2104:
231:
2097:
40:
294:
The shale appears to be most economic at depths of 600–2,200 feet. Original gas content ranges from 40 to 100 standard cubic feet per ton. Wells are developed on units of from 40-acre (160,000 m) to 160-acre (650,000 m). Horizontal drilling is not widely used. Antrim Shale wells often
276:
Although the Antrim Shale has produced gas since the 1940s, the play was not active until the late 1980s. During the 1990s, the Antrim became the most actively drilled shale gas play in the US, with thousands of wells drilled. To date, the shale has produced more than 2.5 TCF from more than 9
242:, from 60 to 220 feet thick. Total organic content varies from 1% to 20%. In some places the unit includes a gray calcareous shale or limestone, and in places a fine-grained sandstone at the base.
414:
1399:
656:
2183:
273:, and produces natural gas along a swath across the northern part of the state. Most natural gas production is in Antrim, Crawford, Montmorency, Oscoda and Otsego counties.
3322:
306:
generated by the action of bacteria on the organic-rich rock. Also unlike most other shale plays, the Antrim Shale is thermally immature in the gas-productive trend.
623:
3317:
408:
649:
597:
3312:
2176:
1385:
642:
261:. It is overlain by the Bedford Shale, and underlain in some areas by the Jordan River Formation, and elsewhere by the Thunder Bay Limestone.
309:
In 2007, the Antrim gas field produced 136 billion cubic feet of gas, making it the 13th-largest source of natural gas in the United States.
2169:
469:
1392:
587:
3332:
592:
442:
1876:
394:
3327:
2131:
1170:
430:
Fracture
Patterns and Their Origin in the Upper Devonian Antrim Shale Gas Reservoir of the Michigan Basin: A Review
2353:
1784:
748:
618:
3158:
3035:
1175:
1123:
486:
112:
53:
2276:
1816:
1550:
1237:
1108:
1007:
997:
708:
462:
211:
159:
2771:
2953:
2705:
1891:
1769:
1185:
1128:
907:
246:
2310:
3168:
3125:
2141:
2030:
1906:
1886:
1871:
1799:
1789:
1744:
1558:
1032:
1017:
937:
932:
882:
867:
862:
325:
295:
have to pump much initial water before gas production becomes significant, a behavior also seen in many
2018:
1974:
1012:
3287:
3204:
3130:
3090:
3020:
3003:
2935:
2776:
2758:
2731:
2652:
2613:
2315:
2298:
2253:
1992:
1759:
1366:
1325:
1315:
1292:
1262:
1165:
1155:
1022:
977:
972:
957:
877:
777:
582:
564:
529:
3275:
3232:
3199:
3153:
3040:
2888:
2741:
2736:
2672:
2667:
2497:
2380:
2338:
1934:
1911:
1881:
1866:
1774:
1726:
1695:
1591:
1335:
1320:
1282:
1252:
1227:
1222:
1190:
1002:
962:
952:
917:
832:
818:
809:
786:
572:
534:
97:
89:
2576:
3085:
2903:
2893:
2791:
2786:
2700:
2662:
2657:
2521:
2415:
2397:
2343:
2192:
2103:
2078:
2057:
1987:
1896:
1856:
1794:
1749:
1613:
1408:
1180:
1160:
1133:
1098:
982:
922:
791:
761:
665:
577:
519:
509:
455:
207:
93:
230:
3163:
3148:
3140:
3120:
3100:
3070:
3030:
2968:
2581:
2305:
2040:
2035:
2002:
1861:
1603:
1563:
1330:
1287:
1277:
1267:
1242:
1118:
1103:
942:
902:
897:
756:
734:
725:
539:
524:
3209:
3115:
3080:
3075:
3062:
3025:
3013:
2993:
2978:
2973:
2958:
2948:
2925:
2821:
2781:
2690:
2634:
2624:
2571:
2366:
2248:
2050:
1957:
1929:
1921:
1846:
1764:
1739:
1232:
1195:
1150:
1076:
1027:
992:
947:
912:
872:
849:
814:
781:
773:
768:
738:
549:
544:
514:
384:
The
University Record (University of Michigan), 17 September 1996, accessed 3 November 2009.
