3191:
920:
630:
642:
doctors, shopkeepers, painters. Their aggregate wealth was reckoned at one and a half billion francs, 10% of the
Egyptian GDP. Those who had capital invested it in small businesses (oil, soaps, tobacco, patisserie). Others created more important companies trading or producing salt, sodium, textiles, perfume, wood, silk. This economic success led to the foundation of schools, clubs, and charities, generally linked to a place of worship which was most of the time a church. A minority returned to their home village but the majority remained "semi-detached", settling for several generations in Egypt without for all that involving themselves fully in the host society.
502:
around 20% of the city's total (with the majority being Rûm), were also forced by the
Ottoman authorities to relinquish their weapons, wear black, and help improve the city's fortifications. Greek Orthodox holy sites, such as the Monastery of Our Lady of Balamand, located just south of the city of Tripoli in Lebanon, were subjected to vandalism and revenge attacks, which in fact forced the monks to abandon it until 1830. Not even the Greek Orthodox Patriarch was safe, as orders were received just after the execution of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in Constantinople to kill the Antiochian Patriarch as well; however, local officials failed to execute the orders.
413:
2584:
361:. On the eve of the Arab Muslim conquests the Byzantines were still in the process of rebuilding their authority in the Levant, which had been lost to them for almost twenty years. At the time of the Arab conquest, Bilad al-Sham was inhabited mainly by Syrian Christian sects, Ghassanid and other local Arab tribes and Nabatean Arabs, as well as Greeks, and by non-Christian minorities of Jews, Samaritans, and Itureans Arabs. The population of the region did not become predominantly Muslim until the 17th century, a millennium after the initial Arab conquest.
732:
443:
52:
253:
387:
489:(millet-i Rûm), or "Roman nation" by the Ottoman authorities. During the 17th century the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch abandoned the Greek liturgy in favor of the Arabic one. Since 1724 many Greek Orthodox converted to the Melkite Greek Catholic Church. Many Melkite Catholics, under pressure from the Greek-Orthodox, migrated to Lebanese coast, northern Palestine and Egypt, specializing in trade.
553:
333:, was one of the major commercial, agricultural, religious, and intellectual areas of the Empire, and its strategic location facing the Sassanid Empire and the unruly desert tribes gave it exceptional military importance. The entire area of the former diocese came under Sassanid occupation between 609 and 628, but was retaken by the Emperor Heraclius until it was lost to the Arabs after the
307:
806:
378:, a tax to be paid by conquered non-Muslims, called 'Ahl al Dhimmah'. The majority population of Jerusalem during the time of Arab conquest was Christian. In the aftermath the process of Islamization took place, combining immigration to Palestine with the adoption of Arabic as the official language, and conversion of a part of the local Christian population to Islam.
521:, but were thwarted by a local Mufti and a hastily arranged defense force. Although initially repelled, the Greeks did manage to hold on to a small portion of the city near the seashore in an area inhabited by local Rûm. During which they appealed to the Rûm "to rise up and join them", and even sent an invitation to the chief of the local
326:
themselves as the descendants of
Classical Greeks, the political heirs of imperial Rome, and followers of the Apostles. Thus, their sense of "Romanity" was different from that of their contemporaries in the West. "Romaic" was the name of the vulgar Greek language, as opposed to "Hellenic" which was its literary or doctrinal form.
439:—paid by non-Muslims in return for protection under the Muslim state and exemption from military service. The Byzantine civil service was retained until a new system could be instituted; therefore, Greek remained the administrative language in the new Muslim territories for over 50 years after the conquests.
1075:
individuals within a broader research project—but their research ignored other related 'Melkite-Antiochian' Greek
Orthodox and Greek Catholic communities in Syria, Southeastern Turkey and Northern Israel. A study by Makhoul et al. (2010) on Beta Thalassemia Heterogeneity in Lebanon found out that the
468:
In 969, the
Patriarch of Jerusalem, John VII, was put to death for treasonable correspondence with the Byzantine Greeks. As Jerusalem grew in importance to Muslims and pilgrimages increased, tolerance for other religions declined. Christians were persecuted. Churches were destroyed. The sixth Fatimid
325:
self-identified as
Romaioi or Romioi (Greek: Ῥωμαῖοι, Ρωμιοί, meaning "Romans") and Graikoi (Γραικοί, meaning "Greeks"). Linguistically, they spoke Byzantine or Medieval Greek, known as "Romaic," which is situated between the Hellenistic (Koine) and modern phases of the language. Byzantines perceived
641:
Christians of Egypt were considered a powerful and cosmopolitan community that played an important role in both Egypt's economy and culture. The community in Egypt counted more than 100,000 members at the turn of the 20th century: civil servants, hairdressers, cobblers, drivers, engineers, dentists,
430:
According to the historian James
William Parkes, during the 1st century after the Arab conquest (640–740), the caliph and governors of Syria and the Holy Land ruled entirely over Christian and Jewish subjects. He further states that apart from the Bedouin in the earliest days, the only Arabs west of
369:
The Muslim Arab army attacked
Jerusalem, held by the Byzantines, in November, 636. For four months the siege continued. Ultimately, the Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem, Sophronius, agreed to surrender Jerusalem to Caliph Umar in person. Caliph Umar, then at Medina, agreed to these terms and traveled
832:
The
Jordanian Greek Orthodox Christians are believed to number 120,000, most of whom are Arabic speaking, or by some accounts more than 300,000. There are currently 29 Greek Orthodox churches – with that number on the increase – which come under the Jerusalem Patriarchate. The Melkites count 27,000
460:
Byzantine governments. The employment of
Christians was part of a broader policy of religious tolerance that was necessitated by the presence of large Christian populations in the conquered provinces, as in Syria. This policy also boosted Muawiya's popularity and solidified Syria as his power base.
