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582:) differ from other types in that they are designed to direct their fragments only in a limited arc. They are placed so that the blast will be directed at the target area and away from friendly forces. This design also allows forces to protect themselves by placing these types of mines near their own positions, but facing the enemy. They are triggered in a conventional manner with either
762:
370:, continued to be used into the 1980s as they were easy to make and hard to detect. Wood has the disadvantage of rotting and splitting, rendering the mine non-functional after a comparatively short time in the ground (or the advantage, in that the mine can be considered self-disabling, and will be less likely to cause unintended injuries years later).
135:
1027:
The author Rob Nixon has criticized the use of the adjective "anti-personnel" to describe mines, noting that the word "personnel" signifies people engaged in a particular organization, whereas in reality "four-fifths of mine casualties are civilians", in particular children. Thus, he argues, the name
350:
The mine casing houses the components of the mine and protects it from its environment. Early mines, such as the ones used in the World War II era, had casings made of steel or aluminium. However, by the middle of the conflict, the
British Army was using the first, practical, portable metal detector
312:
The resulting injuries to a human body depend on the size of the mine's main charge, the depth, type of soil it was laid in and how the victim contacted it, e.g. stepping on the mine, using all or part of the foot. Different types of soil will result in different amounts of energy being transferred
279:
Typically, anti-personnel blast mines are triggered when the victim steps on them. Their primary purpose is to blow the victim's foot or leg off, disabling them. Injuring, rather than killing, the victim is viewed as preferable to increase the logistical (evacuation, medical) burden on the opposing
308:
upwards, ejecting the mine casing and any soil covering the mine along with it. When the blast wave hits the surface, it quickly transfers the force into the subject's footwear and foot. This results in a massive compression force being applied. In most cases, the victim's foot is blown off by the
223:
article. What makes them different from most anti-tank mines, however, is their smaller size, which enables large numbers to be simultaneously deployed over a large area. This process can be done manually, via dispensers on land vehicles, or from helicopters or aircraft. Alternatively, they can be
529:
The shrapnel from these mines can even disable some armoured vehicles, by puncturing their tires and—in the case of soft-skinned vehicles—also penetrating the skin and damaging internal components or injuring personnel. Because fragmentation mines generally contain a much larger charge than blast
320:
Secondary injuries from a blast mine are often caused by the material that has been torn loose by the mine's explosion. This consists of the soil and stones that were on top of the mine, parts of the victim's footwear and the small bones in the victim's foot. This debris creates wounds typical of
377:, are constructed with as little metal as possible – often around 1 gram (0.035 oz) – to make them difficult to detect. Mines containing absolutely no metal have been produced, but are uncommon. By its nature, a mine without any metal components in it cannot be found using a metal detector.
445:
The main charge consists of a stable explosive that is detonated by the booster charge. This is necessary, because making a mine entirely out of a highly sensitive detonator or booster explosive would be more expensive, and make the device more sensitive and thereby susceptible to accidental
482:
Anti-personnel blast mines are the most common type and are typically deployed on the surface (hidden by leaves or rocks) or buried under soil at a depth of 10–15 cm. They are activated by pressure, i.e. when the victim steps on them, but it could also be a vehicle driving over them.
313:
upward into the subject's foot, with saturated "clay-like" soil transferring the most. Larger main charges result in a release of significantly more energy, driving the blast wave further up a target's foot and leg and causing greater injury, in some cases even described as severe as
409:, have a fuze mechanism that detonates the mine if subject to gradual, steady pressure, but locks the fuze if subject to a sudden shock. This defeats one of the main methods of clearing a path through a minefield – detonating the mines with explosive devices, such as
397:, compressing a friction sensitive pyrotechnic composition, or by passing an electric charge through it. Most mines employ a spring-loaded striker that hits a stab detonator when activated by the victim. Typically, the detonator contains a tiny pellet of
565:
Bounding mines have a small lifting charge that, when activated, launches the main body of the mine out of the ground before it detonates at around chest height. This produces a more lethal spray of shrapnel over a larger area. One such mine – the US
328:
Blast mines have little effect on armoured vehicles, but can damage a wheeled vehicle if it runs directly over the mine. Small blast mines will severely damage a tire, rendering it irreparable while some types could also damage adjacent running gear.
