3180:
909:
619:
631:
doctors, shopkeepers, painters. Their aggregate wealth was reckoned at one and a half billion francs, 10% of the
Egyptian GDP. Those who had capital invested it in small businesses (oil, soaps, tobacco, patisserie). Others created more important companies trading or producing salt, sodium, textiles, perfume, wood, silk. This economic success led to the foundation of schools, clubs, and charities, generally linked to a place of worship which was most of the time a church. A minority returned to their home village but the majority remained "semi-detached", settling for several generations in Egypt without for all that involving themselves fully in the host society.
491:
around 20% of the city's total (with the majority being Rûm), were also forced by the
Ottoman authorities to relinquish their weapons, wear black, and help improve the city's fortifications. Greek Orthodox holy sites, such as the Monastery of Our Lady of Balamand, located just south of the city of Tripoli in Lebanon, were subjected to vandalism and revenge attacks, which in fact forced the monks to abandon it until 1830. Not even the Greek Orthodox Patriarch was safe, as orders were received just after the execution of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Constantinople to kill the Antiochian Patriarch as well; however, local officials failed to execute the orders.
402:
2573:
350:. On the eve of the Arab Muslim conquests the Byzantines were still in the process of rebuilding their authority in the Levant, which had been lost to them for almost twenty years. At the time of the Arab conquest, Bilad al-Sham was inhabited mainly by Syrian Christian sects, Ghassanid and other local Arab tribes and Nabatean Arabs, as well as Greeks, and by non-Christian minorities of Jews, Samaritans, and Itureans Arabs. The population of the region did not become predominantly Muslim until the 17th century, a millennium after the initial Arab conquest.
721:
432:
41:
242:
376:
478:(millet-i Rûm), or "Roman nation" by the Ottoman authorities. During the 17th century the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch abandoned the Greek liturgy in favor of the Arabic one. Since 1724 many Greek Orthodox converted to the Melkite Greek Catholic Church. Many Melkite Catholics, under pressure from the Greek-Orthodox, migrated to Lebanese coast, northern Palestine and Egypt, specializing in trade.
542:
322:, was one of the major commercial, agricultural, religious, and intellectual areas of the Empire, and its strategic location facing the Sassanid Empire and the unruly desert tribes gave it exceptional military importance. The entire area of the former diocese came under Sassanid occupation between 609 and 628, but was retaken by the Emperor Heraclius until it was lost to the Arabs after the
296:
795:
367:, a tax to be paid by conquered non-Muslims, called 'Ahl al Dhimmah'. The majority population of Jerusalem during the time of Arab conquest was Christian. In the aftermath the process of Islamization took place, combining immigration to Palestine with the adoption of Arabic as the official language, and conversion of a part of the local Christian population to Islam.
510:, but were thwarted by a local Mufti and a hastily arranged defense force. Although initially repelled, the Greeks did manage to hold on to a small portion of the city near the seashore in an area inhabited by local Rûm. During which they appealed to the Rûm "to rise up and join them", and even sent an invitation to the chief of the local
315:
themselves as the descendants of
Classical Greeks, the political heirs of imperial Rome, and followers of the Apostles. Thus, their sense of "Romanity" was different from that of their contemporaries in the West. "Romaic" was the name of the vulgar Greek language, as opposed to "Hellenic" which was its literary or doctrinal form.
428:—paid by non-Muslims in return for protection under the Muslim state and exemption from military service. The Byzantine civil service was retained until a new system could be instituted; therefore, Greek remained the administrative language in the new Muslim territories for over 50 years after the conquests.
1064:
individuals within a broader research project—but their research ignored other related 'Melkite-Antiochian' Greek
Orthodox and Greek Catholic communities in Syria, Southeastern Turkey and Northern Israel. A study by Makhoul et al. (2010) on Beta Thalassemia Heterogeneity in Lebanon found out that the
457:
In 969, the
Patriarch of Jerusalem, John VII, was put to death for treasonable correspondence with the Byzantine Greeks. As Jerusalem grew in importance to Muslims and pilgrimages increased, tolerance for other religions declined. Christians were persecuted. Churches were destroyed. The sixth Fatimid
314:
self-identified as
Romaioi or Romioi (Greek: Ῥωμαῖοι, Ρωμιοί, meaning "Romans") and Graikoi (Γραικοί, meaning "Greeks"). Linguistically, they spoke Byzantine or Medieval Greek, known as "Romaic," which is situated between the Hellenistic (Koine) and modern phases of the language. Byzantines perceived
630:
Christians of Egypt were considered a powerful and cosmopolitan community that played an important role in both Egypt's economy and culture. The community in Egypt counted more than 100,000 members at the turn of the 20th century: civil servants, hairdressers, cobblers, drivers, engineers, dentists,
419:
According to the historian James
William Parkes, during the 1st century after the Arab conquest (640–740), the caliph and governors of Syria and the Holy Land ruled entirely over Christian and Jewish subjects. He further states that apart from the Bedouin in the earliest days, the only Arabs west of
358:
The Muslim Arab army attacked
Jerusalem, held by the Byzantines, in November, 636. For four months the siege continued. Ultimately, the Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, Sophronius, agreed to surrender Jerusalem to Caliph Umar in person. Caliph Umar, then at Medina, agreed to these terms and traveled
821:
The
Jordanian Greek Orthodox Christians are believed to number 120,000, most of whom are Arabic speaking, or by some accounts more than 300,000. There are currently 29 Greek Orthodox churches – with that number on the increase – which come under the Jerusalem Patriarchate. The Melkites count 27,000
449:
Byzantine governments. The employment of
Christians was part of a broader policy of religious tolerance that was necessitated by the presence of large Christian populations in the conquered provinces, as in Syria. This policy also boosted Muawiya's popularity and solidified Syria as his power base.