501:
throughout the Empire were targeted for persecutions, and Syria did not escape Ottoman Turkish wrath. Fearing that the Rûm of Syria might aid the Greek Revolution, the Porte issued an order that they should be disarmed. In Jerusalem, the city's Christian population, who were estimated to make up
714:
The highest concentration of Antiochian Greek Christians still living in the Levant are found within the territories of Syria, Lebanon, and Turkey. Counting the worldwide diaspora, there are more than 1.5 million Antiochian Greek Orthodox and Greek Catholic (Melkite) Christians residing in the
685:
In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Antiochians experienced a resurgence of Arabization, leading most to adopt Arabic as a liturgical language. According to Greek journalist Alexandros Massavetas, the rivalry between Moscow and Constantinople for supremacy over the Orthodox world resulted in a
459:
were involved in frequent battles with the Byzantine Greeks without being concerned with protecting themselves in Syria, which had remained largely Christian like many other parts of the empire. Prominent positions were held by Christians, some of whom belonged to families that had served in
961:, the largest population live in the Americas. The Antiochian Greek Orthodox population of Latin America is about 2.5 million people, while the Antiochian Greek Orthodox population of North America is about 450,000 and in South America is about 130,000 just in Brazil, mostly in
564:
On July 10, 1860, Saint Joseph of Damascus and 11,000 Antiochian Greek Orthodox and Catholic Christians were killed when Druze and Muslim marauders destroyed part of the old city of Damascus. The Antiochians had taken refuge in the churches and monasteries of
1378:
Another community of Aramaic-speaking Melkites existed in the vicinity of Antioch and parts of Syria. These Melkites used Classical Syriac as a written language, the common literary language of the overwhelming majority of Christian
538:. In the aftermath, Ottoman records show that 688 homes, 36 shops, and 6 churches were damaged, including the Greek Catholic patriarchate and its library. The events led hundreds of Christians to migrate mainly to Beirut and Smyrna.
973:
The Catholic Melkite community exist in Australia, with 53,700 members. In Australia and New Zealand the Greek Orthodox Melkites number about 43,500—or according to the Prime Minister's estimate in 2007–123,000 members.
1006:
ethnically and Greeks only in regard to religious affinity: only the inhabitants of Antioch city were thought to be Greek ethnically. However, some sources label them with a Greek identity. According to Greek historian
525:
to also join the Revolution. A few days later, on March 23, 1826, the regional governor Abdullah Pasha sent his lieutenant and nearly 500 Albanian irregular forces to exact revenge for the failed uprising.
836:
According to an ethnographic study published by Alexander Synvet in 1878, there were 125,000 Greek Orthodox Christians living in Syria, Lebanon, and Palestine, as well as another 35,000 Greek Catholics.
3190:
1664:—Romans. They were well aware of their role as heirs of the Roman Empire, which for many centuries had united under a single government the whole Mediterranean world and much that was outside it."
1470:"The mixture of Roman, Greek, and Jewish elements admirably adapted Antioch for the great part it played in the early history of Christianity. The city was the cradle of the church." — "Antioch,"
802:. The Lebanese Greek Orthodox constitute 8% of the total population of Lebanon and the Melkite Catholic Christians are believed to constitute about 5% of the total population of Lebanon.
3372:
473:(996–1021), who was believed to be "God made manifest" by the Druze, destroyed the Holy Sepulchre in 1009. This powerful provocation started the near 90-year preparation towards the
809:
Share of Orthodox population in Lebanon by district. The Lebanese Orthodox may be understood as being part of the Antiochian Greek Christian community. The highest percentage is in
514:
2570:
3025:
1322:
2270:
2692:
Makhoul, N. J., et al. "Genetic heterogeneity of Beta thalassemia in Lebanon reflects historic and recent population migration." Annals of human genetics 69.1 (2005): 55-66.
613:, which ended the Ottoman Greek genocide. One modern Greek town, which is made up of Antiochian survivors from the population exchange, is Nea Selefkia, which is located in
1788:
Lauren S. Bahr; Bernard Johnston (M.A.); Louise A. Bloomfield (1996). Collier's encyclopedia: with bibliography and index. Collier's. p. 328. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
645:
Due to the rise in nationalism along with the loss of economic freedoms during the 1950s, a part of Egypt's Syro-Lebanese community left the country immigrating to the
357:
The Arab conquest of Syria occurred in the first half of the 7th century, and refers to the conquest of the Levant, which later became known as the Islamic Province of
1897:
57:
431:
the Jordan were the garrisons. The Arab garrisons were kept apart in camps, and life went on much as before for the local population. The taxes instituted were the
662:
610:
2048:
2030:
3284:
374:
also negotiated a pact with Caliph Umar, known as the Umariyya Covenant or Covenant of Omar, allowing for religious freedom for Christians in exchange for
826:
919:
3018:
2585:"Anemi - Digital Library of Modern Greek Studies - Περί της εθνικής καταγωγής των ορθοδόξων χριστιανών Συρίας και Παλαιστίνης / υπό Παύλου Καρολίδου"
424:
775:. The Greek Orthodox population of Syria is about 1,142,500 people. The Melkite Greek Catholic Church numbers between 118,000 and 240,000 members.
686:
Russian-backed change in leadership of the Antioch Patriarchate from Greeks to Arabs at the end of the 19th century. Many Antiochians who endorsed
2937:
The Great Church in Captivity: A Study of the Patriarchate of Constantinople from the Eve of the Turkish Conquest to the Greek War of Independence
1830:
The Tragedy of the Templars: The Rise and Fall of the Crusader States By Michael Haag Chapter 3 Palestine under the Umayyads and the Arab Tribe
3354:
416:
3382:
3377:
629:
2966:
2945:
2902:
2881:
2860:
2808:
2780:
2759:
2738:
2717:
2420:
1697:
1628:, "Introduction", p. x: "All through the Middle Ages the Byzantines considered themselves the guardians and heirs of the Hellenic tradition."
1505:
2329:"Anemi - Digital Library of Modern Greek Studies - Les Grecs de l'Empire ottoman : Etude statistique et ethnographique / par A. Synvet"
3580:
3508:
3478:
3011:
2986:
East and West in the Crusader States: Context, Contacts, Confrontations : Acta of the Congress Held at Hernen Castle in September 2000
2546:
East and West in the Crusader States: Context, Contacts, Confrontations : Acta of the Congress Held at Hernen Castle in September 2000
1067:
of the region. But Ruffié and Taleb (1965) found significant differences of blood markers between ethno-religious groups, particularly the
2176:
1319:
1295:
3344:
2500:
2278:
2133:
1263:
1068:
1350:
the Arab Christians of Tokaçlı have tended to assimilate to a general Turkish identity which includes the use of the Turkish language
2994:
2839:
2619:
2554:
2527:
2473:
2446:
2160:
2106:
1881:
1749:
1532:
1455:
1426:
1371:
606:
3518:
892:
was reported in 2005. The events were allegedly sparked by sexual harassment of a Christian girl by a Muslim barber's apprentice.