517:
Fragmentation mines are generally much larger and heavier than blast mines, and contain a large amount (often several kilograms) of ferrous metal. As such, they are easy to detect if the environment is not too heavily contaminated with iron.
185:, not kill, their victims to overwhelm the logistical (mostly medical) support system of enemy forces that encounter them. Some types of APLs can also damage the tracks on armoured vehicles or the tires of wheeled vehicles.
401:. The fuze is the most complicated component in any mine, although the amount of effort required to design and manufacture a simple fuze mechanism is quite low, similar to the retraction mechanism in a
570:– can cause injuries up to 200 metres (660 ft) away. The steel shrapnel makes bounding mines easy to detect, so they may be surrounded by minimum metal mines to make mine clearance harder.
325:. Special footwear, including combat boots or so-called "blast boots", is only moderately protective against the destructive effects of blast mines, and the loss of a foot is a typical outcome.
219:
Anti-personnel mines are used in a similar manner to anti-tank mines, in static "mine fields" along national borders or in defense of strategic positions as described in greater detail in the
1336:
748:
and lower body mutilation. This combination of injuries has been given the name "Dismounted
Complex Blast Injury" and is thought to be the worst survivable injury ever seen in war.
673:
804:
Chemical mines have also been made. They were made by
Britain, the US and the Soviet Union during World War II, but never deployed. During the Cold War, the US produced the
790:
547:) are entirely above ground, having a fragmenting warhead mounted on a stake at a suitable height, concealed by vegetation or rubbish and triggered by one or more
526:
These mines are deemed to be more efficient than purely "blast effect" mines, because the shrapnel covers a greater area, potentially injuring more combatants.
902:: tripwire triggered bounding mine that automatically deploys its own tripwires. It is intended to be dropped by special forces when evading a pursuing enemy.
628:
689:
970:
runway attacking system. Each attack with a JP233 also dropped 215 HB 876s that were intended to make repair of the damaged runway slow and dangerous.
196:, which has not yet been accepted by over 30 states and has not guaranteed the protection of citizens against APLs planted by non-state armed groups.
189:
616:
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Mines manufactured after the 1950s generally use plastic casings to hinder detection by electronic mine detectors. Some, referred to as
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1373:
893:
658:
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121:
102:
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1439:
Convention on the
Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction
1083:
Convention on the
Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction
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899:
241:
59:
366:
Wooden mines had been used by the
Soviets in 1939, before the appearance of metal detectors, to save steel. Some, like the
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1462:
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601:
227:
Other uses specific to anti-personnel mines are where they are deployed on an ad hoc basis in the following situations:
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is used. The purpose of the booster is to amplify the shock of the detonator and initiate the main explosive charge.
88:
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as the source of injury to dismounted (pedestrian) soldiers and civilians. These injuries were recently reported in
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1016:
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48:
993:
410:
70:
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322:
1425:
Instructional video covering the treatment of mine injuries. Produced by the Red Cross. Warning: graphic video
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1419:
1244:"Injury profile suffered by targets of antipersonnel improvised explosive devices: prospective cohort study"
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793:. Later, the Soviets produced a flame-mine, called the FOG-1. This was copied by the Germans to produce the
237:
To force any attackers to travel through a narrow, cleared path where firepower can be focused on the enemy
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514:) are designed to project fragments across a wide area, causing fragmentation wounds to nearby personnel.
273:
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812:. A small explosive charge burst the mine open and dispersed the chemical when the mine was triggered.
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490:. Weapons of this type are supposed to deny opposing military forces access to a specific area.
1028:"flatters their accuracy by implying that they target an organization, military or otherwise."
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883:
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422:
1304:
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1293:"Dismounted Complex Blast Injuries: A Comprehensive Review of the Modern Combat Experience"
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mines, they can cause severe damage to an unarmoured vehicle which runs directly over one.