490:
throughout the Empire were targeted for persecutions, and Syria did not escape Ottoman Turkish wrath. Fearing that the Rûm of Syria might aid the Greek Revolution, the Porte issued an order that they should be disarmed. In Jerusalem, the city's Christian population, who were estimated to make up
703:
The highest concentration of Antiochian Greek Christians still living in the Levant are found within the territories of Syria, Lebanon, and Turkey. Counting the worldwide diaspora, there are more than 1.5 million Antiochian Greek Orthodox and Greek Catholic (Melkite) Christians residing in the
674:
In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Antiochians experienced a resurgence of Arabization, leading most to adopt Arabic as a liturgical language. According to Greek journalist Alexandros Massavetas, the rivalry between Moscow and Constantinople for supremacy over the Orthodox world resulted in a
448:
were involved in frequent battles with the Byzantine Greeks without being concerned with protecting themselves in Syria, which had remained largely Christian like many other parts of the empire. Prominent positions were held by Christians, some of whom belonged to families that had served in
950:, the largest population live in the Americas. The Antiochian Greek Orthodox population of Latin America is about 2.5 million people, while the Antiochian Greek Orthodox population of North America is about 450,000 and in South America is about 130,000 just in Brazil, mostly in
553:
On July 10, 1860, Saint Joseph of Damascus and 11,000 Antiochian Greek Orthodox and Catholic Christians were killed when Druze and Muslim marauders destroyed part of the old city of Damascus. The Antiochians had taken refuge in the churches and monasteries of
1367:
Another community of Aramaic-speaking Melkites existed in the vicinity of Antioch and parts of Syria. These Melkites used Classical Syriac as a written language, the common literary language of the overwhelming majority of Christian
527:. In the aftermath, Ottoman records show that 688 homes, 36 shops, and 6 churches were damaged, including the Greek Catholic patriarchate and its library. The events led hundreds of Christians to migrate mainly to Beirut and Smyrna.
962:
The Catholic Melkite community exist in Australia, with 53,700 members. In Australia and New Zealand the Greek Orthodox Melkites number about 43,500—or according to the Prime Minister's estimate in 2007–123,000 members.
995:
ethnically and Greeks only in regard to religious affinity: only the inhabitants of Antioch city were thought to be Greek ethnically. However, some sources label them with a Greek identity. According to Greek historian
514:
to also join the Revolution. A few days later, on March 23, 1826, the regional governor Abdullah Pasha sent his lieutenant and nearly 500 Albanian irregular forces to exact revenge for the failed uprising.
825:
According to an ethnographic study published by Alexander Synvet in 1878, there were 125,000 Greek Orthodox Christians living in Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine, as well as another 35,000 Greek Catholics.
3179:
1653:—Romans. They were well aware of their role as heirs of the Roman Empire, which for many centuries had united under a single government the whole Mediterranean world and much that was outside it."
1459:"The mixture of Roman, Greek, and Jewish elements admirably adapted Antioch for the great part it played in the early history of Christianity. The city was the cradle of the church." — "Antioch,"
791:. The Lebanese Greek Orthodox constitute 8% of the total population of Lebanon and the Melkite Catholic Christians are believed to constitute about 5% of the total population of Lebanon.
3361:
462:(996–1021), who was believed to be "God made manifest" by the Druze, destroyed the Holy Sepulchre in 1009. This powerful provocation started the near 90-year preparation towards the
798:
Share of Orthodox population in Lebanon by district. The Lebanese Orthodox may be understood as being part of the Antiochian Greek Christian community. The highest percentage is in
503:
2559:
3014:
1311:
2259:
2681:
Makhoul, N. J., et al. "Genetic heterogeneity of Beta thalassemia in Lebanon reflects historic and recent population migration." Annals of human genetics 69.1 (2005): 55-66.
602:, which ended the Ottoman Greek genocide. One modern Greek town, which is made up of Antiochian survivors from the population exchange, is Nea Selefkia, which is located in
1777:
Lauren S. Bahr; Bernard Johnston (M.A.); Louise A. Bloomfield (1996). Collier's encyclopedia: with bibliography and index. Collier's. p. 328. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
634:
Due to the rise in nationalism along with the loss of economic freedoms during the 1950s, a part of Egypt's Syro-Lebanese community left the country immigrating to the
346:
The Arab conquest of Syria occurred in the first half of the 7th century, and refers to the conquest of the Levant, which later became known as the Islamic Province of
1886:
46:
420:
the Jordan were the garrisons. The Arab garrisons were kept apart in camps, and life went on much as before for the local population. The taxes instituted were the
651:
599:
2037:
2019:
3273:
363:
also negotiated a pact with Caliph Umar, known as the Umariyya Covenant or Covenant of Omar, allowing for religious freedom for Christians in exchange for
815:
908:
3007:
2574:"Anemi - Digital Library of Modern Greek Studies - Περί της εθνικής καταγωγής των ορθοδόξων χριστιανών Συρίας και Παλαιστίνης / υπό Παύλου Καρολίδου"
413:
764:. The Greek Orthodox population of Syria is about 1,142,500 people. The Melkite Greek Catholic Church numbers between 118,000 and 240,000 members.
675:
Russian-backed change in leadership of the Antioch Patriarchate from Greeks to Arabs at the end of the 19th century. Many Antiochians who endorsed
2926:
The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence
1819:
The Tragedy of the Templars: The Rise and Fall of the Crusader States By Michael Haag Chapter 3 Palestine under the Umayyads and the Arab Tribe
3343:
405:
3371:
3366:
618:
2955:
2934:
2891:
2870:
2849:
2797:
2769:
2748:
2727:
2706:
2409:
1686:
1617:, "Introduction", p. x: "All through the Middle Ages the Byzantines considered themselves the guardians and heirs of the Hellenic tradition."
1494:
2318:"Anemi - Digital Library of Modern Greek Studies - Les Grecs de l'Empire ottoman : Etude statistique et ethnographique / par A. Synvet"
3569:
3497:
3467:
3000:
2975:
East and West in the Crusader States: Context, Contacts, Confrontations : Acta of the Congress Held at Hernen Castle in September 2000
2535:
East and West in the Crusader States: Context, Contacts, Confrontations : Acta of the Congress Held at Hernen Castle in September 2000
1056:
of the region. But Ruffié and Taleb (1965) found significant differences of blood markers between ethno-religious groups, particularly the
2165:
1308:
1284:
3333:
2489:
2267:
2122:
1252:
1057:
1339:
the Arab Christians of Tokaçlı have tended to assimilate to a general Turkish identity which includes the use of the Turkish language
2983:
2828:
2608:
2543:
2516:
2462:
2435:
2149:
2095:
1870:
1738:
1521:
1444:
1415:
1360:
595:
3507:
881:
was reported in 2005. The events were allegedly sparked by sexual harassment of a Christian girl by a Muslim barber's apprentice.