254:
3110:
3105:
2998:
2930:
2870:
2677:
2629:
2618:
2608:
2591:
2545:
2511:
2492:
2443:
2438:
2420:
2361:
2333:
2136:
1851:
1779:
1709:
1677:
1672:
1608:
1581:
1512:
1340:
1310:
1257:
1113:
987:
967:
927:
892:
887:
504:
418:
381:
339:
296:
75:
234:
Stratigraphic relationships of the Antrim Shale, from Ryder (1996) US Geological Survey.
3268:
3219:
3095:
2920:
2715:
2695:
2564:
2470:
2146:
1809:
1645:
1247:
1217:
1059:
730:
303:
258:
176:
3306:
3214:
2814:
2516:
2487:
2425:
2293:
2267:
2243:
1667:
1618:
1541:
1200:
699:
499:
122:
79:
71:
44:
Antrim Shale outcrop and productive gas area, from Ryder (1996) US Geological Survey.
31:
27:
2988:
2983:
2963:
2883:
2865:
2847:
2830:
2540:
2096:
1901:
1272:
355:
1377:
302:
Unlike most other shale gas plays, the natural gas from the Antrim appears to be
3259:
3250:
2407:
2204:
2123:
2114:
2011:
1451:
1420:
1358:
841:
677:
634:
554:
200:
196:
432:, US Geological Survey, Open-File Report 96–23, 1996, accessed 3 November 2009.
3053:
2839:
2750:
2504:
2325:
2235:
1948:
1754:
1442:
1209:
801:
717:
2161:
3191:
2479:
2215:
1530:
1068:
688:
613:
478:
270:
192:
144:
39:
2389:
238:
The Antrim is a brown to black, pyritic, highly laminated and organic-rich
429:
3182:
2912:
2857:
2805:
2644:
2600:
2532:
2461:
2285:
2070:
1966:
1829:
1718:
1687:
1636:
1495:
1484:
1431:
1412:
1302:
1143:
1050:
180:
172:
136:
2226:
669:
396:
Anaerobic biodegradation of organic matter in the
Devonian Antrim Shale
250:
188:
132:
2724:
239:
229:
382:"Antrim shale could hold bacterial answer to natural gas supply,"
2196:
184:
140:
2165:
1381:
638:
451:
63:
Upper Member, Lachine Member, Paxton Member, and
Norwood Member
2102:
2095:
447:
277:
thousand wells. Antrim Shale wells produced almost 140
3267:
3258:
3249:
3190:
3181:
3139:
3061:
3052:
3012:
2911:
2902:
2856:
2838:
2829:
2813:
2804:
2749:
2723:
2714:
2643:
2599:
2590:
2531:
2478:
2469:
2460:
2406:
2388:
2379:
2352:
2324:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2234:
2225:
2214:
2203:
2122:
2113:
2069:
2049:
2010:
2001:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1920:
1837:
1828:
1808:
1717:
1708:
1686:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1590:
1572:
1549:
1540:
1529:
1503:
1494:
1483:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1430:
1419:
1357:
1301:
1208:
1142:
1067:
1058:
1049:
840:
831:
800:
747:
716:
707:
698:
687:
676:
606:
563:
485:
155:
150:
128:
118:
108:
103:
85:
67:
59:
49:
21:
369:Modern Shale gas Development in the United States
210:in 1901, and named for type-section exposures in
16:Geological formation in Midwestern United States
2177:
1393:
650:
463:
253:, and is the stratigraphic equivalent of the
8:
214:. The formation was previously known as the
624:2012–14 Romanian protests against shale gas
3264:
3255:
3187:
3058:
2908:
2835:
2810:
2720:
2596:
2475:
2466:
2385:
2281:
2272:
2231:
2222:
2211:
2184:
2170:
2162:
2119:
2007:
1962:
1953:
1834:
1714:
1650:
1641:
1596:
1546:
1537:
1500:
1491:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1427:
1400:
1386:
1378:
1064:
1055:
837:
713:
704:
695:
684:
657:
643:
635:
598:List of countries by recoverable shale gas
470:
456:
448:
38:
18:
345:, PDF file, downloaded 12 February 2009.
3323:Oil-bearing shales in the United States
421:, PDF file, retrieved 18 February 2009.
317:
269:The Antrim Shale, is a major source of
409:US Energy Information Administration,
399:, PDF file, retrieved 4 November 2009.
3318:Shale formations of the United States
7:
203:in the northern part of the basin.
14:
206:The Antrim Shale was defined by
3313:Geologic formations of Michigan
443:Shale gas in the United States
1:
245:The formation is called the
1877:Pointe aux Chenes Formation
358:, accessed 3 November 2009.