2683:
Ruffié, Jacques, and Nagib Taleb. Etude hémotypologique des ethnies libanaises: par Jacques Ruffié et Nagib Taleb. Hermann, 1965.
1268:
932:
406:
173:
89:
2300:
3207:
3176:
1391:
957:
The homeland of the Greek Orthodox is mostly Syria where it has the highest population of Christians and Lebanon. But like the
582:
390:
217:
2609:
1820:
3289:
1831:
1775:
1688:
1917:
1051:
of Lebanon revealed no noticeable or significant genetic differentiation between the Greek Orthodox Christians, Maronites,
3296:
958:
904:, In 2010, the Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Paraiso em São Paulo in Brazil had 443,000 members; the Apostolic Exarchate of
818:
347:
177:
93:
1982:
3364:
3339:
570:
547:
412:
3279:
3239:
3215:
3122:
1003:
3220:
3127:
3112:
1447:
731:
3117:
1330:
535:
236:
2571:"The Levantine Greeks: The Hellenic Republic should Recognize its Forgotten Greeks in Syria and other countries"
817:
There are 135,000 or more Christian Arabs in Israel (and more than 39,000 non-Arab Christians). As of 2014 the
442:
351:
1497:
Establishing Boundaries: Christian-Jewish Relations in Early Council Texts and the Writings of Church Fathers
3498:
3483:
3308:
3107:
1522:
703:
371:
3417:
3148:
3088:
1258:
1235:
638:
510:
2250:
1596:, "Canonising and Decanonising Homer: Reception of the Homeric Poems in Antiquity and Modernity", p. 20.
1472:
1165:
1072:
1052:
470:
3359:
936:
877:
589:. As a result, three Antiochian Greek Orthodox Dioceses were completely annihilated; the Metropolis of
51:
2403:"Mixed Marriages in the Antiochian Orthodox Church: An Educational Approach to a Pastoral Challenge",
825:
belonged to the Melkite Greek Catholic Church, while around 30% of Israeli Christians belonged to the
435:—a tax that landowners and peasants paid according to the productivity of their fields—as well as the
252:
3301:
3257:
3153:
3034:
1230:
506:
298:
in the Third Mithridatic War. Christianity spread in the region and dominated by the fourth century.
165:
162:
573:, which began as a Maronite rebellion in Mount Lebanon, and culminated in the massacre in Damascus.
3047:
2328:
1593:
1362:
Arman Akopian (11 December 2017). "Other branches of Syriac Christianity: Melkites and Maronites".
1210:
1081:
1016:
954:
Catholic Melkites total 60,000, and the membership of the Greek Orthodox is about 500,000 people.
386:
330:
275:
264:
260:
117:
1608:, p. 482: "As heirs to the Greeks and Romans of old, the Byzantines thought of themselves as
1039:
in an ethnographic study published by French historian and ethnographer Alexander Synvet in 1878.
3453:
3274:
3244:
3158:
3051:
2043:
1891:
1226:
1077:
822:
699:
674:
509:
attempted to spread the Greek Revolution to the Ottoman Levant. According to then-British Consul
283:
256:
189:
2637:"Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure: the Maronites in Lebanon"
3539:
3349:
2990:
2962:
2941:
2898:
2877:
2856:
2835:
2804:
2776:
2755:
2734:
2713:
2666:
2615:
2550:
2523:
2517:
2496:
2469:
2442:
2436:
2416:
2156:
2150:
2129:
2102:
1877:
1843:
1745:
1693:
1528:
1501:
1451:
1422:
1367:
1205:
1177:
1093:
998:, not to ethnicity; most Antiochian Greek Christians identify themselves as Arabs. During the
787:
581:
During the First World War, Antiochians, alongside other Ottoman Greeks, were targeted by the
456:
334:
2490:
2463:
2123:
1870:
Omar Imady, David Commins, David W. Lesch (2021). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (ed.).
889:
873:
3312:
3229:
2984:
2656:
2648:
2544:
2408:
2385:
2226:
2083:
1343:"Fragmented in space: the oral history narrative: of an Arab Christian from Antioch, Turkey"
1241:
1183:
1135:
1117:
1024:
1008:
695:
322:
224:
139:
125:
113:
1766:
941:
552:
3317:
1742:
A History of the Crusades:The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
1326:
1253:
1216:
1147:
1141:
1123:
1111:
614:
310:
143:
1477:
2465:
Language, Religion and National Identity in Europe and the Near East: A Historical Study
751:(The Valley of the Christians), as well as the surrounding areas, such as the cities of
3544:
3402:
3059:
2661:
2636:
2366:
1012:
853:
810:
799:
791:
748:
590:
586:
394:
314:
201:
2304:
2201:
1612:, or Romans, though they knew full well that they were ethnically Greeks." (see also:
3574:
3412:
3407:
3168:
3143:
3043:
2177:"Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East — World Council of Churches"
1715:"Syria." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 Oct. 2006
1296:"Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East — World Council of Churches"
1196:
1153:
1129:
999:
951:
901:
869:
848:
was given to Turkey by the French Mandate powers in 1939, many migrated to Syria and
783:
720:
474:
358:
157:
61:
1727:"Iran." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 20 Oct. 2006
1395:
60:(left to right: then-Archdeacon Anthony Bashir, Metropolitan Gerasimos Messara, and
3473:
3468:
3463:
3262:
3252:
3225:
3199:
3063:
1953:
1768:
Aspects of Islamization of Space and Society in Mamluk Jerusalem and its Hinterland
1660:, "Introduction", p. xiii: "The Byzantines did not call themselves Byzantines, but
1200:
1171:
1168:– Lebanese-American essayist, scholar, statistician, former trader and risk analyst
1159:
1099:
1020:
928:
666:
85:
2492:
Religious Minorities in the Near East: Domination, Self-Empowerment, Accommodation
2354:
2125:
Religious Minorities in the Near East: Domination, Self-Empowerment, Accommodation
962:
2956:
2935:
2924:
2913:
2892:
2871:
2850:
2829:
2798:
2770:
2749:
2728:
2707:
2412:
2382:
Unity In Antioch: Between The Eastern Orthodox And The Oriental Orthodox Churches
1871:
1524:
Between Rome and Jerusalem: 300 years of Roman-Judaean relations By Martin Sicker
1495:
1076:
thalassemia mutations in Lebanese Christians are similar to the ones observed in
455:
The relations between the Muslims and the Christians in the state were good. The
17:
3549:
3523:
3075:
3067:
3055:
2825:
1105:
1056:
991:
881:
845:
716:
687:
670:
135:
2061:
1342:
3559:
3554:
3493:
3422:
3332:
3267:
1222:
1060:
805:
740:
598:
486:
1728:
1716:
3503:
3443:
