
4844:. World Bicycle Relief. Archived from
4493:New York: United Nations Publications.
3608:The three worlds of welfare capitalism
3485:
3483:
3240:
3238:
2887:from the original on 24 September 2014
2335:"News and Views from the Global South"
2302:
2300:
2298:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
391:Capital, infrastructure and technology
27:Measures to reduce poverty permanently
5227:"Universal Health Coverage in Taiwan"
3474:"Brazil becomes antipoverty showcase"
3223:. Conference-board.org. 21 April 2021
3089:"UN aid debate: Give cash, not food?"
2952:from the original on 18 December 2019
2854:." Post-autistic Economics Review 40.
2574:Child poverty soars in eastern Europe
2464:. Share The World's Resources (STWR).
2337:. Inter Press Service. Archived from
2136:Easterbrook, Gregg (1 January 1997).
1783:International Development Enterprises
750:analyzed high-income OECD countries.
435:from the major childhood diseases of
7:
6322:Self-perceived quality-of-life scale
4976:James G. Bennett (11 October 2018).
4950:James G. Bennett (10 October 2018).
4250:"Definition of Gender Mainstreaming"
3490:Bridges, Tyler (21 September 2009).
3262:Dugger, Celia W. (20 October 2007).
2972:"Disease Control Priorities Project"
2530:Dugger, Celia W. (2 December 2007).
2308:"Science/Nature – Why aid does work"
2252:"Africa's mobile banking revolution"
1805:United Nations Development Programme
1698:In spite of the intensive reduction
1673:The partnership Compact2025, led by
1093:United Nations Development Programme
296:are more than double aid flows from
4909:Yu, Yanni; Huang, Jinghong (2021).
4362:SIOR, Social impact Open Repository
4053:from the original on 1 August 2022.
3367:. Water Issue Brief, Issue 8, 2010.
3106:Baldauf, Scott (23 February 2007).
3041:"How Can We Help the World's Poor?"
3018:"Millions mark UN hand-washing day"
2919:from the original on 18 August 2014
2792:exponential increase in inequality.
2564:". New York Times. 12 October 2000.
2503:. BBC News: Africa. 4 October 2006.
2352:Nations, United (1 November 2010).
1964:Redistribution of income and wealth
1832:eradicating poverty through profits
1758:A poor child walks with one sandal.
863:Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative
498:. Mobile financial services in the
95:movement propose measures like the
6550:Deprivation and poverty indicators
4776:"Bicycle: The Unnoticed Potential"
4166:Academy of Management Perspectives
4041:Leonhardt, David (1 August 2022).
3931:. BBC News – Africa. 7 April 2006.
3621:The economics of the welfare state
3126:"Africa pioneers mobile bank push"
2501:"Can aid bring an end to poverty?"
2278:"Zakaria: How to Spread Democracy"
2214:Kiviat, Barbara (30 August 2009).
2138:"Forgotten Benefactor of Humanity"
1921:deals with entire economies while
1272:United Nations Development Program
1204:, effectiveness, rule of law, low
877:. The UN Deputy Secretary-General
318:African Growth and Opportunity Act
25:
4332:International Labour Organization
4254:International Labour Organization
3452:"Namibians line up for free cash"
3425:Krahe, Dialika (10 August 2009).
2938:Hagan, Shelly (22 January 2018).
2587:"The aid workers who really help"
1456:and hunger by 2015 is one of the
951:Women's education and development
604:International Labour Organization
559:International Labour Organization
81:Measures, like those promoted by
5898:Democratic Republic of the Congo
5650:
5357:"The Business of Global Poverty"
4982:D+C, development and cooperation
4956:D+C, development and cooperation
4684:by JEFFREY D. SACHS for time.com
4138:Patten, Eileen (14 April 2015).
3721:10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00331.x
2873:Khazan, Olga (20 January 2013).
2385:– via www.un-ilibrary.org.
1775:The Business Solution to Poverty
1192:described as most important for
1112:
875:Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
553:. A study by researchers at the
399:World GDP per capita (log scale)
5543:"Romanticizing the Poor (SSIR)"
4063:RIDP, PCR and Validation, 2010.
3006:– via washingtonpost.com.
1904:Heavily indebted poor countries
1532:, including rights to property.