354:Michigan State University,
330:, accessed 4 November 2009.
324:Indiana Geological Survey,
3349:
2132:Copper Harbor Conglomerate
1171:Moccasin Springs Formation
411:Top 100 oil and gas fields
2434:
2093:
1785:Rockport Quarry Limestone
1599:
858:
619:Balcombe drilling protest
367:US Department of Energy,
37:
26:
3159:Point Pleasant Formation
3036:Drowning Creek Formation
1176:Pleasant Mills Formation
1124:Jeffersonville Limestone
171:is a formation of Upper
113:Midwestern United States
1817:Garden Island Formation
1238:Fort Atkinson Limestone
1109:Detroit River Formation
1008:St. Genevieve Limestone
998:Spickert Knob Formation
212:Antrim County, Michigan
160:Antrim County, Michigan
2706:Tenmile Creek Dolomite
2107:
2100:
1892:Rapson Creek Formation
1770:Ferron Point Formation
1186:Sexton Creek Limestone
1129:North Vernon Limestone
908:Edwardsville Formation
247:Kettle Point Formation
235:
3333:Upper Devonian Series
3169:Wells Creek Formation
3126:Waynesville Formation
2772:Bass Islands Dolomite
2142:Jacobsville Sandstone
2106:
2099:
2031:Black River Formation
1907:Schoolcraft Formation
1887:Raisin River Dolomite
1872:Lime Island Formation
1800:Thunder Bay Limestone
1790:Rogers City Limestone
1745:Amherstburg Formation
1559:Grand River Formation
1033:Waltersburg Formation
1018:Tar Springs Formation
938:Harrodsburg Limestone
933:Hardinsburg Formation
883:Branchville Formation
868:Beech Creek Limestone
863:Beaver Bend Limestone
487:Geological formations
287: cu ft (4.0
233:
218:in Michigan, and the
183:, and extending into
179:, in the US state of
3288:Middle Run Formation
3205:Eau Claire Formation
3131:Whitewater Formation
3091:Grant Lake Formation
3021:Brassfield Formation
3004:Springfield Dolomite
2954:Cedarville Formation
2936:Goat Island Dolomite
2777:Bois Blanc Formation
2759:Holland Quarry Shale
2732:Amherstburg Dolomite
2653:Amherstburg Dolomite
2614:Mahantango Formation
2316:Pittsburgh Formation
2299:Waynesburg Formation
2254:Washington Formation
1993:Stonington Formation
1760:Bois Blanc Formation
1367:Middle Run Formation
1326:Galesville Sandstone
1316:Eau Claire Formation
1293:Whitewater Formation
1263:Pecatonica Formation
1166:Louisville Limestone
1156:Brassfield Limestone
1023:Tobinsport Formation
978:Reelsville Limestone
973:Ramp Creek Formation
958:New Providence Shale
878:Big Clifty Formation
778:Petersburg Formation
291:10 m) in 2006.
3276:Swift Run Formation
3233:Mt. Simon Sandstone
3200:Conasauga Formation
3154:Lexington Limestone
3041:Manitoulin Dolomite
2889:Greenfield Dolomite
2742:Hillsboro Sandstone
2737:Detroit River Group
2673:Hillsboro Sandstone
2668:Detroit River Group
2498:Cussewago Sandstone
2339:Casselman Formation
2311:Uniontown Formation
1935:Manitoulin Dolomite
1912:St. Ignace Dolomite
1882:Put-in-Bay Dolomite
1867:Hendricks Formation
1775:Long Lake Limestone
1727:Squaw Bay Limestone
1696:Squaw Bay Limestone
1409:Chronostratigraphy
1336:Mt. Simon Sandstone
1321:Franconia Formation
1283:St. Peter Sandstone
1253:Lexington Limestone
1228:Dutchtown Formation
1223:Dillsboro Formation
1191:St. Clair Limestone
1003:St. Louis Limestone
963:Palestine Formation
953:Muldraugh Formation
918:Glen Dean Limestone
819:Mansfield Formation
810:Raccoon Creek Group
787:Raccoon Creek Group
371:, April 2009, p.17.