1605:
1048:
909:
905:
654:
306:
2670:
2519:
The Governance of Legal Pluralism: Empirical Studies from Africa and Beyond
2152:
The Governance of Legal Pluralism: Empirical Studies from Africa and Beyond
2852:
People and Power in Byzantium: An Introduction to Modern Byzantine Studies
2652:
2389:
1031:. Karolidis was attempting to refute the Russian claims that they were of
3488:
3458:
3427:
3099:
3079:
3071:
1810:
A Chronology Of Islamic History 570-1000 CE, By H.U. Rahman 1999 Page 128
1071:
in Lebanon, based on a substantially larger sample of Greek Orthodox and
1032:
857:
795:
779:
768:
752:
646:
633:
Iconostasis of the Greek Orthodox Church of St. Sabbas, Alexandria, Egypt
566:
557:
420:
398:
232:
228:
220:
121:
2099:
Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism
1819:
Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa By Ali Aldosari Page 185
446:
Map detailing the route of Muslim invasion of Southern and Central Syria
3327:
3003:
995:
861:
856:, a significant number of Antiochian Greek Christians have migrated to
849:
772:
618:
602:
279:
268:
209:
205:
185:
1577:
1575:
1036:
1028:
913:
865:
764:
747:
In Syria, the Antiochian Greek Christians are mostly concentrated in
736:
691:
658:
650:
585:
Ottoman authorities in what is now historically known as the Ottoman
518:
432:
295:
213:
197:
193:
169:
129:
109:
498:
317:, Archbishop of Constantinople, and Christian saint born in Antioch
2800:
The Ottoman City between East and West: Aleppo, Izmir, and Istanbul
505:
On March 18, 1826, a flotilla of around fifteen Greek ships led by
3513:
3234:
2797:
Eldem, Edhem; Goffman, Daniel; Masters, Bruce (11 November 1999).
1064:
918:
900:
One of the Largest communities of Greek Catholic Melkites live in
885:
841:
821:
was the largest Christian community in Israel, where about 60% of
804:
730:
628:
594:
551:
522:
441:
436:
411:
402:
385:
375:
305:
251:
181:
1865:
1863:
778:
In Lebanon, most Antiochian Greek Christians can be found in the
3448:
2709:
A History of the Greek Language: From its Origins to the Present
852:. Whilst those able to remain in Turkey are concentrated in the
760:
756:
3007:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1444:
Diasporas of the Modern Middle East: Contextualising Community
1419:
Diasporas of the Modern Middle East: Contextualising Community
370:
to Jerusalem to sign the capitulation in the spring of 637.
2831:
Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204
1108:- Lebanese singer, television personality and businesswoman
888:. A case of intercommunal violence with Turkish Muslims in
2256:. Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel). 29 December 2019.
1156:- Lebanese politician, sociologist, philosopher and writer
763:. Smaller and historical communities can also be found in
2031:
History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey, Volume 2
1225:, 1st century AD, Christian evangelist and author of the
517:, in Constantinople. The Greek Revolutionaries landed in
485:
Historically, Antiochians were considered as part of the
212:)—one of the holiest cities in Eastern Christianity, and
2754:. Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press.
2384:(Thesis). Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN).
698:. The bulk of the community supported Arab nationalism,
2894:
Homer and the Bible in the Eyes of Ancient Interpreters
2849:
Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich; Constable, Giles (1982).
1320:
Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East
569:("Saint Thomas' Gate"). The Massacre was a part of the
513:, stationed in Aleppo, in a memo to British Ambassador
294:
Syria was annexed by the Roman Republic in 64 B.C., by
2958:
Introducing Byzantine History (A Manual for Beginners)
2438:
Annual Report on International Religious Freedom, 2004
2955:
Savvides, Alexios G. C.; Hendricks, Benjamin (2001).
2912:
Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum (2003).
2435:
Senate (U S ) Committee on Foreign Relations (2005).
2635:
Haber, M; Platt, DE; Badro, DA; et al. (2011).
1269:
List of Greek Orthodox Antiochian Churches in Europe
3532:
3436:
3395:
3206:
3167:
3136:
3098:
3087:
2730:
After Antiquity: Greek Language, Myth, and Metaphor
2005:
1919:
Notes from the life of a Syrian by Antonius Ameuney
1911:
1909:
1907:
1711:
1709:
1174:- Lebanese novelist, journalist, editor and teacher
657:, as well as many returning to Lebanon (especially
216:. Many of their descendants now live in the global
100:
79:
69:
2929:. London and New York: Cambridge University Press.
617:. The founders of Nea Selefkia were refugees from
2983:Krijna Nelly Ciggaar, Herman G. B. Teule (2003).
2543:Krijna Nelly Ciggaar, Herman G. B. Teule (2003).
1799:Whose Land? A History of the Peoples of Palestine
1613:
1606:Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum 2003
605:. Those Antiochians living outside of the French
1943:, July 1824, page 220. Mendon Association, 1824.
1637:
1581:
58:Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of North America
2918:. Pontificium Institutum Orientalium Studiorum.
1984:Bedlam in Beirut: A British Perspective in 1826
1692:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1533–1534.
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
419:, the seat of the Greek-Melkite Archeparchy of
1939:Fisk and King, 'Description of Jerusalem,' in
1876:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 171–172.
790:, and North Governorates. Specifically in the
669:, which began during the latter stages of the
577:First World War and the Ottoman Greek genocide
536:attacked the Christian neighborhoods of Aleppo
329:The homeland of the Antiochians, known as the
3019:
2323:
2321:
990:The designation "Greek" refers to the use of
180:, and they have ancient roots in what is now
8:
2101:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2014.
1896:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1144:- Syrian scholar, publicist, writer and poet
34:
30:
2441:. Government Printing Office. p. 575.