855:Heavily Indebted Poor Countries
327:Sustainable Development Goal 17
203:include the high proportion of
5865:Multidimensional Poverty Index
5305:Published by Prentice Hall, NJ
5195:10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.11.013
5131:Journal of Development Studies
5005:. Copenhagen Consensus Center.
4806:Journal of Transport Geography
4764:Overseas Development Institute
4728:Overseas Development Institute
3907:"Q&A: African debt relief"
3576:10.1002/14651858.CD011135.pub3
3527:10.1002/14651858.CD011135.pub2
3195:Overseas Development Institute
3147:Matous, Petr (30 March 2017).
2816:Jones, Parker & Bos (2005)
2310:. BBC News. 11 September 2005.
1863:Community economic development
1625:Sustainable Development Goal 1
1471:sexual and reproductive health
1402:Overseas Development Institute
706:Aid in its simplest form is a
555:Overseas Development Institute
376:Reversing wealth concentration
276:transition to a market economy
1:
5814:Sustainable Development Goals
5508:Simanis, Erik (1 June 2012).
5319:Gunther, Marc (22 May 2014).
5156:"Taiwan – Poverty and wealth"
5073:"SUN communication materials"
4889:sustainabledevelopment.un.org
4818:10.1016/S0966-6923(97)00040-9
4111:CONSAD Research Corporation,
3844:. ABC News. 15 November 2007.
3784:10.1016/s0277-9536(99)00160-4
3772:Social Science & Medicine
3496:The Christian Science Monitor
3333:. Downloaded 26 January 2014.
3112:The Christian Science Monitor
3093:The Christian Science Monitor
3002:Brown, David (3 April 2006).
2576:". BBC News. 11 October 2000.
1781:, that described the work of
1744:Business solutions to poverty
1660:Sustainable Development Goals
1606:Sustainable Development Goals
1600:Sustainable Development Goals
1592:Sustainable Development Goals
1341:Inequality can be reduced by
641:and other legume research in
5830:Homeless Vulnerability Index
4778:. BicyclePotential.org. 2009
4740:"climate change and poverty"
4419:American Sociological Review
3749:10.1016/0160-7995(80)90034-9
3669:American Sociological Review
3606:Esping-Andersen, G. (1990).
2841:Retrieved February 13, 2019.
1944:Poverty in the United States
1458:Millennium Development Goals
1448:Millennium Development Goals
1406:poverty reduction strategies
993:Millennium Development Goals
971:, suggesting that promoting
312:at richer nations' ports. A
6302:Welfare's effect on poverty
5804:List of basic income models
4695:"Global Solidarity Network"
3087:Crilly, Rob (4 June 2008).
2064:". Wiley–Blackwell. p. 11.
2061:Europe in crisis, 1598–1648
1694:Poverty reduction in Taiwan
1435:Man on bike with chickens,
1139:conditions to do so are met
1039:Strategies to empower women
732:Unconditional cash transfer
724:Unconditional cash transfer
702:Welfare's effect on poverty
529:Employment and productivity
252:International Monetary Fund
179:helps growth by increasing
155:to the poor, especially to
66:is a set of measures, both
6597:
5845:Genuine progress indicator
5774:Climate change and poverty
5471:. UNCTAD/DIAE/IA/2017D4A8.
5439:Transnational Corporations
5281:National Policy Foundation
5017:"Hunger and food security"
4915:Frontiers in Communication
4620:"Poverty and Human Rights"
4596:"Poverty and Human Rights"
4017:10.1038/s41586-022-04996-4
3064:. BBC News. Archived from
1959:Private sector development
1747:
1718:in Taiwan. While internal
1640:Food Assistance Convention
1424:
1389:Climate change and poverty
1386:
1357:Poverty Reduction Strategy
1168:
948:
835:
776:
699:
688:
302:fast growing Asian nations
6538:
6478:African sleeping sickness
5794:Guaranteed minimum income
5632:Klein, Martin H. (2008).
4928:10.3389/fcomm.2021.754181
4510:. New York: McGraw-Hill.
4178:10.5465/AMP.2007.24286161
4079:Zuckerman, Elaine. 2002 "
3364:Water, poverty and equity
2643:admin (10 October 2006).
2433:10.1080/01436590500432739
2196:. BBC News. 20 June 2003.