2672:
Ruffié, Jacques, and Nagib Taleb. Etude hémotypologique des ethnies libanaises: par Jacques Ruffié et Nagib Taleb. Hermann, 1965.
1257:
921:
395:
162:
78:
2289:
3196:
3165:
1380:
946:
The homeland of the Greek Orthodox is mostly Syria where it has the highest population of Christians and Lebanon. But like the
571:
379:
206:
2598:
1809:
3278:
1820:
1764:
1677:
1906:
1040:
of Lebanon revealed no noticeable or significant genetic differentiation between the Greek Orthodox Christians, Maronites,
3285:
947:
893:, In 2010, the Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Paraiso em São Paulo in Brazil had 443,000 members; the Apostolic Exarchate of
807:
336:
166:
82:
1971:
3353:
3328:
559:
536:
401:
3268:
3228:
3204:
3111:
992:
3209:
3116:
3101:
1436:
720:
3106:
1319:
524:
225:
2560:"The Levantine Greeks: The Hellenic Republic should Recognize its Forgotten Greeks in Syria and other countries"
806:
There are 135,000 or more Christian Arabs in Israel (and more than 39,000 non-Arab Christians). As of 2014 the
431:
340:
1486:
Establishing Boundaries: Christian-Jewish Relations in Early Council Texts and the Writings of Church Fathers
3487:
3472:
3297:
3096:
1511:
692:
360:
3406:
3137:
3077:
1247:
1224:
627:
499:
2239:
1585:, "Canonising and Decanonising Homer: Reception of the Homeric Poems in Antiquity and Modernity", p. 20.
1461:
1154:
1061:
1041:
459:
3348:
925:
866:
578:. As a result, three Antiochian Greek Orthodox Dioceses were completely annihilated; the Metropolis of
40:
2392:"Mixed Marriages in the Antiochian Orthodox Church: An Educational Approach to a Pastoral Challenge",
814:
belonged to the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, while around 30% of Israeli Christians belonged to the
424:—a tax that landowners and peasants paid according to the productivity of their fields—as well as the
241:
3290:
3246:
3142:
3023:
1219:
495:
287:
in the Third Mithridatic War. Christianity spread in the region and dominated by the fourth century.
154:
151:
562:, which began as a Maronite rebellion in Mount Lebanon, and culminated in the massacre in Damascus.
3036:
2317:
1582:
1351:
Arman Akopian (11 December 2017). "Other branches of Syriac Christianity: Melkites and Maronites".
1199:
1070:
1005:
943:
Catholic Melkites total 60,000, and the membership of the Greek Orthodox is about 500,000 people.
375:
319:
264:
253:
249:
106:
1597:, p. 482: "As heirs to the Greeks and Romans of old, the Byzantines thought of themselves as
1028:
in an ethnographic study published by French historian and ethnographer Alexander Synvet in 1878.
3442:
3263:
3233:
3147:
3040:
2032:
1880:
1215:
1066:
811:
688:
663:
498:
attempted to spread the Greek Revolution to the Ottoman Levant. According to then-British Consul
272:
245:
178:
2626:"Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure: the Maronites in Lebanon"
3528:
3338:
2979:
2951:
2930:
2887:
2866:
2845:
2824:
2793:
2765:
2744:
2723:
2702:
2655:
2604:
2539:
2512:
2506:
2485:
2458:
2431:
2425:
2405:
2145:
2139:
2118:
2091:
1866:
1832:
1734:
1682:
1517:
1490:
1440:
1411:
1356:
1194:
1166:
1082:
987:, not to ethnicity; most Antiochian Greek Christians identify themselves as Arabs. During the
776:
570:
During the First World War, Antiochians, alongside other Ottoman Greeks, were targeted by the
445:
323:
2479:
2452:
2112:
1859:
Omar Imady, David Commins, David W. Lesch (2021). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (ed.).
878:
862:
3301:
3218:
2973:
2645:
2637:
2533:
2397:
2374:
2215:
2072:
1332:"Fragmented in space: the oral history narrative: of an Arab Christian from Antioch, Turkey"
1230:
1172:
1124:
1106:
1013:
997:
684:
311:
213:
128:
114:
102:
1755:
930:
541:
3306:
1731:
A History of the Crusades:The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
1315:
1242:
1205:
1136:
1130:
1112:
1100:
603:
299:
132:
1466:
2454:
Language, Religion and National Identity in Europe and the Near East: A Historical Study
740:(The Valley of the Christians), as well as the surrounding areas, such as the cities of
3533:
3391:
3048:
2650:
2625:
2355:
1001:
842:
799:
788:
780:
737:
579:
575:
383:
303:
190:
2293:
2190:
1601:, or Romans, though they knew full well that they were ethnically Greeks." (see also:
3563:
3401:
3396:
3157:
3132:
3032:
2166:"Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East — World Council of Churches"
1704:"Syria." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 Oct. 2006
1285:"Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East — World Council of Churches"
1185:
1142:
1118:
988:
940:
890:
858:
837:
was given to Turkey by the French Mandate powers in 1939, many migrated to Syria and
772:
709:
463:
347:
146:
50:
1716:"Iran." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 Oct. 2006
1384:
49:(left to right: then-Archdeacon Anthony Bashir, Metropolitan Gerasimos Messara, and
3462:
3457:
3452:
3251:
3241:
3214:
3188:
3052:
1942:
1757:
Aspects of Islamization of Space and Society in Mamluk Jerusalem and its Hinterland
1649:, "Introduction", p. xiii: "The Byzantines did not call themselves Byzantines, but
1189:
1160:
1157:– Lebanese-American essayist, scholar, statistician, former trader and risk analyst
1148:
1088:
1009:
917:
655:
74:
2481:
Religious Minorities in the Near East: Domination, Self-Empowerment, Accommodation
2343:
2114:
Religious Minorities in the Near East: Domination, Self-Empowerment, Accommodation
951:
2945:
2924:
2913:
2902:
2881:
2860:
2839:
2818:
2787:
2759:
2738:
2717:
2696:
2401:
2371:
Unity In Antioch: Between The Eastern Orthodox And The Oriental Orthodox Churches
1860:
1513:
Between Rome and Jerusalem: 300 years of Roman-Judaean relations By Martin Sicker
1484:
1065:
thalassemia mutations in Lebanese Christians are similar to the ones observed in
444:
The relations between the Muslims and the Christians in the state were good. The
3538:
3512:
3064:
3056:
3044:
2814:
1094:
1045:
980:
870:
834:
705:
676:
659:
124:
2050:
1331:
3548:
3543:
3482:
3411:
3321:
3256:
1211:
1049:
794:
729:
587:
475:
1717:
1705:
3492:
3432:
1594:
1037:
898:
894:
643:
295:
2659:
2508:
The Governance of Legal Pluralism: Empirical Studies from Africa and Beyond