98:Milwaukee Formation
90:Squaw Bay Limestone
28:Stratigraphic range
3086:Fairview Formation
2894:Tymochtee Dolomite
2792:Sylvania Sandstone
2787:Oriskany Sandstone
2701:Onondaga Limestone
2663:Delaware Limestone
2658:Columbus Limestone
2416:Cuyahoga Formation
2398:Maxville Limestone
2344:Glenshaw Formation
2193:Chronostratigraphy
2108:
2101:
2079:Munising Formation
2058:Au Train Formation
2019:Bill's Creek Shale
1988:Big Hill Formation
1975:Bill's Creek Shale
1897:Rockview Formation
1857:Bush Bay Formation
1795:Sylvania Sandstone
1750:Anderdon Limestone
1614:Marshall Sandstone
1181:Salamonie Dolomite
1161:Cataract Formation
1134:Traverse Formation
1099:Backbone Limestone
983:Rockford Limestone
923:Grove Church Shale
792:Staunton Formation
762:Shelburn Formation
666:Chronostratigraphy
417:2009-05-15 at the
380:Sally Pobojewski,
340:Michigan DEQ map:
236:
94:Traverse Formation
3328:Devonian Michigan
3300:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3283:
3282:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3228:
3227:
3177:
3176:
3164:Trenton Limestone
3149:Black River Group
3121:Trenton Limestone
3101:Liberty Formation
3071:Arnheim Formation
3048:
3047:
3031:Clinton Formation
2969:Euphemia Dolomite
2944:
2943:
2879:
2878:
2800:
2799:
2767:
2766:
2686:
2685:
2582:Rhinestreet Shale
2555:
2554:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2375:
2374:
2306:Monongahela Group
2262:
2261:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2065:
2064:
2041:Trenton Formation
2036:Collingwood Shale
2026:
2025:
1983:
1982:
1943:
1942:
1862:Cordell Formation
1824:
1823:
1735:
1734:
1704:
1703:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1604:Bayport Limestone
1564:Saginaw Formation
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1375:
1374:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1331:Ironton Sandstone
1288:Trenton Limestone
1278:Shakopee Dolomite
1268:Plattin Formation
1243:Joachim Formation
1119:Grassy Knob Chert
1104:Clear Creek Chert
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1013:Sunbury Formation
943:Kinkaid Limestone
903:Degonia Formation
898:Cypress Formation
827:
826:
757:McLeansboro Group
735:Mattoon Formation
726:McLeansboro Group
632:
631:
428:Robert T. Ryder,
195:. It is a major
165:
164:
3340:
3265:
3256:
3210:Kerbel Formation
3188:
3116:Saluda Formation
3081:Drakes Formation
3076:Cincinnati Group
3059:
3026:Cabot Head Shale
2994:Peebles Dolomite
2979:Lilley Formation
2974:Laurel Limestone
2959:Dayton Formation
2949:Bisher Formation
2926:Gasport Dolomite
2909:
2836:
2822:Bertie Formation
2811:
2782:Helderberg Group
2721:
2691:Dundee Formation
2635:Silica Formation
2625:Plum Brook Shale
2597:
2572:West Falls Group
2476:
2467:
2386:
2367:Pottsville Group
2282:
2273:
2249:Greene Formation
2232:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2207:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2163:
2120:
2008:
1963:
1954:
1930:Cabot Head Shale
1847:Bertie Formation
1840:
1835:
1765:Dundee Limestone
1740:Alpena Limestone
1715:
1656:
1651:
1642:
1597:
1575:
1547:
1538:
1533:
1506:
1501:
1492:
1487:
1462:
1457:
1448:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1423:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1379:
1233:Everton Dolomite
1196:Wabash Formation
1151:Bailey Limestone
1077:New Albany Shale
1065:
1056:
1028:Vienna Limestone
993:Sample Formation
948:Menard Limestone
913:Elwren Formation
873:Bethel Formation
850:New Albany Shale
838:
815:Brazil Formation
782:Linton Formation
774:Dugger Formation
769:Carbondale Group
739:Patoka Formation
714:
705:
696:
691:
685:
680:
659:
652:
645:
636:
472:
465:
458:
449:
422:
406:
400:
391:
385:
378:
372:
365:
359:
352:
346:
337:
331:
322:
290:
283:
282:
255:New Albany Shale
216:St. Cleric Shale
42:
19:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3292:
3279:
3237:
3224:
3173:
3135:
3111:Queenston Shale
3106:Miamitown Shale
3044:
3008:
2999:Rochester Shale
2940:
2931:Guelph Dolomite
2898:
2875:
2871:Guelph Dolomite
2852:
2825:
2796:
2763:
2745:
2710:
2682:
2678:Marcellus Shale
2639:
2630:Prout Limestone
2619:Olentangy Shale
2609:Tully Formation
2586:
2551:
2546:Olentangy Shale
2527:
2512:Cleveland Shale
2493:Berea Sandstone
2448:
2444:Rushville Shale
2439:Coldwater Shale
2430:
2421:Logan Formation
2402:
2371:
2362:Allegheny Group
2348:
2334:Conemaugh Group
2320:
2258:
2216:
2205:
2199:
2190:
2160:
2151:
2137:Freda Sandstone
2109:
2083:
2061:
2045:
2022:
1997:
1979:
1939:
1916:
1852:Byron Formation
1838:
1820:
1804:
1780:Lucas Formation
1731:
1700:
1682:
1678:Ellsworth Shale
1673:Berea Sandstone
1654:
1623:
1609:Coldwater Shale
1586:
1582:Parma Sandstone
1573:
1568:
1531:
1517:
1513:Ionia Formation
1504:
1485:
1467:
1460:
1432:
1421:
1415:
1406:
1376:
1371:
1345:
1341:Potosi Dolomite
1311:Davis Formation
1297:
1258:Oneota Dolomite
1204:
1138:
1114:Ellsworth Shale
1081:
1037:
988:Salem Limestone
968:Paoli Formation
928:Haney Limestone
893:Coldwater Shale
888:Clore Formation
854:
823:
796:
743:
689:
678:
672:
663:
633:
628:
602:
559:
481:
476:
439:
425:
419:Wayback Machine
407:
403:
392:
388:
379:
375:
366:
362:
353:
349:
338:
334:
323:
319:
315:
297:coalbed methane
288:
280:
278:
267:
228:
76:Ellsworth Shale
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3346:
3344:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3305:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3262:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3220:Rome Formation
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3196:
3194:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3096:Kope Formation
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3067:
3065:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2921:Lockport Group
2917:
2915:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2819:
2817:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2727:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2696:Lucas Dolomite
2693:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2649:
2647:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:Java Formation
2562:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2484:
2482:
2473:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2174:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2147:Nonesuch Shale
2144:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1841:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1721:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1248:Kope Formation
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1218:Brainard Shale
1214:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
859:
856:
855:
853:
852:
846:
844:
835:
829:
828:
825:
824:
822:
821:
812:
806:
804:
798:
797:
795:
794:
789:
784:
771:
765:
764:
759:
753:
751:
745:
744:
742:
741:
731:Bond Formation
728:
722:
720:
711:
702:
693:
682:
674:
673:
664:
662:
661:
654:
647:
639:
630:
629:
627:
626:
621:
616:
610:
608:
604:
603:
601:
600:
595:
590:
588:United Kingdom
585:
580:
575:
569:
567:
561:
560:
558:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
491:
489:
483:
482:
477:
475:
474:
467:
460:
452:
446:
445:
438:
435:
434:
433:
424:
423:
401:
393:Jeff Salacup,
386:
373:
360:
347:
332:
316:
314:
311:
266:
263:
259:Illinois Basin
227:
224:
177:Michigan Basin
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
148:
147:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
101:
100:
87:
83:
82:
69:
65:
64:
61:
57:
56:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3345:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:Knox Dolomite
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:Chagrin Shale
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2488:Bedford Shale
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2433:
2427:
2426:Sunbury Shale
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2294:Dunkard Group
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2265:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2244:Dunkard Group
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2164:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1827:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1668:Bedford Shale
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1620:
1619:Sunbury Shale
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1528:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1482:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1201:Waldron Shale
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
857:
851:
848:
847:
845:
843:
839:
836:
834:
830:
820:
816:
813:
811:
808:
807:
805:
803:
799:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
779:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
752:
750:
746:
740:
736:
732:
729:
727:
724:
723:
721:
719:
715:
712:
710:
706:
703:
701:
697:
694:
692:
686:
683:
681:
675:
671:
667:
660:
655:
653:
648:
646:
641:
640:
637:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
609:
605:
599:
596:
594:
593:United States
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
570:
568:
566:
562:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
492:
490:
488:
484:
480:
473:
468:
466:
461:
459:
454:
453:
450:
444:
441:
440:
436:
431:
427:
426:
420:
416:
413:
412:
405:
402:
398:
397:
390:
387:
383:
377:
374:
370:
364:
361:
357:
351:
348:
344:
343:
336:
333:
329:
328:
321:
318:
312:
310:
307:
305:
300:
298:
292:
286:
274:
272:
264:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
232:
225:
223:
221:
220:Genesee Shale
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
161:
158:
154:
149:
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:
127:
124:
123:United States
121:
117:
114:
111:
107:
102:
99:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
80:Sunbury Shale
77:
73:
72:Bedford Shale
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
36:
33:
32:Late Devonian
29:
25:
20:
2989:Osgood Shale
2984:Massie Shale
2964:Estill Shale
2884:Salina Group
2866:Salina Group
2848:Salina Group
2577:Angola Shale
2560:Antrim Shale
2559:
2541:Burket Shale
1902:Salina Group
1663:Antrim Shale
1662:
1466:Glacial till
1273:Scales Shale
1094:Antrim Shale
1093:
520:Fayetteville
494:
410:
404:
395:
389:
376:
368:
363:
350:
341:
335:
327:Antrim Shale
326:
320:
308:
304:biogenic gas
301:
293:
284:
275:
268:
244:
237:
226:Stratigraphy
222:in Indiana.