1899:Guaranteed minimum income
1801:World Resources Institute
1729:National Health Insurance
1515:for basic health care in
1469:Access to information on
1427:Bicycle poverty reduction
1410:climate change adaptation
1383:Climate change adaptation
1236:Global Resources Dividend
1069:for women. Protection of
759:Global Resources Dividend
608:World Health Organization
290:foreign direct investment
135:methods. The dawn of the
85:in his economics classic
5850:Legatum Prosperity Index
5835:Misery index (economics)
4978:"Six main methodologies"
3708:Social Science Quarterly
2713:Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
2709:Muscat, Robert J. 1994.
2673:. University of Toronto.
1794:GDP (nominal) per capita
356:and profiteering in the
199:. Problems with today's
6524:Priority review voucher
5674:and the United Nations.
5514:Harvard Business Review
4622:. Amnesty International
4400:"Democratic Governance"
2044:Encyclopædia Britannica
1974:Social protection floor
1768:Harvard Business School
1336:participatory economics
1082:Political participation
965:feminization of poverty
826:world military spending
421:maternal mortality rate
336:and exacerbated global
235:economic liberalization
221:Economic liberalization
195:and the eradication of
149:Economic liberalization
5799:Universal basic income
5764:Disability and poverty
5516:. No. June 2012.
5301:C.K. Prahalad (2004).
4797:Niklas Sieber (1998).
4506:Kerbo, Harold (2005).
4473:"Dancing with despots"
4402:. UNDP. Archived from
2412:Edward, Peter (2006).
1994:Universal basic income
1827:
1796:
1759:
1626:
1610:end to poverty by 2030
1601:
1576:Training programs for
1440:
1366:, prominent economist
1188:and governments which
1048:Economic participation
946:
904:
893:
828:is over $ 1 trillion.
774:
624:
546:
408:
400:
250:In a 2015 report, the
230:
117:
52:
41:
6368:List of global issues
6327:Subjective well-being
5361:HBS Working Knowledge
3856:"SIPRI Yearbook 2006"
3810:18 March 2012 at the
3633:Kenworthy, L (1999).
2830:(February 13, 2019).
2767:The Communist Horizon
2603:Vogel, Ezra F. 1991.
2421:Third World Quarterly
2098:"Ending Mass Poverty"
1874:Ecological sanitation
1868:Development economics
1853:Bottom of the pyramid
1838:rather questionable.
1822:
1791:
1757:
1750:Bottom of the pyramid
1624:
1599:
1560:Access to electricity
1434:
1379:solution to poverty.
1013:sexual discrimination
989:capabilities approach
944:
899:
891:
772:
622:
541:
406:
398:
362:United States economy
314:University of Toronto
228:
214:The Life You Can Save
137:Industrial Revolution
49:
35:
6307:Criticism of welfare
5754:Concentrated poverty
5451:10.18356/10695889-en
5160:Nations Encyclopedia
5045:"Leadership Council"
4555:16 July 2011 at the
4548:California Chronicle
4385:4 March 2016 at the
4368:on 5 September 2017.
4204:commission.europa.eu
3702:Smeeding, T (2005).
3654:10.1093/sf/77.3.1119
3325:26 July 2016 at the
2850:Baker, Dean. 2006. "
2366:10.18356/0875e84f-en
2341:on 23 December 2010.
1929:Make Poverty History
1889:Environmental racism
1773:In their 2013 book,
1644:Copenhagen Consensus
1608:(SDGs) calls for an
1604:The first of the 17
1517:developing countries
1171:Political corruption
1054:economic empowerment
1028:Gender mainstreaming
1023:Mainstreaming gender
407:World GDP per capita
308:, get vastly higher
282:Trade liberalization
274:states during their
125:nitrogen fertilizers
101:developing countries
88:Progress and Poverty
6412:Diseases of poverty
6404:Diseases of poverty
6338:Rural access issues
6277:Theories of poverty
5860:Human Poverty Index
5769:Diseases of poverty
5601:For Business Ethics
4851:on 26 December 2010
4406:on 14 October 2014.
4144:Pew Research Center
4009:2022Natur.608..108C
3862:on 24 November 2010
3392:Simanowitz, Anton.
3189:20 May 2011 at the
3151:. The Conversation.
2915:. 18 January 2013.
2360:. pp. 97–113.