2141:
The Governance of Legal Pluralism: Empirical Studies from Africa and Beyond
2841:
People and Power in Byzantium: An Introduction to Modern Byzantine Studies
2641:
2378:
1020:. Karolidis was attempting to refute the Russian claims that they were of
3477:
3447:
3416:
3088:
3068:
3060:
1799:
A Chronology Of Islamic History 570-1000 CE, By H.U. Rahman 1999 Page 128
1060:
in Lebanon, based on a substantially larger sample of Greek Orthodox and
1021:
846:
784:
768:
757:
741:
635:
622:
Iconostasis of the Greek Orthodox Church of St. Sabbas, Alexandria, Egypt
555:
546:
409:
387:
221:
217:
209:
110:
2088:
Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism
1808:
Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa By Ali Aldosari Page 185
435:
Map detailing the route of Muslim invasion of Southern and Central Syria
3316:
2992:
984:
850:
845:, a significant number of Antiochian Greek Christians have migrated to
838:
761:
607:
591:
268:
257:
198:
194:
174:
1566:
1564:
1025:
1017:
902:
854:
753:
736:
In Syria, the Antiochian Greek Christians are mostly concentrated in
725:
680:
647:
639:
574:
Ottoman authorities in what is now historically known as the Ottoman
507:
421:
284:
202:
186:
182:
158:
118:
98:
487:
306:, Archbishop of Constantinople, and Christian saint born in Antioch
2789:
The Ottoman City between East and West: Aleppo, Izmir, and Istanbul
494:
On March 18, 1826, a flotilla of around fifteen Greek ships led by
3502:
3223:
2786:
Eldem, Edhem; Goffman, Daniel; Masters, Bruce (11 November 1999).
1053:
907:
889:
One of the Largest communities of Greek Catholic Melkites live in
874:
830:
810:
was the largest Christian community in Israel, where about 60% of
793:
719:
617:
583:
540:
511:
430:
425:
400:
391:
374:
364:
294:
240:
170:
1854:
1852:
767:
In Lebanon, most Antiochian Greek Christians can be found in the
3437:
2698:
A History of the Greek Language: From its Origins to the Present
841:. Whilst those able to remain in Turkey are concentrated in the
749:
745:
2996:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1433:
Diasporas of the Modern Middle East: Contextualising Community
1408:
Diasporas of the Modern Middle East: Contextualising Community
359:
to Jerusalem to sign the capitulation in the spring of 637.
2820:
Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204
1097:- Lebanese singer, television personality and businesswoman
877:. A case of intercommunal violence with Turkish Muslims in
2245:. Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel). 29 December 2019.
1145:- Lebanese politician, sociologist, philosopher and writer
752:. Smaller and historical communities can also be found in
2020:
History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Volume 2
1214:, 1st century AD, Christian evangelist and author of the
506:, in Constantinople. The Greek Revolutionaries landed in
474:
Historically, Antiochians were considered as part of the
201:)—one of the holiest cities in Eastern Christianity, and
2743:. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press.
2373:(Thesis). Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN).
687:. The bulk of the community supported Arab nationalism,
2883:
Homer and the Bible in the Eyes of Ancient Interpreters
2838:
Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich; Constable, Giles (1982).
1309:
Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East
558:("Saint Thomas' Gate"). The Massacre was a part of the
502:, stationed in Aleppo, in a memo to British Ambassador
283:
Syria was annexed by the Roman Republic in 64 B.C., by
2947:
Introducing Byzantine History (A Manual for Beginners)
2427:
Annual Report on International Religious Freedom, 2004
2944:
Savvides, Alexios G. C.; Hendricks, Benjamin (2001).
2901:
Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum (2003).
2424:
Senate (U S ) Committee on Foreign Relations (2005).
2624:
Haber, M; Platt, DE; Badro, DA; et al. (2011).
1258:
List of Greek Orthodox Antiochian Churches in Europe
3521:
3425:
3384:
3195:
3156:
3125:
3087:
3076:
2719:
After Antiquity: Greek Language, Myth, and Metaphor
1994:
1908:
Notes from the life of a Syrian by Antonius Ameuney
1900:
1898:
1896:
1700:
1698:
1163:- Lebanese novelist, journalist, editor and teacher
646:, as well as many returning to Lebanon (especially
205:. Many of their descendants now live in the global
89:
68:
58:
2918:. London and New York: Cambridge University Press.
606:. The founders of Nea Selefkia were refugees from
2972:Krijna Nelly Ciggaar, Herman G. B. Teule (2003).
2532:Krijna Nelly Ciggaar, Herman G. B. Teule (2003).
1788:Whose Land? A History of the Peoples of Palestine
1602:
1595:Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum 2003
594:. Those Antiochians living outside of the French
1932:, July 1824, page 220. Mendon Association, 1824.
1626:
1570:
47:Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of North America
2907:. Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum.
1973:Bedlam in Beirut: A British Perspective in 1826
1681:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1533–1534.
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
408:, the seat of the Greek-Melkite Archeparchy of
1928:Fisk and King, 'Description of Jerusalem,' in
1865:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 171–172.
779:, and North Governorates. Specifically in the
658:, which began during the latter stages of the
566:First World War and the Ottoman Greek genocide
525:attacked the Christian neighborhoods of Aleppo
318:The homeland of the Antiochians, known as the
3008:
2312:
2310:
979:The designation "Greek" refers to the use of
169:, and they have ancient roots in what is now
8:
2090:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2014.
1885:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1133:- Syrian scholar, publicist, writer and poet
23:
19:
2430:. Government Printing Office. p. 575.
708:, the United States, Canada, Australia and
486:As soon as the Greek revolution commenced,
29:
3084:
3015:
3001:
2993:
2904:Orientalia Christiana Periodica, Volume 69
2254:
2252:
1410:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 32.