219:
215:
205:
169:Antrim Shale
168:
166:
151:Type section
22:Antrim Shale
2522:Huron Shale
2408:Tournaisian
2012:Darriwilian
1452:Pleistocene
842:Tournaisian
525:Haynesville
356:Oil and Gas
265:Natural gas
201:natural gas
175:age in the
3307:Categories
3014:Llandovery
2840:Ludfordian
2751:Lochkovian
2505:Ohio Shale
2326:Kasimovian
2236:Cisuralian
1922:Llandovery
1755:Bell Shale
802:Bashkirian
718:Kasimovian
565:By country
550:New Albany
530:Horn River
515:Eagle Ford
313:References
208:A. C. Lane
3192:Furongian
2480:Famennian
2354:Moscovian
1069:Famennian
749:Moscovian
614:Frack Off
535:Marcellus
505:Conasauga
479:Shale gas
271:shale gas
193:Wisconsin
156:Named for
145:Wisconsin
68:Underlies
60:Sub-units
54:Formation
2913:Homerian
2858:Gorstian
2645:Eifelian
2601:Givetian
2533:Frasnian
2286:Gzhelian
1967:Sandbian
1719:Givetian
1688:Frasnian
1413:Michigan
607:Protests
510:Duvernay
437:See also
415:Archived
181:Michigan
173:Devonian
137:Michigan
104:Location
86:Overlies
2904:Wenlock
2815:Pridoli
2621:(lower)
2548:(upper)
670:Indiana
583:Romania
540:Montney
500:Barnett
299:wells.
257:in the
251:Ontario
189:Indiana
133:Indiana
119:Country
3141:Middle
2831:Ludlow
2725:Emsian
2592:Middle
2390:Viséan
2003:Middle
1839:indet.
1710:Middle
1655:indet.
1574:indet.
1505:indet.
1461:indet.
573:Canada
545:Muskwa
495:Antrim
342:Antrim
197:source
143:, and
129:Extent
109:Region
78:, and
3063:Upper
2716:Lower
2471:Upper
2051:Lower
1958:Upper
1810:Lower
1646:Upper
1060:Upper
578:China
555:Utica
240:shale
2197:Ohio
191:and
185:Ohio
167:The
141:Ohio
96:and
50:Type
2195:of
1411:of
668:of
249:in
199:of
3309::
3251:pЄ
2217:Pz
2206:Ph
2115:pЄ
1532:Pz
1486:Mz
1433:Cz
1422:Ph
1359:pЄ
817:,
780:,
776:,
737:,
733:,
690:Pz
679:Ph
281:10
187:,
139:,
135:,
92:,
74:,
30::
3269:Z
3260:♇
3183:Є
3054:O
2806:S
2524:)
2462:D
2381:M
2277:⁋
2268:C
2227:P
2185:e
2178:t
2171:v
2124:♇
2071:Є
1949:O
1830:S
1637:D
1592:M
1551:⁋
1542:C
1496:J
1443:Q
1401:e
1394:t
1387:v
1303:Є
1210:O
1144:S
1051:D
833:M
709:⁋
700:C
658:e
651:t
644:v
471:e
464:t
457:v
289:×
285:^
279:×
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