719:, the United States, Canada, Australia and
497:As soon as the Greek revolution commenced,
40:
3095:
3026:
3012:
3004:
2915:Orientalia Christiana Periodica, Volume 69
2265:
2263:
1421:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 32.
1364:Introduction to Aramean and Syriac Studies
982:In Europe, there are about 40,000 people.
935:, it is under the auspices of Archbishop (
2940:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2660:
2489:Anh Nga Longva, Anne Sofie Roald (2011).
2405:Christian Family and Contemporary Society
2122:Anh Nga Longva, Anne Sofie Roald (2011).
1625:
2733:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
1673:
1657:
1641:
1585:
1392:"OVERVIEW OF RELIGIOUS HISTORY OF SYRIA"
1084:origin of certain Lebanese Christians".
1080:which "may confirm the presumed ancient
813:, where they make 72% of the population.
425:Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch
2611:Byzantium and the Modern Greek Identity
2516:Werner Zips, Markus Weilenmann (2011).
2251:"Christmas 2019 - Christians in Israel"
2149:Werner Zips, Markus Weilenmann (2011).
2084:"Syro-Lebanese Migration Towards Egypt"
2017:
1717:Syria -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
1589:
1566:
1554:
1280:
1199:, Bishop of Salona and patron saint of
1011:writing in 1908, they are a mixture of
1889:
1729:Iran -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia
1645:
1002:era, most of them were referred to as
556:The ruins of the Christian quarter of
534:On October 17–18, 1850 Muslim rioters
417:Cathedral of Our Lady of the Dormition
29:
2712:. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.
2706:Adrados, Francisco Rodriguez (2005).
2271:"The Christian communities in Israel"
1219:(349–407) Patriarch of Constantinople
637:By the dawn of the 20th century, the
7:
2989:. Peeters Publishers. pp. 3–4.
2873:Handbook of the Byzantine Collection
2608:David Ricks, Paul Magdalino (1998).
1102:- Syrian philosopher and sociologist
694:at the time, adopted and championed
282:was founded by one of his generals,
235:being one of the few places where a
2522:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 220.
2155:. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 220.
1484:Takes several minutes to download).
1476:, Vol. I, p. 186 (p. 125 of 612 in
661:) and Syria. This was known as the
35:
2876:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.
2855:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.
2641:European Journal of Human Genetics
2407:, Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2015,
2275:Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2033:, Cambridge University Press, 1977
1264:Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem
827:Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem
25:
2549:. Peeters Publishers. p. 3.
2006:Eldem, Goffman & Masters 1999
1494:Hosang, F. J. E. Boddens (2010).
607:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
172:. They are either members of the
3189:
2355:Taciz yüzünden cemaatler dövüştü
2202:"Syria's beleaguered Christians"
2049:Details of the Damascus Massacre
1844:"Mill's History of the Crusades"
1686:Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991).
1186:- Lebanese-Cypriot tennis player
933:Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch
407:Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch
274:Syria was invaded by Greek king
174:Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch
90:Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch
50:
3345:Christianization of Kievan Rus'
3137:Independent Churches/Communions
2961:. Paris: University Hêrodotos.
1744:. Penguin Books. Vol.1 pp.3–4.
1047:A genetic study focused on the
1027:("Rûm"), as well as indigenous
391:Mariamite Cathedral of Damascus
3369:Moscow–Constantinople schisms
2926:The Last Byzantine Renaissance
2803:. Cambridge University Press.
2772:Historical Dictionary of Syria
2468:. John Benjamins. p. 47.
1955:Balamand patriarchal monastery
1873:Historical Dictionary of Syria
1776:Hebrew University of Jerusalem
1689:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1366:. Gorgias Press. p. 217.
1114:- Lebanese author and diplomat
1035:origin. They were included as
925:Catedral Ortodoxa de San Jorge
912:has 26,600 people members and
625:1956-1957 Syro-Lebanese exodus
27:Christian ethnoreligious Group
1:
1987:. University of North Florida
1614:Savvides & Hendricks 2001
819:Melkite Greek Catholic Church
348:Muslim conquest of the Levant
204:, which includes the city of
178:Melkite Greek Catholic Church
94:Melkite Greek Catholic Church
3519:Essence–energies distinction
3340:Christianization of Bulgaria
2769:Commins, David Dean (2004).
2413:10.5040/9780567663207.ch-010
2303:. 2009-10-31. Archived from
2277:. 1 May 2014. Archived from
1801:(Penguin books, 1970), p. 66
1638:Kazhdan & Constable 1982
1582:Kazhdan & Constable 1982
1132:- Lebanese-Swiss businessman
571:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
548:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war
321:Throughout the Middle Ages,
3581:Antiochian Greek Christians
3323:Antiochian Greek Christians
3221:Christianization of Georgia
3216:Christianization of Armenia
3123:Assyrian Church of the East
1842:Charles Mills (June 1820).
931:, Mexico City. Part of the
690:, which was popular in the
611:population exchange of 1923
609:were subject to the forced
337:, and the fall of Antioch.
153:Antiochian Greek Christians
31:Antiochian Greek Christians
3597:
3373:15th–16th centuries schism
3297:Oriental Orthodox Churches
3128:Ancient Church of the East
3113:Oriental Orthodox Churches
2891:Niehoff, Maren R. (2012).
2727:Alexiou, Margaret (2001).
1916:Ameuney, Antonius (1860).
1448:Edinburgh University Press
1015:settlers and particularly
884:, and the seaside town of
880:, a string of villages in
735:Antiochian Greek Orthodox
545:
405:and holds the seat of the
313:(347–407 AD) was an early
3187:
3118:Eastern Catholic Churches
3041:
2934:Runciman, Steven (1985).
2923:Runciman, Steven (1970).
2870:Kitzinger, Ernst (1967).
2748:Browning, Robert (1992).
1958:. antiochpatriarchate.org
1740:Runciman, Steven (1951).
1331:World Council of Churches
1053:Greek Catholic Christians
542:Damascus Massacre of 1860
493:Greek War of Independence
239:dialect is still spoken.
105:
84:
74:
49:
41:
2380:BAZ, Charles N. (2000).
2231:U.S. Department of State
1442:Gorman, Anthony (2015).
1417:Gorman, Anthony (2015).