1353:Introduction to Aramean and Syriac Studies
971:In Europe, there are about 40,000 people.
924:, it is under the auspices of Archbishop (
2929:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2649:
2478:Anh Nga Longva, Anne Sofie Roald (2011).
2394:Christian Family and Contemporary Society
2111:Anh Nga Longva, Anne Sofie Roald (2011).
1614:
2722:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
1662:
1646:
1630:
1574:
1381:"OVERVIEW OF RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF SYRIA"
1073:origin of certain Lebanese Christians".
1069:which "may confirm the presumed ancient
802:, where they make 72% of the population.
414:Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch
2600:Byzantium and the Modern Greek Identity
2505:Werner Zips, Markus Weilenmann (2011).
2240:"Christmas 2019 - Christians in Israel"
2138:Werner Zips, Markus Weilenmann (2011).
2073:"Syro-Lebanese Migration Towards Egypt"
2006:
1706:Syria -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
1578:
1555:
1543:
1269:
1188:, Bishop of Salona and patron saint of
1000:writing in 1908, they are a mixture of
1878:
1718:Iran -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
1634:
991:era, most of them were referred to as
545:The ruins of the Christian quarter of
523:On October 17–18, 1850 Muslim rioters
406:Cathedral of Our Lady of the Dormition
18:
2701:. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.
2695:Adrados, Francisco Rodriguez (2005).
2260:"The Christian communities in Israel"
1208:(349–407) Patriarch of Constantinople
626:By the dawn of the 20th century, the
7:
2978:. Peeters Publishers. pp. 3–4.
2862:Handbook of the Byzantine Collection
2597:David Ricks, Paul Magdalino (1998).
1091:- Syrian philosopher and sociologist
683:at the time, adopted and championed
271:was founded by one of his generals,
224:being one of the few places where a
2511:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 220.
2144:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 220.
1473:Takes several minutes to download).
1465:, Vol. I, p. 186 (p. 125 of 612 in
650:) and Syria. This was known as the
24:
2865:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.
2844:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.
2630:European Journal of Human Genetics
2396:, Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2015,
2264:Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2022:, Cambridge University Press, 1977
1253:Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem
816:Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem
14:
2538:. Peeters Publishers. p. 3.
1995:Eldem, Goffman & Masters 1999
1483:Hosang, F. J. E. Boddens (2010).
596:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
161:. They are either members of the
3178:
2344:Taciz yüzünden cemaatler dövüştü
2191:"Syria's beleaguered Christians"
2038:Details of the Damascus Massacre
1833:"Mill's History of the Crusades"
1675:Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991).
1175:- Lebanese-Cypriot tennis player
922:Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch
396:Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch
263:Syria was invaded by Greek king
163:Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch
79:Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch
39:
3334:Christianization of Kievan Rus'
3126:Independent Churches/Communions
2950:. Paris: University Hêrodotos.
1733:. Penguin Books. Vol.1 pp.3–4.
1036:A genetic study focused on the
1016:("Rûm"), as well as indigenous
380:Mariamite Cathedral of Damascus
3358:Moscow–Constantinople schisms
2915:The Last Byzantine Renaissance
2792:. Cambridge University Press.
2761:Historical Dictionary of Syria
2457:. John Benjamins. p. 47.
1944:Balamand patriarchal monastery
1862:Historical Dictionary of Syria
1765:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1678:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1355:. Gorgias Press. p. 217.
1103:- Lebanese author and diplomat
1024:origin. They were included as
914:Catedral Ortodoxa de San Jorge
901:has 26,600 people members and
614:1956-1957 Syro-Lebanese exodus
16:Christian ethnoreligious Group
1:
1976:. University of North Florida
1603:Savvides & Hendricks 2001
808:Melkite Greek Catholic Church
337:Muslim conquest of the Levant
193:, which includes the city of
167:Melkite Greek Catholic Church
83:Melkite Greek Catholic Church
3508:Essence–energies distinction
3329:Christianization of Bulgaria
2758:Commins, David Dean (2004).
2402:10.5040/9780567663207.ch-010
2292:. 2009-10-31. Archived from
2266:. 1 May 2014. Archived from
1790:(Penguin books, 1970), p. 66
1627:Kazhdan & Constable 1982
1571:Kazhdan & Constable 1982
1121:- Lebanese-Swiss businessman
560:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
537:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
310:Throughout the Middle Ages,
3570:Antiochian Greek Christians
3312:Antiochian Greek Christians
3210:Christianization of Georgia
3205:Christianization of Armenia
3112:Assyrian Church of the East
1831:Charles Mills (June 1820).
920:, Mexico City. Part of the
679:, which was popular in the
600:population exchange of 1923
598:were subject to the forced
326:, and the fall of Antioch.
142:Antiochian Greek Christians
20:Antiochian Greek Christians
3586:
3362:15th–16th centuries schism
3286:Oriental Orthodox Churches
3117:Ancient Church of the East
3102:Oriental Orthodox Churches
2880:Niehoff, Maren R. (2012).
2716:Alexiou, Margaret (2001).
1905:Ameuney, Antonius (1860).
1437:Edinburgh University Press
1004:settlers and particularly
873:, and the seaside town of
869:, a string of villages in
724:Antiochian Greek Orthodox
534:
394:and holds the seat of the
302:(347–407 AD) was an early
3176:
3107:Eastern Catholic Churches
3030:
2923:Runciman, Steven (1985).
2912:Runciman, Steven (1970).
2859:Kitzinger, Ernst (1967).
2737:Browning, Robert (1992).
1947:. antiochpatriarchate.org
1729:Runciman, Steven (1951).
1320:World Council of Churches
1042:Greek Catholic Christians
531:Damascus Massacre of 1860
482:Greek War of Independence
228:dialect is still spoken.
94:
73:
63:
38:
30:
2369:BAZ, Charles N. (2000).
2220:U.S. Department of State
1431:Gorman, Anthony (2015).
1406:Gorman, Anthony (2015).
1139:- Syrian writer and poet
1109:- Syrian Catholic bishop
1085:- Palestinian journalist
590:, and the Metropolis of
3344:Eastern Orthodox Church
3298:Saint Thomas Christians
3097:Eastern Orthodox Church
2603:. Ashgate. p. 20.
2358:. CNEWA. 22 March 2010.
2086:Masters, Bruce (2014).