304:
consisting of hot gases travelling at extremely high velocity. The shock wave sends a huge
192:
has sought to ban mines and destroy stockpile. For this purpose, it introduced in 1997 the
1435:
Introductory note by Stuart Casey-Maslen, procedural history note and audiovisual material
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288:
860:, 1960s–1970s. Simple, small mine with no moving parts. Millions were dropped during the
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1163:"The Ottawa Convention: Signatories and States-Parties | Arms Control Association"
204:
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953:: large mine with a 12 kg TNT charge. Also effective against light vehicles.
1443:
Historic
Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law
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intended for use in desert environments (shown beside a wristwatch, for scale)
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When a person steps on a blast mine and activates it, the mine's main charge
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947:: one of the most commonly encountered mines during de-mining operations.
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841:: German mine made largely from glass, to make it difficult to detect.
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Stockmine M43 in a display case surrounded by other, less lethal items
1188:"The Mine Ban Treaty: How the world decided to bury the use of mines"
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873:
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While blast mines are designed to cause severe injury to one person,
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1398:, February 1945, p. 71, article for US public about the German
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Typical antipersonnel mine injuries. Warning: graphic photographs
941:: Russian directional mine; similar to the American M18 Claymore.
797:, these devices were effectively disposable, trip-wire triggered
1420:
Additional images of mine injuries. Warning: graphic photographs
980:
926:
544:
386:
1368:. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. pp. 222–223.
292:
Vietnamese child shows injuries caused by a land mine explosion
134:
833:): infamous German bounding mine; widely copied after the war.
434:
31:
622:
Stake mine - a
Yugoslav IMP mine with tripwire (Balkans 1996)
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that will activate easily when subjected to the shock of the
1187:
586:
or command detonation. They are generally referred to as
880:), 1970s. Air-dropped mine used during the Vietnam War.
966:: 1970s–1999. An air dropped mine used as part of the
724:
In the conflicts of the 21st century, anti-personnel
470:
is used, while 240 grams of TNT is used in a
Russian
779:
British chemical mine c1940: Chemical Mine No 1 Mk 1
405:. More sophisticated examples, such as the Italian
166:, which target vehicles. APLs are classified into:
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1366:Slow violence and the environmentalism of the poor
1000:, because the publication or exploitation of such
341:Typical components of an anti-personnel blast mine
162:designed for use against humans, as opposed to an
29:Form of land mine designed for use against humans
935:: scattered, sensor-triggered fragmentation mine
983:: Directional mine similar to the M18 Claymore.
578:Directional fragmentation weapons (such as the
247:To protect equipment by employing the mines as
992:Anti-personnel mines are a typical example of
785:During World War II, flame mines known as the
355:. The Germans responded with mines that had a
224:dispensed by cargo-carrying artillery shells.
393:, either by striking it with a spring-loaded
8:
847:: Soviet World War II mines, made from wood.
510:mines (such as the World War II era German
1216:. 5 March 2009 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
1110:"Anti-personnel Landmines: Friend or Foe?"
994:subject-matter excluded from patentability
1267:
732:) have replaced conventional or military
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1430:Mine injury. Warning: graphic photograph
886:: modern dispersal system, includes AP (
870:: improved version of the German S-mine.
789:were produced by the British during the
497:
1100:
597:
190:International Campaign to Ban Landmines
1089:Swiss Foundation for Mine Action (FSD)
958:Post-War, British anti-personnel mines
907:Post-War, Russian anti-personnel mines
181:APLs are often designed to injure and
1337:Guidelines for Examination in the EPO
389:mechanism is designed to set off the
7:
60:adding citations to reliable sources
433:. Typically, a pea-sized pellet of
321:similar secondary blast effects or
25:
1309:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2016.07.009
1214:"Marine wins battle for bungalow"
929:: tripwire triggered, stake-mine.
852:Post-War, US anti-personnel mines
821:World War II anti-personnel mines
543:These mines (such as the Russian
363:casing to make detection harder.