1989:Theories of poverty
1664:Goal 2: Zero Hunger
1525:for schoolchildren.
1308:is an example of a
1249:, South Korea, and
1211:Funds from aid and
1126:of this article is
1062:income distribution
1017:European Commission
1015:. According to the
594:Impacts of COVID-19
563:informal employment
551:labour productivity
358:healthcare industry
334:economic inequality
151:requires extending
105:developed countries
64:poverty alleviation
6460:Neglected diseases
6445:Diarrheal diseases
6358:Culture of poverty
5033:. 9 December 2013.
4682:The End of Poverty
4655:The End of Poverty
4047:The New York Times
3826:, GlobalIssues.org
3824:US and Foreign Aid
3297:. 8 September 2008
3269:The New York Times
3045:The New York Times
2536:The New York Times
2104:, 4 September 2001
1909:Inclusive business
1894:Grameen Foundation
1858:Citizen's dividend
1797:
1792:Countries by 2019
1760:
1627:
1602:
1547:sub-Saharan Africa
1441:
1364:The End of Poverty
947:
905:
894:
857:Initiative by the
775:
708:basic income grant
625:
547:
472:financial services
409:
401:
322:developing country
245:collective farming
231:
161:Financial services
53:
42:
6558:
6557:
6532:
6531:
6363:Causes of poverty
6265:
6264:
5855:Poverty gap index
5809:Poverty reduction
5749:Measuring poverty
5643:978-90-5892-168-0
5422:978-1-138-84655-5
5183:World Development
5162:. 2 November 2016
4200:"Gender equality"
4127:on 8 October 2013
4003:(7921): 108–121.
3619:Barr, N. (2004).
3020:. 15 October 2008
2645:"Make Trade Fair"
2624:on 5 October 2013
2593:. 8 October 2009.
1979:Social safety net
1949:Poverty threshold
1879:Economic security
1716:Poverty Reduction
1617:Poverty targeting
1523:Free school meals
1478:domestic violence
1359:papers or PRSPs.
1260:development state
1213:natural resources
1167:
1166:
1159:
1104:Good institutions
961:gender inequality
879:Amina J. Mohammed
743:developed nations
539:
145:economic freedoms
56:Poverty reduction
16:(Redirected from
6588:
6581:Crime prevention
6576:Economic reforms
6397:
6390:
6383:
6374:
6348:Post-materialism
5883:
5840:Gini coefficient
5789:Cycle of poverty
5728:
5721:
5714:
5705:
5654:
5647:
5620:
5604:
5593:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5505:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5489:on 12 March 2008
5485:. Archived from
5479:
5473:
5472:
5462:
5430:
5424:
5414:
5408:
5401:
5395:
5390:
5384:
5379:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5353:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5316:
5307:
5298:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5257:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5223:
5217:
5216:
5208:
5199:
5198:
5178:
5172:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5152:
5139:
5138:
5126:
5120:
5119:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5027:
5021:
5020:
5013:
5007:
5006:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4930:
4906:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4867:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4856:
4850:
4843:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4803:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4783:
4772:
4766:
4756:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4736:
4730:
4720:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4697:. Archived from
4691:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4659:. Archived from
4649:
4643:
4638:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4627:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4600:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4571:. Archived from
4565:
4559:
4550:, 18 April 2008.
4543:
4537:
4535:, 22 March 2008.
4528:
4522:
4521:
4503:
4494:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4479:. 12 March 2009.
4469:
4458:
4457:
4456:. Washington DC.
4449:
4443:
4442:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4396:
4390:
4376:
4370:
4369:
4364:. Archived from
4354:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4334:. Archived from
4324:
4318:
4315:
4309:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4281:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4258:
4257:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4163:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4135:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4120:, archived from
4119:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4084:
4077:
4064:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4038:
4028:
3987:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3961:
3960:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3903:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3858:. Archived from
3852:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3639:
3630:
3624:
3617:
3611:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3587:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3538:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3487:
3478:
3477:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3405:
3399:. Archived from
3398:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3379:"Out of Poverty"
3374:
3368:
3360:
3354:
3340:
3334:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3242:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3203:
3197:
3180:
3153:
3152:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3014:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2974:. Archived from
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2855:
2848:
2842:
2825:
2819:
2813:
2807:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2770:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2720:
2714:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2647:. Archived from
2640:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2620:. Archived from
2614:
2608:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2583:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2527:
2518:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2481:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2450:on 5 April 2016.