1150:- Syrian writer and poet
1120:- Syrian Catholic bishop
1096:- Palestinian journalist
601:, and the Metropolis of
3355:Eastern Orthodox Church
3309:Saint Thomas Christians
3108:Eastern Orthodox Church
2614:. Ashgate. p. 20.
2369:. CNEWA. 22 March 2010.
2097:Masters, Bruce (2014).
1527:. Bloomsbury Academic.
1521:Sicker, Martin (2001).
530:Aleppo Massacre of 1850
223:. They primarily speak
3154:True Orthodox churches
3149:Spiritual Christianity
2051:, NYT, August 13, 1860
1941:The Christian Magazine
1797:James William Parkes,
1500:. BRILL. p. 110.
1259:Syro-Lebanese in Egypt
1236:Aulus Licinius Archias
1213:, Patriarch of Antioch
986:Genetics and ethnicity
947:
814:
744:
634:
561:
447:
427:
409:
318:
271:
218:Near Eastern Christian
3177:Eastern Protestantism
3050:that developed since
2834:. London: UCL Press.
2653:10.1038/ejhg.2010.177
2495:. BRILL. p. 61.
2390:10.2986/tren.015-0379
2128:. BRILL. p. 62.
1473:Encyclopaedia Biblica
1180:- Syrian intellectual
1166:Nassim Nicholas Taleb
922:
908:has 310,700 members;
808:
734:
632:
555:
445:
415:
389:
309:
255:
75:Estimated 4.3 million
42:Ρωμιοί της Αντιοχείας
3302:Council of Chalcedon
3048:Christian traditions
3035:Eastern Christianity
2751:The Byzantine Empire
2462:John Myhill (2006).
2367:"Paradise in Brazil"
1231:Acts of the Apostles
597:, the Metropolis of
507:Vasos Mavrovouniotis
393:, one of the oldest
346:Further Information:
168:group native to the
3078:, and parts of the
2775:. Scarecrow Press.
2082:Fadel, Marwan Abi.
1848:The Eclectic Review
1594:Margalit Finkelberg
1325:30 May 2019 at the
1211:Ignatius of Antioch
1162:- Syrian politician
860:. They now live in
423:, dependent on the
352:Arab–Byzantine wars
331:Diocese of the East
276:Alexander the Great
265:Alexander the Great
118:Western Neo-Aramaic
64:Victor Abo-Assaley)
46:
3275:Church of the East
3245:Ecumenical council
3196:Christ Pantocrator
3052:Early Christianity
2281:on 17 October 2015
2044:The New York Times
2029:Shaw, Ezel Kural.
1398:on 18 October 2017
1227:Gospel of St. Luke
1126:- Lebanese soprano
948:
872:, the villages of
823:Israeli Christians
815:
745:
700:Syrian nationalism
635:
562:
448:
428:
410:
382:Rashidun Caliphate
365:In Southern Levant
319:
284:Seleucus I Nicator
272:
257:Seleucus I Nicator
3568:
3567:
3540:Sign of the cross
3350:Turkic Christians
3185:
3184:
2968:978-2-911859-13-7
2947:978-0-521-31310-0
2904:978-9-00-422134-5
2897:. Leiden: Brill.
2883:978-0-88402-025-7
2862:978-0-88402-103-2
2810:978-0-521-64304-7
2782:978-0-8108-4934-1
2761:978-0-8132-0754-4
2740:978-0-8014-3301-6
2719:978-90-04-12835-4
2422:978-0-567-65696-4
2181:www.oikoumene.org
1699:978-0-19-504652-6
1507:978-90-04-19065-8
1300:www.oikoumene.org
1206:George of Antioch
1191:Historical people
1178:Constantin Zureiq
1094:Shireen Abu Akleh
1078:Macedonia, Greece
1023:-era Greeks, and
959:Catholic Melkites
937:Antonio Chedraoui
788:Beqaa Governorate
704:Palestinian cause
515:Stratford Canning
464:Abbasid Caliphate
451:Umayyad Caliphate
335:Battle of Yarmouk
166:Eastern Christian
150:
149:
18:Antiochian Greeks
16:(Redirected from
3588:
3360:East–West Schism
3313:Malankara Church
3230:Byzantine Empire
3198:(circa 1261) in
3193:
3096:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3005:
3000:
2972:
2951:
2930:
2919:
2908:
2887:
2866:
2845:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2765:
2744:
2723:
2693:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2664:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2589:anemi.lib.uoc.gr
2581:
2575:
2574:
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2561:
2560:
2540:
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2513:
2507:
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2333:anemi.lib.uoc.gr
2325:
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2267:
2258:
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2255:
2247:
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2240:
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2237:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2062:"The Black Book"
2058:
2052:
2040:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1979:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1950:
1944:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1913:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1887:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1839:
1833:
1828:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1773:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1655:
1649:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1603:
1597:
1579:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1491:
1485:
1478:online .pdf file
1468:
1462:
1461:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1394:. Archived from
1388:
1382:
1381:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1339:
1333:
1317:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1292:
1242:Paul of Samosata
1184:Marcos Baghdatis
1136:Abdallah Marrash
1118:Hilarion Capucci
1025:Byzantine Greeks
1009:Pavlos Karolidis
945:
739:celebrations in
696:Arab nationalism
663:1956–1957 exodus
323:Byzantine Greeks
278:in 333 B.C. and
225:Levantine Arabic
144:Classical Syriac
140:Classical Arabic
114:Levantine Arabic
70:Total population
56:Founders of the
54:
47:
45:
44:
43:
38:
37:
36:الروم الأنطاكيون
21:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3528:
3459:Filioque clause
3432:
3391:
3318:Arab Christians
3240:Proto-orthodoxy
3202:
3194:
3181:
3163:
3132:
3090:
3083:
3037:
3032:
2997:
2982:
2979:
2977:Further reading
2969:
2954:
2948:
2933:
2922:
2911:
2905:
2890:
2884:
2869:
2863:
2848:
2842:
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2578:
2573:. 3 April 2022.