174:; the latter may or may not be a
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1291:Cannon JW, et al. (2016).
1085:also known as the Ottawa Treaty
590:from the US mine of this type.
274:Anti-personnel mine in Cambodia
47:needs additional citations for
900:M86 Pursuit Deterrent Munition
486:They were designed for use as
242:M86 Pursuit Deterrent Munition
1:
1242:Smith S, et al. (2017).
975:Yugoslav anti-personnel mines
744:, resulting in multiple limb
381:Pressure plate/fuze mechanism
726:improvised explosive devices
720:Improvised explosive devices
711:Bounding mine - Yugoslavian
208:Soldier removing an Italian
1260:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014697
634:Directional mine - Russian
534:Types of fragmentation mine
317:of the leg up to the knee.
234:Protecting a temporary base
1484:
998:European Patent Convention
558:
411:mine-clearing line charges
450:. In most AP blast mines
257:other mines as a form of
18:Anti-personnel landmines
1350:, "Matter contrary to "
1073:Mine clearance agencies
791:invasion crisis of 1940
699:(cross-sectional view)
607:Bounding mine - German
240:To evade pursuit (e.g.
152:anti-personnel landmine
1068:Handicap International
890:) and anti-tank mines.
795:Abwehrflammenwerfer 42
664:Blast mines - Russian
649:Blast mine - American
503:
462:RDX are used. On a US
425:is a highly sensitive
342:
293:
276:
216:
143:
1393:"Antipersonnel Mines"
1227:"How Axis Mines Work"
1004:are contrary to the "
740:to be far worse than
695:Blast mine - Italian
679:Blast mine - Italian
501:
340:
291:
272:
231:When laying an ambush
207:
137:
71:"Anti-personnel mine"
1468:Anti-personnel mines
1410:Mines Advisory Group
1232:, April 1944, p. 131
1138:"Types of landmines"
1078:Mines Advisory Group
1048:Anti-handling device
1043:Blast resistant mine
353:Polish mine detector
315:traumatic amputation
259:anti-handling device
56:improve this article
1463:Area denial weapons
1364:Nixon, Rob (2011).
1167:www.armscontrol.org
896:: directional mine.
494:Fragmentation mines
488:area denial weapons
375:minimum metal mines
300:, creating a blast
172:fragmentation mines
148:anti-personnel mine
1108:ICRC (June 2006).
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1458:Explosive weapons
1230:Popular Mechanics
1063:Fougasse (weapon)
1023:Criticism of name
884:GATOR mine system
806:M23 chemical mine
306:compressive force
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1303:(4): 652–664.
1297:J Am Coll Surg
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1254:(7): e014697.
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1194:. 3 April 2023
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862:Vietnam War
838:Glasmine 43
808:containing
746:amputations
574:Directional
441:Main charge
346:Mine casing
265:Blast mines
249:booby traps
168:blast mines
1452:Categories
1339:, section
1095:References
1002:inventions
996:under the
923:), modern.
478:Deployment
448:detonation
407:SB-33 mine
399:lead azide
395:firing pin
333:Components
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210:Valmara 69
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1322:28 August
1192:Arab News
1008:" and/or
742:landmines
734:landmines
549:tripwires
431:detonator
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391:detonator
298:detonates
221:land mine
1404:Sch-Mine
1402:and the
1317:27481095
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1248:BMJ Open
1198:16 April
1172:16 April
1147:16 April
1122:16 April
1058:Demining
1032:See also
1010:morality
945:PMN mine
919:, NATO:
888:BLU-92/B
816:Examples
738:BMJ Open
584:tripwire
568:M16 mine
555:Bounding
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1441:in the
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968:JP233
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681:TS-50
539:Stake
361:glass
103:JSTOR
89:books
1370:ISBN
1324:2017
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1200:2023
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1117:ICRC
981:MRUD
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421:The
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188:The
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170:and
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75:news
1305:doi
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1017:EPC
868:M16
730:IED
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