2449:
2443:. Archived from
2418:
2409:
2403:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2331:
2312:
2311:
2304:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2254:. 12 August 2009
2248:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2211:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2105:
2100:by Ian Vásquez,
2095:
2072:
2053:
2047:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2011:
1884:Economic justice
1662:. In particular
1578:community health
1528:Legislation for
1338:, among others.
1332:binary economics
1292:Other approaches
1221:money-laundering
1162:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1067:entrepreneurship
937:Empowering women
540:
500:developing world
193:Green Revolution
185:physical capital
21:
6596:
6595:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6585:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6554:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6507:
6493:River blindness
6483:Schistosomiasis
6454:
6406:
6401:
6317:Quality of life
6292:Welfare culture
6261:
6170:
6149:
6073:
5952:
5874:
5818:
5784:Chronic poverty
5759:Cost of poverty
5737:
5732:
5664:
5644:
5636:. p. 295.
5631:
5628:
5626:Further reading
5623:
5617:
5596:
5590:
5571:
5567:
5562:
5561:
5551:
5549:
5541:
5540:
5536:
5526:
5524:
5507:
5506:
5502:
5492:
5490:
5481:
5480:
5476:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5415:
5411:
5402:
5398:
5391:
5387:
5380:
5376:
5366:
5364:
5355:
5354:
5347:
5337:
5335:
5318:
5317:
5310:
5299:
5295:
5285:
5283:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5251:Kim, Jin Wook.
5250:
5249:
5245:
5235:
5233:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5210:
5209:
5202:
5189:(11): 1858–71.
5180:
5179:
5175:
5165:
5163:
5154:
5153:
5142:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5029:
5028:
5024:
5015:
5014:
5010:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4986:
4984:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4960:
4958:
4949:
4948:
4944:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4893:
4891:
4883:
4882:
4878:
4869:
4868:
4864:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4841:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4822:
4820:
4801:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4781:
4779:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4757:
4750:
4742:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4721:
4714:
4704:
4702:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4680:
4676:
4666:
4664:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4635:
4625:
4623:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4578:
4576:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4557:Wayback Machine
4544:
4540:
4529:
4525:
4518:
4505:
4504:
4497:
4488:
4484:
4471:
4470:
4461:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4431:10.2307/2657374
4416:
4415:
4411:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4387:Wayback Machine
4377:
4373:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4341:
4339:
4338:on 4 March 2016
4326:
4325:
4321:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4284:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4261:
4248:
4247:
4243:
4233:
4231:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4208:
4206:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4161:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4091:
4087:
4078:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4040:
3990:
3988:
3981:
3972:
3971:
3964:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3910:
3905:
3904:
3900:
3890:
3888:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3865:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3840:
3839:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3812:Wayback Machine
3803:
3799:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3734:
3733:
3729:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3681:10.2307/3088901
3666:
3665:
3661:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3618:
3614:
3605:
3601:
3570:(3): CD011135.
3557:
3556:
3552:
3521:(4): CD011135.
3508:
3507:
3503:
3489:
3488:
3481:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3361:
3357:
3341:
3337:
3327:Wayback Machine
3314:
3310:
3300:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3191:Wayback Machine
3181:
3156:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3068:on 12 June 2020
3060:
3059:
3052:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3001:
3000:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2978:on 6 April 2006
2970:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2953:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2920:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2888:
2880:Washington Post
2872:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2849:
2845:
2826:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2806:, pp. 1–2.
2802:
2798:
2787:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2651:on 24 July 2013
2642:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2625:
2618:"Market access"
2616:
2615:
2611:
2602:
2598:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2559:
2555:
2547:
2543:
2529:
2528:
2521:
2512:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2475:Shaikh, Anwar.
2474:
2473:
2469:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2447:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2394:
2390:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2333:
2332:
2315:
2306:
2305:
2296:
2286:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2213:
2212:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2108:
2096:
2075:
2056:Geoffrey Parker
2054:
2050:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1969:Social dividend
1848:
1752:
1746:
1696:
1636:
1619:
1594:
1580:in rural areas.