1516:. Bloomsbury Academic.
1510:Sicker, Martin (2001).
519:Aleppo Massacre of 1850
212:. They primarily speak
3143:True Orthodox churches
3138:Spiritual Christianity
2040:, NYT, August 13, 1860
1930:The Christian Magazine
1786:James William Parkes,
1489:. BRILL. p. 110.
1248:Syro-Lebanese in Egypt
1225:Aulus Licinius Archias
1202:, Patriarch of Antioch
975:Genetics and ethnicity
936:
803:
733:
623:
550:
436:
416:
398:
307:
260:
207:Near Eastern Christian
3166:Eastern Protestantism
3039:that developed since
2823:. London: UCL Press.
2642:10.1038/ejhg.2010.177
2484:. BRILL. p. 61.
2379:10.2986/tren.015-0379
2117:. BRILL. p. 62.
1462:Encyclopaedia Biblica
1169:- Syrian intellectual
1155:Nassim Nicholas Taleb
911:
897:has 310,700 members;
797:
723:
621:
544:
434:
404:
378:
298:
244:
64:Estimated 4.3 million
31:Ρωμιοί της Αντιοχείας
3291:Council of Chalcedon
3037:Christian traditions
3024:Eastern Christianity
2740:The Byzantine Empire
2451:John Myhill (2006).
2356:"Paradise in Brazil"
1220:Acts of the Apostles
586:, the Metropolis of
496:Vasos Mavrovouniotis
382:, one of the oldest
335:Further Information:
157:group native to the
3067:, and parts of the
2764:. Scarecrow Press.
2071:Fadel, Marwan Abi.
1837:The Eclectic Review
1583:Margalit Finkelberg
1314:30 May 2019 at the
1200:Ignatius of Antioch
1151:- Syrian politician
849:. They now live in
412:, dependent on the
341:Arab–Byzantine wars
320:Diocese of the East
265:Alexander the Great
254:Alexander the Great
107:Western Neo-Aramaic
53:Victor Abo-Assaley)
35:
3264:Church of the East
3234:Ecumenical council
3185:Christ Pantocrator
3041:Early Christianity
2270:on 17 October 2015
2033:The New York Times
2018:Shaw, Ezel Kural.
1387:on 18 October 2017
1216:Gospel of St. Luke
1115:- Lebanese soprano
937:
861:, the villages of
812:Israeli Christians
804:
734:
689:Syrian nationalism
624:
551:
437:
417:
399:
371:Rashidun Caliphate
354:In Southern Levant
308:
273:Seleucus I Nicator
261:
246:Seleucus I Nicator
3557:
3556:
3529:Sign of the cross
3339:Turkic Christians
3174:
3173:
2957:978-2-911859-13-7
2936:978-0-521-31310-0
2893:978-9-00-422134-5
2886:. Leiden: Brill.
2872:978-0-88402-025-7
2851:978-0-88402-103-2
2799:978-0-521-64304-7
2771:978-0-8108-4934-1
2750:978-0-8132-0754-4
2729:978-0-8014-3301-6
2708:978-90-04-12835-4
2411:978-0-567-65696-4
2170:www.oikoumene.org
1688:978-0-19-504652-6
1496:978-90-04-19065-8
1289:www.oikoumene.org
1195:George of Antioch
1180:Historical people
1167:Constantin Zureiq
1083:Shireen Abu Akleh
1067:Macedonia, Greece
1012:-era Greeks, and
948:Catholic Melkites
926:Antonio Chedraoui
777:Beqaa Governorate
693:Palestinian cause
504:Stratford Canning
453:Abbasid Caliphate
440:Umayyad Caliphate
324:Battle of Yarmouk
155:Eastern Christian
139:
138:
3577:
3349:East–West Schism
3302:Malankara Church
3219:Byzantine Empire
3187:(circa 1261) in
3182:
3085:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2994:
2989:
2961:
2940:
2919:
2908:
2897:
2876:
2855:
2834:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2754:
2733:
2712:
2682:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2578:anemi.lib.uoc.gr
2570:
2564:
2563:
2556:
2550:
2549:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2448:
2442:
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2421:
2415:
2414:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2322:anemi.lib.uoc.gr
2314:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2203:
2202:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2051:"The Black Book"
2047:
2041:
2029:
2023:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1968:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1939:
1933:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1902:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1876:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1828:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1791:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1762:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1644:
1638:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1592:
1586:
1568:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1480:
1474:
1467:online .pdf file
1457:
1451:
1450:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1383:. Archived from
1377:
1371:
1370:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1328:
1322:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1281:
1231:Paul of Samosata
1173:Marcos Baghdatis
1125:Abdallah Marrash
1107:Hilarion Capucci
1014:Byzantine Greeks
998:Pavlos Karolidis
934:
728:celebrations in
685:Arab nationalism
652:1956–1957 exodus
312:Byzantine Greeks
267:in 333 B.C. and
214:Levantine Arabic
133:Classical Syriac
129:Classical Arabic
103:Levantine Arabic
59:Total population
45:Founders of the
43:
36:
34:
33:
32:
27:
26:
25:الروم الأنطاكيون
3585:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3517:
3448:Filioque clause
3421:
3380:
3307:Arab Christians
3229:Proto-orthodoxy
3191:
3183:
3170:
3152:
3121:
3079:
3072:
3026:
3021:
2986:
2971:
2968:
2966:Further reading
2958:
2943:
2937:
2922:
2911:
2900:
2894:
2879:
2873:
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2831:
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2596:
2595:
2591:
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2580:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2562:. 3 April 2022.