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1990:
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1971:
1961:
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1390:
1389:
1385:
1374:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1327:Wayback Machine
1318:
1314:
1305:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1282:
1277:
1254:Arab Christians
1250:
1217:John Chrysostom
1193:
1148:Maryana Marrash
1142:Francis Marrash
1138:- Syrian writer
1124:Majida El Roumi
1112:George Antonius
1090:
1045:
988:
980:
971:
939:
923:Service at the
898:
729:
712:
683:
627:
603:Theodosioupolis
579:
550:
544:
532:
495:
483:
469:caliph, Caliph
466:
453:
384:
367:
343:
311:John Chrysostom
304:
292:
267:and founder of
250:
245:
237:Western Aramaic
196:, the southern
155:(also known as
134:
132:
107:
65:
39:
33:
32:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3594:
3592:
3584:
3583:
3573:
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3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3545:Divine Liturgy
3542:
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3534:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3521:
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3506:
3501:
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3130:
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3093:
3085:
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3060:Eastern Europe
3042:
3039:
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3033:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3008:
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3001:
2995:
2978:
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2676:
2627:
2620:
2600:
2576:
2562:
2555:
2535:
2528:
2508:
2502:978-9004207424
2501:
2481:
2474:
2454:
2447:
2427:
2421:
2395:
2372:
2358:
2344:
2317:
2292:
2259:
2242:
2218:
2193:
2183:. January 1948
2168:
2161:
2141:
2135:978-9004207424
2134:
2114:
2107:
2089:
2074:
2053:
2035:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1969:
1945:
1932:
1903:
1882:
1859:
1834:
1823:
1812:
1803:
1790:
1781:
1757:
1750:
1732:
1720:
1705:
1698:
1678:
1676:, p. 119.
1666:
1650:
1644:, p. 14;
1640:, p. 12;
1630:
1626:Kitzinger 1967
1618:
1598:
1588:, p. 14;
1584:, p. 12;
1571:
1559:
1557:, p. 226.
1547:
1533:
1513:
1506:
1486:
1463:
1456:
1450:. p. 32.
1434:
1427:
1409:
1383:
1372:
1354:
1334:
1312:
1302:. January 1948
1279:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1233:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1203:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1089:
1088:Notable people
1086:
1073:Greek Catholic
1069:Greek Orthodox
1061:Shiite Muslims
1044:
1041:
987:
984:
979:
976:
970:
967:
897:
894:
854:Hatay Province
811:Koura District
792:Koura District
749:Wadi al-Nasara
728:
725:
711:
708:
682:
679:
626:
623:
587:Greek genocide
578:
575:
543:
540:
531:
528:
494:
491:
482:
481:Ottoman Period
479:
465:
462:
452:
449:
395:Greek Orthodox
383:
380:
366:
363:
342:
339:
303:
300:
291:
288:
263:officer under
259:(305–281 BC),
249:
246:
244:
241:
163:ethnoreligious
148:
147:
103:
102:
98:
97:
82:
81:
77:
76:
72:
71:
67:
66:
55:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3593:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3413:New Testament
3411:
3409:
3408:Old Testament
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3169:Protestantism
3166:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:Old Believers
3142:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3044:Cultural area
3040:
3036:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3006:
2998:
2996:9789042912878
2992:
2988:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2921:
2917:
2916:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2847:
2843:
2841:1-85728-495-X
2837:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2812:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2784:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2711:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2647:(3): 334–40.
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2621:9780860786139
2617:
2613:
2612:
2604:
2601:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2556:9789042912878
2552:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2529:9783825898229
2525:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2475:9789027227119
2471:
2467:
2466:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2448:9780160725524
2444:
2440:
2439:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2376:
2373:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2348:
2345:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2307:on 2009-10-31
2306:
2302:
2296:
2293:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2162:9783825898229
2158:
2154:
2153:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2108:9780521005821
2104:
2100:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2078:
2075:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2020:, pp. 31
2019:
2014:
2011:
2008:, pp. 70
2007:
2002:
1999:
1986:
1985:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1921:
1920:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1885:
1883:9781538122860
1879:
1875:
1874:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1770:
1769:
1765:Luz, Nimrod.
1761:
1758:
1753:
1751:0-521-34770-X
1747:
1743:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1674:Runciman 1985
1670:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1658:Browning 1992
1654:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:Runciman 1970
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1586:Runciman 1970
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1569:, p. 22.
1568:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1548:
1536:
1534:9780275971403
1530:
1526:
1525:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1457:9780748686131
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1428:9780748686131
1424:
1420:
1413:
1410:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1373:9781463238933
1369:
1365:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1197:Saint Domnius
1195:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:Antoun Saadeh
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:Nicolas Hayek
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:Sunni Muslims
1054:
1050:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1013:ancient Greek
1010:
1005:
1001:
1000:First Crusade
997:
993:
985:
983:
977:
975:
968:
966:
964:
960:
955:
953:
952:North America
943:
938:
934:
930:
926:
921:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:South America
895:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
834:
830:
828:
824:
820:
812:
807:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
784:Matn District
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
742:
738:
733:
726:
724:
722:
721:Latin America
718:
709:
707:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
680:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
643:
640:
639:Syro-Lebanese
631:
624:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
576:
574:
572:
568:
559:
554:
549:
541:
539:
537:
529:
527:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
500:
492:
490:
488:
480:
478:
476:
475:First Crusade
472:
463:
461:
458:
450:
444:
440:
438:
434:
426:
422:
418:
414:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
381:
379:
377:
373:
364:
362:
360:
359:Bilad al-Sham
355:
354:
353:
349:
341:Arab Conquest
340:
338:
336:
332:
327:
324:
316:
315:Church Father
312:
308:
302:Byzantine Era
301:
299:
297:
289:
287:
285:
281:
277:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
247:
242:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:
160:
159:
154:
145:
141:
137:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
104:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
62:Archimandrite
59:
53:
48:
19:
3474:Nestorianism
3469:Dyophysitism
3464:Miaphysitism
3454:Apophaticism
3418:Deuterocanon
3322:
3263:Paulicianism
3253:Nestorianism
3226:Roman Empire
3200:Hagia Sophia
3195:
2985:
2957:
2936:
2925:
2914:
2893:
2872:
2851:
2830:
2826:Haldon, John
2814:. Retrieved
2799:
2786:. Retrieved
2771:
2750:
2729:
2708:
2688:
2679:
2644:
2640:
2630:
2610:
2603:
2592:. Retrieved
2588:
2579:
2565:
2545:
2538:
2518:
2511:
2491:
2484:
2464:
2457:
2437:
2430:
2404:
2398:
2381:
2375:
2361:
2352:(in Turkish)
2347:
2336:. Retrieved
2332:
2309:. Retrieved
2305:the original
2295:
2283:. Retrieved
2279:the original
2274:
2245:
2234:. Retrieved
2230:
2221:
2210:. Retrieved
2208:. 2015-02-25
2205:
2196:
2185:. Retrieved
2180:
2171:
2151:
2144:
2124:
2117:
2098:
2092:
2077:
2065:. Retrieved
2056:
2042:
2038:
2025:
2018:Commins 2004
2013:
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1983:
1960:. Retrieved
1954:
1948:
1940:
1935:
1923:. Retrieved
1918:
1872:
1851:. Retrieved
1847:
1837:
1826:
1815:
1806:
1798:
1793:
1784:
1767:
1760:
1741:
1735:
1723:
1687:
1681:
1669:
1661:
1653:
1648:, p. 7.