1476:Action against
1454:extreme poverty
1452:Eradication of
1450:
1429:
1423:
1391:
1385:
1343:progressive tax
1294:
1277:good governance
1173:
1163:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1132:
1117:
1113:
1106:
1084:
1076:gender equality
1071:property rights
1050:
1041:
1025:
997:mortality rates
985:gender equality
981:
979:Gender equality
973:gender equality
953:
939:
910:
840:
834:
785:
779:Development aid
767:
765:Development aid
712:social security
704:
698:
693:
687:
670:
617:
615:Helping farmers
596:
587:services sector
533:
531:
504:developed world
502:, ahead of the
496:saving accounts
488:savings account
425:maternal health
393:
378:
223:
201:development aid
153:property rights
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6594:
6592:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6563:
6562:
6556:
6555:
6553:
6552:
6543:
6539:
6536:
6535:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6526:
6521:
6515:
6513:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6488:Dracunculiasis
6485:
6480:
6475:
6473:Chagas disease
6470:
6464:
6462:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6416:
6414:
6408:
6407:
6402:
6400:
6399:
6392:
6385:
6377:
6371:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6330:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6273:
6271:
6267:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6163:
6157:
6155:
6151:
6150:
6148:
6147:
6145:United Kingdom
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6081:
6079:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5960:
5958:
5954:
5953:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5889:
5887:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5819:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5696:
5686:
5680:
5675:
5663:
5662:External links
5660:
5659:
5658:
5648:
5642:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5616:978-0415311359
5615:
5594:
5589:978-0415673440
5588:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5534:
5500:
5474:
5425:
5409:
5405:United Nations
5403:Data from the
5396:
5385:
5374:
5363:. 4 April 2007
5345:
5308:
5293:
5268:
5243:
5218:
5200:
5173:
5140:
5121:
5100:10.1086/451093
5078:
5064:
5050:
5036:
5022:
5008:
4994:
4968:
4942:
4901:
4876:
4862:
4830:
4789:
4767:
4748:
4731:
4712:
4701:on 20 May 2007
4686:
4674:
4663:on 7 July 2007
4644:
4633:
4611:
4594:Thomas Pogge.
4586:
4575:on 12 May 2016
4560:
4538:
4523:
4516:
4495:
4482:
4459:
4444:
4409:
4391:
4371:
4349:
4319:
4310:
4300:
4282:
4273:
4259:
4241:
4216:
4191:
4149:
4130:
4103:
4094:
4085:
4065:
4056:
3979:
3962:
3948:
3934:
3920:
3909:. 11 June 2005
3898:
3873:
3847:
3828:
3816:
3797:
3762:
3727:
3694:
3659:
3648:(3): 1119–39.
3625:
3612:
3599:
3550:
3501:
3479:
3465:
3443:
3431:Spiegel Online
3417:
3406:on 6 July 2010
3384:
3369:
3355:
3335:
3308:
3282:
3254:
3234:
3212:
3198:
3154:
3139:
3128:. 15 June 2009
3117:
3098:
3079:
3050:
3031:
3009:
2989:
2963:
2930:
2898:
2865:
2856:
2843:
2820:
2808:
2796:
2786:978-1844679546
2785:
2752:
2740:
2715:
2702:
2690:Spiegel Online
2676:
2662:
2635:
2609:
2596:
2578:
2566:
2553:
2541:
2519:
2506:
2492:
2467:
2453:
2427:(2): 377–393.
2404:
2402:, 8 April 2016
2388:
2374:
2344:
2313:
2294:
2265:
2240:
2199:
2180:
2176:Angus Maddison
2168:
2154:
2128:
2106:
2102:Cato Institute
2073:
2048:
2031:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1923:microeconomics
1919:Macroeconomics
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1779:Out of Poverty
1745:
1742:
1695:
1692:
1635:
1632:
1618:
1615:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1585:public housing
1581:
1574:
1571:breast-feeding
1567:
1557:
1550:
1545:to farmers in
1543:soil nutrients
1539:
1536:Planting trees
1533:
1530:women's rights
1526:
1520:
1509:
1502:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1474:
1449:
1446:
1439:, Burkina Faso
1425:Main article:
1422:
1419:
1387:Main article:
1384:
1381:
1328:libertarianism
1310:local currency
1306:Toronto Dollar
1293:
1290:
1279:, reliance on
1217:Global Witness
1202:accountability
1194:rational-legal
1165:
1164:
1120:
1118:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1100:and programs.