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2017:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1977:
1970:
1969:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1941:
1940:
1936:
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1379:
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1330:
1329:
1325:
1316:Wayback Machine
1307:
1303:
1294:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1271:
1266:
1243:Arab Christians
1239:
1206:John Chrysostom
1182:
1137:Maryana Marrash
1131:Francis Marrash
1127:- Syrian writer
1113:Majida El Roumi
1101:George Antonius
1079:
1034:
977:
969:
960:
928:
912:Service at the
887:
718:
701:
672:
616:
592:Theodosioupolis
568:
539:
533:
521:
484:
472:
458:caliph, Caliph
455:
442:
373:
356:
332:
300:John Chrysostom
293:
281:
256:and founder of
239:
234:
226:Western Aramaic
185:, the southern
144:(also known as
123:
121:
96:
54:
28:
22:
21:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3583:
3581:
3573:
3572:
3562:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3534:Divine Liturgy
3531:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3515:
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3505:
3500:
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3490:
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3119:
3114:
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3104:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3082:
3074:
3073:
3049:Eastern Europe
3031:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3005:
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2990:
2984:
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2749:
2734:
2728:
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2707:
2690:
2687:
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2683:
2674:
2665:
2616:
2609:
2589:
2565:
2551:
2544:
2524:
2517:
2497:
2491:978-9004207424
2490:
2470:
2463:
2443:
2436:
2416:
2410:
2384:
2361:
2347:
2333:
2306:
2281:
2248:
2231:
2207:
2182:
2172:. January 1948
2157:
2150:
2130:
2124:978-9004207424
2123:
2103:
2096:
2078:
2063:
2042:
2024:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1958:
1934:
1921:
1892:
1871:
1848:
1823:
1812:
1801:
1792:
1779:
1770:
1746:
1739:
1721:
1709:
1694:
1687:
1667:
1665:, p. 119.
1655:
1639:
1633:, p. 14;
1629:, p. 12;
1619:
1615:Kitzinger 1967
1607:
1587:
1577:, p. 14;
1573:, p. 12;
1560:
1548:
1546:, p. 226.
1536:
1522:
1502:
1495:
1475:
1452:
1445:
1439:. p. 32.
1423:
1416:
1398:
1372:
1361:
1343:
1323:
1301:
1291:. January 1948
1268:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1222:
1209:
1203:
1197:
1192:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1078:
1077:Notable people
1075:
1062:Greek Catholic
1058:Greek Orthodox
1050:Shiite Muslims
1033:
1030:
976:
973:
968:
965:
959:
956:
886:
883:
843:Hatay Province
800:Koura District
781:Koura District
738:Wadi al-Nasara
717:
714:
700:
697:
671:
668:
615:
612:
576:Greek genocide
567:
564:
532:
529:
520:
517:
483:
480:
471:
470:Ottoman Period
468:
454:
451:
441:
438:
384:Greek Orthodox
372:
369:
355:
352:
331:
328:
292:
289:
280:
277:
252:officer under
248:(305–281 BC),
238:
235:
233:
230:
152:ethnoreligious
137:
136:
92:
91:
87:
86:
71:
70:
66:
65:
61:
60:
56:
55:
44:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3582:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3402:New Testament
3400:
3398:
3397:Old Testament
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3158:Protestantism
3155:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3133:Old Believers
3131:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3033:Cultural area
3029:
3025:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2995:
2987:
2985:9789042912878
2981:
2977:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2857:
2853:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2830:1-85728-495-X
2826:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2801:
2795:
2791:
2790:
2784:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2636:(3): 334–40.
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2610:9780860786139
2606:
2602:
2601:
2593:
2590:
2579:
2575:
2569:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2552:
2547:
2545:9789042912878
2541:
2537:
2536:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2518:9783825898229
2514:
2510:
2509:
2501:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2464:9789027227119
2460:
2456:
2455:
2447:
2444:
2439:
2437:9780160725524
2433:
2429:
2428:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2337:
2334:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2296:on 2009-10-31
2295:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2151:9783825898229
2147:
2143:
2142:
2134:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2097:9780521005821
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2009:, pp. 31
2008:
2003:
2000:
1997:, pp. 70
1996:
1991:
1988:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1874:
1872:9781538122860
1868:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1758:
1754:Luz, Nimrod.
1750:
1747:
1742:
1740:0-521-34770-X
1736:
1732:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1680:
1679:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1663:Runciman 1985
1659:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1647:Browning 1992
1643:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1631:Runciman 1970
1628:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1575:Runciman 1970
1572:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1558:, p. 22.
1557:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1537:
1525:
1523:9780275971403
1519:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1453:
1448:
1446:9780748686131
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1417:9780748686131
1413:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1362:9781463238933
1358:
1354:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1263:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1186:Saint Domnius
1184:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1143:Antoun Saadeh
1141:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:Nicolas Hayek
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:Sunni Muslims
1043:
1039:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:ancient Greek
999:
994:
990:
989:First Crusade
986:
982:
974:
972:
966:
964:
957:
955:
953:
949:
944:
942:
941:North America
932:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
891:South America
884:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
827:
823:
819:
817:
813:
809:
801:
796:
792:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
773:Matn District
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
731:
727:
722:
715:
713:
711:
710:Latin America
707:
698:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
669:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
632:
629:
628:Syro-Lebanese
620:
613:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
565:
563:
561:
557:
548:
543:
538:
530:
528:
526:
518:
516:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
489:
481:
479:
477:
469:
467:
465:
464:First Crusade
461:
452:
450:
447:
439:
433:
429:
427:
423:
415:
411:
407:
403:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
370:
368:
366:
362:
353:
351:
349:
348:Bilad al-Sham
344:
343:
342:
338:
330:Arab Conquest
329:
327:
325:
321:
316:
313:
305:
304:Church Father
301:
297:
291:Byzantine Era
290:
288:
286:
278:
276:
274:
270:
266:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
236:
231:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:
149:
148:
143:
134:
130:
126:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
93:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
51:Archimandrite
48:
42:
37:
3463:Nestorianism
3458:Dyophysitism
3453:Miaphysitism
3443:Apophaticism
3407:Deuterocanon
3311:
3252:Paulicianism
3242:Nestorianism
3215:Roman Empire
3189:Hagia Sophia
3184:
2974:
2946:
2925:
2914:
2903:
2882:
2861:
2840:
2819:
2815:Haldon, John
2803:. Retrieved
2788:
2775:. Retrieved
2760:
2739:
2718:
2697:
2677:
2668:
2633:
2629:
2619:
2599:
2592:
2581:. Retrieved
2577:
2568:
2554:
2534:
2527:
2507:
2500:
2480:
2473:
2453:
2446:
2426:
2419:
2393:
2387:
2370:
2364:
2350:
2341:(in Turkish)
2336:
2325:. Retrieved
2321:
2298:. Retrieved
2294:the original
2284:
2272:. Retrieved
2268:the original
2263:
2234:
2223:. Retrieved
2219:
2210:
2199:. Retrieved
2197:. 2015-02-25
2194:
2185:
2174:. Retrieved
2169:
2160:
2140:
2133:
2113:
2106:
2087:
2081:
2066:
2054:. Retrieved
2045:
2031:
2027:
2014:
2007:Commins 2004
2002:
1990:
1978:. Retrieved
1972:
1949:. Retrieved
1943:
1937:
1929:
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1907:
1861:
1840:. Retrieved
1836:
1826:
1815:
1804:
1795:
1787:
1782:
1773:
1756:
1749:
1730:
1724:
1712:
1676:
1670:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1637:, p. 7.