1633:
1621:
1609:
1601:
1590:Niehoff 2012
1567:Alexiou 2001
1562:
1555:Adrados 2005
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1523:
1516:
1496:
1489:
1481:
1471:
1466:
1443:
1437:
1418:
1412:
1400:. Retrieved
1396:the original
1386:
1377:
1363:
1357:
1349:
1337:
1315:
1304:. Retrieved
1299:
1172:Jurji Zaydan
1160:George Sabra
1100:Michel Aflaq
1046:
989:
981:
972:
956:
949:
929:Colonia Roma
924:
899:
846:Alexandretta
844:province of
839:
835:
831:
816:
777:
746:
713:
684:
667:Mutamassirun
644:
636:
621:in Cilicia.
580:
563:
533:
504:
496:
484:
467:
454:
429:
397:churches in
368:
356:
345:
344:
328:
320:
293:
273:
200:province of
156:
152:
151:
146:(historical)
86:Christianity
3550:Iconography
3524:Metousiosis
3383:2018 schism
3378:1996 schism
3076:South India
3068:East Africa
3056:Middle East
1646:Haldon 1999
1106:Nancy Ajram
1017:Macedonians
992:Koine Greek
940: [
833:in Jordan.
717:Middle East
688:pan-Arabism
681:Arabization
671:Suez Crisis
665:of Egypt's
511:John Barker
136:Koine Greek
133:Liturgical:
106:Vernacular:
3560:Omophorion
3555:Asceticism
3509:Hypostasis
3494:Philokalia
3423:Septuagint
3396:Scriptures
3333:Ghassanids
3268:Bogomilism
3258:Iconoclasm
3159:Tolstoyans
3100:Communions
3072:Asia Minor
2816:15 October
2788:15 October
2594:2020-02-11
2338:2020-02-11
2311:2020-05-24
2285:3 December
2236:2020-05-24
2212:2020-05-24
2187:2020-05-18
1853:2014-08-12
1306:2020-05-24
1275:References
1223:Saint Luke
1082:Macedonian
1029:Levantines
870:İskenderun
840:After the
741:As-Suwayda
710:Population
702:, and the
583:Ittihadist
546:See also:
487:Rum Millet
372:Sophronius
261:Macedonian
3504:Theotokos
3444:Hesychasm
3249:Heresies
3091:divisions
2227:"Lebanon"
1892:cite book
1379:Arameans.
1049:Maronites
963:São Paulo
910:Venezuela
906:Argentina
715:northern
675:Nasserist
655:Australia
290:Roman Era
248:Early Era
208:(ancient
190:Palestine
161:) are an
108:Majority
101:Languages
80:Religions
3575:Category
3489:Phronema
3437:Theology
3428:Peshitta
3080:Far East
2828:(1999).
2671:21119711
2301:"Jordan"
2206:BBC News
1610:Rhomaioi
1482:Warning:
1323:Archived
1248:See also
896:Americas
890:Altınözü
882:Samandağ
874:Altınözü
858:Istanbul
780:Nabatieh
769:Damascus
647:Americas
567:Bab Tuma
558:Damascus
471:Al-Hakim
457:Umayyads
421:Damascus
399:Damascus
233:Damascus
229:Maaloula
221:diaspora
122:Maaloula
3533:Worship
3484:Theoria
3479:Theosis
3328:Melkite
3290:Mongols
3208:History
3054:in the
2700:Sources
2662:3062011
2067:8 April
1662:Romaioi
1540:26 July
1402:8 April
1043:Lebanon
1033:Aramean
1004:Syriacs
996:liturgy
969:Oceania
878:Tokaçlı
862:Antioch
850:Lebanon
773:Latakia
753:Mhardeh
743:, Syria
723:today.
677:Egypt.
619:Silifke
560:in 1860
280:Antioch
269:Antioch
243:History
227:, with
210:Antioch
206:Antakya
198:Turkish
186:Lebanon
176:or the
126:Turkish
3499:Praxis
3365:Raskol
2993:
2965:
2944:
2901:
2880:
2859:
2838:
2807:
2779:
2758:
2737:
2716:
2669:
2659:
2618:
2553:
2526:
2499:
2472:
2445:
2419:
2159:
2132:
2105:
1991:4 June
1962:4 June
1925:4 June
1880:
1748:
1696:
1531:
1504:
1454:
1425:
1370:
1238:, poet
1063:, and
1037:Greeks
978:Europe
916:4,700.
914:Mexico
866:Mersin
842:Syrian
798:, and
771:, and
765:Aleppo
759:, and
737:Easter
727:Levant
692:Levant
659:Beirut
653:, and
651:Europe
615:Epirus
591:Tarsus
523:Druzes
519:Beirut
433:kharaj
296:Pompey
214:Israel
194:Jordan
170:Levant
130:Turkey
110:Arabic
3514:Ousia
3403:Canon
3285:India
3280:China
3235:Copts
3089:Main
3064:North
2254:(PDF)
1772:(PDF)
1346:(PDF)
1201:Split
1065:Druze
1021:Roman
944:]
886:Arsuz
800:Akkar
796:Zahlé
599:Amida
595:Adana
437:jizya
403:Syria
376:jizya
231:near
202:Hatay
182:Syria
3449:Icon
3066:and
2991:ISBN
2963:ISBN
2942:ISBN
2899:ISBN
2878:ISBN
2857:ISBN
2836:ISBN
2818:2012
2805:ISBN
2790:2012
2777:ISBN
2756:ISBN
2735:ISBN
2714:ISBN
2667:PMID
2616:ISBN
2551:ISBN
2524:ISBN
2497:ISBN
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