56:
69:
109:, a symptom of acetanilid toxicity, but this patient had recovered soon after. The first death from Antikamnia was reported in 1891 followed by an increasing number of cases over the years. After the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 was passed which required labels to indicate dangerous drugs, the company substituted acetanilid with the less toxic derivative
130:
In 1919 the company renamed itself the
Antikamnia Remedy Company. Ruf died a millionaire in 1923. He had diversified his investments, started several other industries, become an art collector, and risen into high society. The company declined after this and was bought up by Block Drug Company in
76:
Antikamnia (derived from the Greek and meaning "opposed to pain") was founded by Frank A. Ruf and Louis E. Frost who had worked together in the
Mellier Drug Company. The company was incorporated on April 10, 1890 in Illinois and expanded the next year to Missouri. Frost was a graduate from the
85:; Antikamnia and Quinine; Antikamnia, Quinine and Salol; and Antikamnia and Heroin, which were all sold over the counter. While the product was proprietary and the formulation a secret, it had been investigated and it was established that the main ingredient was acetanilid, with
113:. A 1910 lawsuit by the state against the company declared that the regulation required them to indicate that acetphenetidin was a derivative of acetanilid. The company claimed that the law did not state so. The company won the case but it was appealed and heard in 1914 by the
47:
by many physicians of the time. The company however made huge profits through clever advertising and marketing of the product targeting physicians, using physician testimonials and finding loopholes in the
428:
121:
became increasingly critical of the products, and several articles calling it the "Antikamnia Fraud" appeared in journals. One physician, M.V. Ball, stopped his subscription to the
31:, which was known to be toxic in high doses or in sensitive individuals. They produced a range of products with mixtures of therapeutic chemicals including both
123:
81:, while Ruf had worked as a drug clerk. The company produced a number of products including Antikamnia Powders and Tablets; Antikamnia and
55:
49:
78:
118:
300:
68:
433:
408:
413:
132:
43:
of the time, they contained potent chemicals but these were not carefully tested and were considered as
97:
as additives. Acetanilid had been synthesized by German chemists in 1886 and had been tested as an
283:
256:
114:
86:
387:
352:
334:
264:
226:
208:
177:
379:
342:
216:
169:
44:
247:
Fiedler, William C. (1979). "Antikamnia: The Story of a Pseudo-ethical
Pharmaceutical".
347:
322:
221:
196:
422:
383:
173:
102:
90:
28:
110:
391:
338:
212:
181:
98:
24:
356:
268:
230:
27:
that manufactured supposed cures for pains with the main ingredient being
106:
94:
40:
260:
82:
32:
36:
157:
67:
54:
131:
1930. Louis Frost ran several drug stores in St. Louis, moved to
409:
United States v. Antikamnia
Chemical Co. (D.C. Cir. 1911)
59:
Antikamnia promotional calendar with art by Louis
Crucius
105:(for fever) on 24 patients. Only one patient had showed
429:
Defunct pharmaceutical companies of the United States
162:
JAMA: The
Journal of the American Medical Association
23:, was an American pharmaceutical company based in
135:in 1906, and became the editor of a farm journal
19:(1890–1930), named after its patent medicine
8:
370:"Medical Journals and Nostrum Advertising".
117:, who ruled in favor of the government. The
372:Journal of the American Medical Association
124:Journal of the American Medical Association
346:
242:
240:
220:
127:for carrying Antikamnia advertisements.
148:
72:Antikamnia tablet advertisement (1889)
7:
327:California State Journal of Medicine
201:California State Journal of Medicine
288:(4 ed.). P.F. Collier and Son.
14:
384:10.1001/jama.1908.02530320056016
174:10.1001/jama.1905.02510040024010
321:Adams, Samuel Hopkins (1906).
282:Adams, Samuel Hopkins (1907).
50:Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906
1:
323:"Medical Support of Nostrums"
79:St. Louis College of Pharmacy
156:Graves, W. H. (1905-07-22).
119:American Medical Association
299:Straight, David L. (2009).
158:"The Dangers of Acetanilid"
17:Antikamnia Chemical Company
450:
195:Rowell, Hubert N. (1907).
197:"Poisoning by Antikamnia"
285:The Great American Fraud
378:(6): 468. 1908-02-08.
101:(for pain relief) and
73:
60:
133:Springfield, Illinois
71:
58:
414:Antikamnia calendars
249:Pharmacy in History
137:The Berkshire World
115:U.S. Supreme Court
87:sodium bicarbonate
74:
61:
441:
434:Patent medicines
396:
395:
367:
361:
360:
350:
318:
312:
311:
305:
296:
290:
289:
279:
273:
272:
244:
235:
234:
224:
192:
186:
185:
153:
449:
448:
444:
443:
442:
440:
439:
438:
419:
418:
405:
400:
399:
369:
368:
364:
320:
319:
315:
303:
298:
297:
293:
281:
280:
276:
246:
245:
238:
194:
193:
189:
155:
154:
150:
145:
66:
12:
11:
5:
447:
445:
437:
436:
431:
421:
420:
417:
416:
411:
404:
403:External links
401:
398:
397:
362:
313:
308:The Confluence
301:"Against Pain"
291:
274:
236:
187:
147:
146:
144:
141:
111:acetphenetidin
65:
62:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
446:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
424:
415:
412:
410:
407:
406:
402:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
366:
363:
358:
354:
349:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
317:
314:
309:
302:
295:
292:
287:
286:
278:
275:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
243:
241:
237:
232:
228:
223:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
191:
188:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
152:
149:
142:
140:
138:
134:
128:
126:
125:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
70:
63:
57:
53:
51:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
375:
371:
365:
333:(3): 96–98.
330:
326:
316:
307:
294:
284:
277:
255:(2): 59–72.
252:
248:
204:
200:
190:
165:
161:
151:
136:
129:
122:
75:
20:
16:
15:
207:(12): 326.
103:antipyretic
91:citric acid
41:quack cures
423:Categories
168:(4): 252.
143:References
29:acetanilid
21:Antikamnia
392:0002-9955
339:0093-402X
213:0093-402X
182:0098-7484
99:analgesic
39:. Unlike
25:St. Louis
357:18733791
310:: 20–21.
269:11610560
261:41109151
231:18734242
107:cyanosis
95:caffeine
45:nostrums
348:1651299
222:1652258
83:Codeine
64:History
33:quinine
390:
355:
345:
337:
267:
259:
229:
219:
211:
180:
93:, and
37:heroin
304:(PDF)
257:JSTOR
388:ISSN
353:PMID
335:ISSN
265:PMID
227:PMID
209:ISSN
178:ISSN
35:and
380:doi
343:PMC
217:PMC
170:doi
166:XLV
52:.
425::
386:.
374:.
351:.
341:.
329:.
325:.
306:.
263:.
253:21
251:.
239:^
225:.
215:.
203:.
199:.
176:.
164:.
160:.
139:.
89:,
394:.
382::
376:L
359:.
331:4
271:.
233:.
205:5
184:.
172::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