1622:
1610:
1598:
1590:
1579:Niehoff 2012
1556:Alexiou 2001
1551:
1544:Adrados 2005
1539:
1527:. Retrieved
1512:
1505:
1485:
1478:
1470:
1460:
1455:
1432:
1426:
1407:
1401:
1389:. Retrieved
1385:the original
1375:
1366:
1352:
1346:
1338:
1326:
1304:
1293:. Retrieved
1288:
1161:Jurji Zaydan
1149:George Sabra
1089:Michel Aflaq
1035:
978:
970:
961:
945:
938:
918:Colonia Roma
913:
888:
835:Alexandretta
833:province of
828:
824:
820:
805:
766:
735:
702:
673:
656:Mutamassirun
633:
625:
610:in Cilicia.
569:
552:
522:
493:
485:
473:
456:
443:
418:
386:churches in
357:
345:
334:
333:
317:
309:
282:
262:
189:province of
145:
141:
140:
135:(historical)
75:Christianity
3539:Iconography
3513:Metousiosis
3372:2018 schism
3367:1996 schism
3065:South India
3057:East Africa
3045:Middle East
1635:Haldon 1999
1095:Nancy Ajram
1006:Macedonians
981:Koine Greek
929: [
822:in Jordan.
706:Middle East
677:pan-Arabism
670:Arabization
660:Suez Crisis
654:of Egypt's
500:John Barker
125:Koine Greek
122:Liturgical:
95:Vernacular:
3549:Omophorion
3544:Asceticism
3498:Hypostasis
3483:Philokalia
3412:Septuagint
3385:Scriptures
3322:Ghassanids
3257:Bogomilism
3247:Iconoclasm
3148:Tolstoyans
3089:Communions
3061:Asia Minor
2805:15 October
2777:15 October
2583:2020-02-11
2327:2020-02-11
2300:2020-05-24
2274:3 December
2225:2020-05-24
2201:2020-05-24
2176:2020-05-18
1842:2014-08-12
1295:2020-05-24
1264:References
1212:Saint Luke
1071:Macedonian
1018:Levantines
859:İskenderun
829:After the
730:As-Suwayda
699:Population
691:, and the
572:Ittihadist
535:See also:
476:Rum Millet
361:Sophronius
250:Macedonian
3493:Theotokos
3433:Hesychasm
3238:Heresies
3080:divisions
2216:"Lebanon"
1881:cite book
1368:Arameans.
1038:Maronites
952:São Paulo
899:Venezuela
895:Argentina
704:northern
664:Nasserist
644:Australia
279:Roman Era
237:Early Era
197:(ancient
179:Palestine
150:) are an
97:Majority
90:Languages
69:Religions
3564:Category
3478:Phronema
3426:Theology
3417:Peshitta
3069:Far East
2817:(1999).
2660:21119711
2290:"Jordan"
2195:BBC News
1599:Rhomaioi
1471:Warning:
1312:Archived
1237:See also
885:Americas
879:Altınözü
871:Samandağ
863:Altınözü
847:Istanbul
769:Nabatieh
758:Damascus
636:Americas
556:Bab Tuma
547:Damascus
460:Al-Hakim
446:Umayyads
410:Damascus
388:Damascus
222:Damascus
218:Maaloula
210:diaspora
111:Maaloula
3522:Worship
3473:Theoria
3468:Theosis
3317:Melkite
3279:Mongols
3197:History
3043:in the
2689:Sources
2651:3062011
2056:8 April
1651:Romaioi
1529:26 July
1391:8 April
1032:Lebanon
1022:Aramean
993:Syriacs
985:liturgy
958:Oceania
867:Tokaçlı
851:Antioch
839:Lebanon
762:Latakia
742:Mhardeh
732:, Syria
712:today.
666:Egypt.
608:Silifke
549:in 1860
269:Antioch
258:Antioch
232:History
216:, with
199:Antioch
195:Antakya
187:Turkish
175:Lebanon
165:or the
115:Turkish
3488:Praxis
3354:Raskol
2982:
2954:
2933:
2890:
2869:
2848:
2827:
2796:
2768:
2747:
2726:
2705:
2658:
2648:
2607:
2542:
2515:
2488:
2461:
2434:
2408:
2148:
2121:
2094:
1980:4 June
1951:4 June
1914:4 June
1869:
1737:
1685:
1520:
1493:
1443:
1414:
1359:
1227:, poet
1052:, and
1026:Greeks
967:Europe
905:4,700.
903:Mexico
855:Mersin
831:Syrian
787:, and
760:, and
754:Aleppo
748:, and
726:Easter
716:Levant
681:Levant
648:Beirut
642:, and
640:Europe
604:Epirus
580:Tarsus
512:Druzes
508:Beirut
422:kharaj
285:Pompey
203:Israel
183:Jordan
159:Levant
119:Turkey
99:Arabic
3503:Ousia
3392:Canon
3274:India
3269:China
3224:Copts
3078:Main
3053:North
2243:(PDF)
1761:(PDF)
1335:(PDF)
1190:Split
1054:Druze
1010:Roman
933:]
875:Arsuz
789:Akkar
785:Zahlé
588:Amida
584:Adana
426:jizya
392:Syria
365:jizya
220:near
191:Hatay
171:Syria
3438:Icon
3055:and
2980:ISBN
2952:ISBN
2931:ISBN
2888:ISBN
2867:ISBN
2846:ISBN
2825:ISBN
2807:2012
2794:ISBN
2779:2012
2766:ISBN
2745:ISBN
2724:ISBN
2703:ISBN
2656:PMID
2605:ISBN
2540:ISBN
2513:ISBN
2486:ISBN
2459:ISBN
2432:ISBN
2406:ISBN
2276:2014
2146:ISBN
2119:ISBN
2092:ISBN
2058:2017
1982:2015
1953:2015
1916:2015
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