1083:
1080:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1024:
1021:
980:
977:
938:
935:
926:(IFAD) Vietnam
909:
906:
833:
830:
766:
763:
738:Welfare states
700:Main article:
697:
694:
689:Main article:
686:
683:
678:Out of Poverty
669:
666:
616:
613:
595:
592:
530:
527:
492:Mobile banking
454:, illness and
392:
389:
377:
374:
233:Proponents of
222:
219:
177:infrastructure
169:mobile banking
121:Food shortages
97:land value tax
60:poverty relief
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6593:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6551:
6547:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6537:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6512:Miscellaneous
6510:
6504:
6501:
6499:
6498:Leishmaniasis
6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6461:
6457:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6415:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6398:
6393:
6391:
6386:
6384:
6379:
6378:
6375:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6268:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6247:United States
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6179:
6177:
6173:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6152:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6076:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6015:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5877:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5821:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5779:Child poverty
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5729:
5724:
5722:
5717:
5715:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5700:
5697:
5694:
5693:Maximo Torero
5690:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5639:
5635:
5630:
5629:
5625:
5618:
5612:
5608:
5603:
5602:
5595:
5591:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5548:
5544:
5538:
5535:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5504:
5501:
5488:
5484:
5478:
5475:
5470:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5429:
5426:
5423:
5419:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5378:
5375:
5362:
5358:
5352:
5350:
5346:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5297:
5294:
5282:
5278:
5272:
5269:
5254:
5247:
5244:
5232:
5228:
5222:
5219:
5214:
5207:
5205:
5201:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5177:
5174:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5132:
5125:
5122:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5082:
5079:
5074:
5068:
5065:
5060:
5054:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5032:
5026:
5023:
5018:
5012:
5009:
5004:
4998:
4995:
4983:
4979:
4972:
4969:
4957:
4953:
4946:
4943:
4938:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4905:
4902:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4872:
4866:
4863:
4847:
4840:
4834:
4831:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4800:
4793:
4790:
4777:
4771:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4741:
4735:
4732:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4700:
4696:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4675:
4662:
4658:
4656:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4637:
4634:
4621:
4615:
4612:
4597:
4590:
4587:
4574:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4527:
4524:
4519:
4517:9780073042954
4513:
4509:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4478:
4477:The Economist
4474:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4448:
4445:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4425:(5): 748–65.
4424:
4420:
4413:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4304:
4301:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4274:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4260:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4217:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4134:
4131:
4123:
4116:
4115:
4107:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4060:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3958:
3952:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3861:
3857:
3851:
3848:
3843:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3814:By Jane Regan
3813:
3809:
3806:
3801:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3763:
3758:
3754:
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3746:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3728:
3722:
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3713:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3642:Social Forces
3636:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3466:
3454:. 23 May 2008
3453:
3447:
3444:
3432:
3428:
3421:
3418:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3385:
3380:
3377:Polak, Paul.
3373:
3370:
3366:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3342:Mukherji, A.
3339:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3296:
3292:
3286:
3283:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3258:
3255:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3143:
3140:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3080:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3032:
3019:
3013:
3010:
3005:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2964:
2951:
2947:
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2931:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2899:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2869:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2793:
2788:
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2774:
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2762:
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2753:
2749:
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2725:
2719:
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2691:
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2663:
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2646:
2639:
2636:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2592:
2591:The Economist
2588:
2582:
2579:
2575:
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2563:
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2422:
2415:
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2397:
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2377:
2375:9789210545693
2371:
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2177:
2172:
2169:
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2158:
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2143:
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2132:
2129:
2123:
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2099:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2070:0-631-22028-3
2067:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1924:
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1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
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1905:
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1900:
1897:
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1568:
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1555:
1554:mosquito nets
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1369:
1368:Jeffrey Sachs
1365:
1360:
1358:
1353:
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1344:
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1325:
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1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:bureaucracies
1183:
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1172:
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1125:
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943:
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903:
898:
890:
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797:
795:
790:
784:
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771:
764:
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756:
751:
748:
744:
739:
735:
733:
729:
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721:
717:
713:
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703:
695:
692:
684:
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679:
675:
667:
665:
663:
659:
654:
652:
646:
644:
640:
636:
631:
621:
614:
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