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parts of the world had a natural appeal to
Antwerp merchant buyers, a large proportion themselves foreign. Many artists from around the Netherlands and further afield moved to the city to benefit from the boom, which saw large workshops "that grew into assembly lines", and a great increase in the quantity of art produced, but also some fall in quality; this is especially seen among the minor figures grouped under this term. Many smaller works were produced without commissions, for sale from shop windows, at fairs, or to dealers, rather than for an individual commission, an indication of a growing trend in Netherlandish painting. The Antwerp
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202:' " (usually now "Pseudo Bles" or "Pseudo-Blesius"). Friedländer used the term Antwerp Mannerism here as synonymous for "Antwerp style". Even though he added the location 'Antwerp' to name the artists and placed them in the year 1520, Friedländer made it clear that he did not intend to limit the group strictly to Antwerp and the time period to circa 1520, even though he was of the opinion that most of the "pseudo-Bles' works originated from Antwerp and Antwerp workshops. Friedländer placed the works attributed to the group in a time period between 1500 and 1530.
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poses and repetitive gestures". According to James Snyder, "Receptivity, not originality, characterises the style of
Antwerp painting, resulting in a hodgepodge of modes that are nearly impossible to sort out... With some effort, a few basic tendencies can be discerned which include selective eclecticism and archaism in terms of style, Mannerism in matters of taste, and specialization in subject matter."
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516:, was especially popular, and versions appear in a good proportion of paintings of the Magi (as in some illustrated here). The large costumes were also useful in concealing deficiencies in the artists' figure drawing, which the complicated poses would otherwise have exposed. The artists liked "chromatic" colouring, as was becoming fashionable in Italy, and
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552:, and the Crucifixion. Larger triptych altarpieces for churches might have several small scenes on the reverses of the hinged wings, giving the "closed view" which was displayed most of the time, the wings only being opened perhaps on Sundays or feast days (or for visitors on a small payment to the
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Although one scholar has described
Friedlander's label as "utterly inefficient as a stylistic guide", there are communalities. Their "essentially late Gothic style is characterized by calligraphically complicated compositions peopled with elongated, theatrically-dressed figures animated by improbable
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of 1566, when a large proportion of the altarpieces in the churches were destroyed by iconoclastic rioters. Some of these are documented and probably many were signed, which would have helped greatly in attributing the mostly smaller paintings that have survived; these were no doubt still in private
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The
Antwerp Mannerists' style is certainly "mannered", and "characterized by an artificial elegance. Their paintings typically feature elongated figures posed in affected, twisting, postures, colorful ornate costumes, fluttering drapery, Italianate architecture decorated with grotesque ornament, and
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Compositional elements, especially figures, are often taken from outside sources, especially prints, but also drawings which appear to have been passed around within and perhaps between workshops:"Thus background groups are endlessly repeated, the same repoussoire figures fill in a variey of empty
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of travellers and merchants, which was relevant for the painters' clientele in what had become Europe's main centre for international trade, in a "meteoric rise" after 1501, when the first Asian cargos were landed by
Portuguese ships. The theme of rich commodities arriving from distant and exotic
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revealed by special photography, "extremely detailed underdrawing with an elaborate system of shading (hatching and crosshatching) and broad, curling contour lines". This is sometimes described as using the "woodcut convention" or having the "woodcut look". Although "detailed underdrawing in the
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There is evidence that some workshops developed division of labour, with different artists specializing in figures, landscape or architectural backgrounds, and dividing the work on a particular painting between them, and different workshops specializing in one or two subjects. Compositions were
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The
Antwerp Mannerists typically depicted religious subjects, which they interpreted generally in a more superficial manner than the Flemish artists of the previous century in favour of a more fluid form and an abundance of meticulously rendered details.
143:. There was very little continuity between the two, with Northern Mannerism proper developing in the Netherlands only after a gap of about fifty years after Antwerp Mannerism declined in the 1530s, and after the next stylistic wave of
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The compositions typically include architectural ruins. The architecture is initially Gothic but later
Renaissance motifs become dominant. The "antique" style appears in paintings when hardly any built examples existed in the
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as the paintings were not signed. This anonymity has contributed to a lack of knowledge about or popularity of their works. Only a minority of the works have been attributed. The makers of the altarpieces have been given
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style must be derived from
Italian prints, and sometimes drawings. At this period painters or other artists were the usual designers of buildings, especially their ornament, and until a court case in
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seem to have pulled their reluctant master in the
Mannerist direction, and at least the extravagant clothes and architectural settings are seen in the otherwise more solidly based works of the
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based on any external knowledge about the works such as an inscription, a previous owner, the place where it was kept or a date found on the work. These include as the Pseudo-Bles, the
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Although sometimes spoken of as the "subterm "Antwerp
Mannerism" as part of "Northern Mannerism in the early sixteenth century", the movement is better distinguished from the
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was a particular favourite, as it allowed the artists to give free rein to their preoccupation with ornament and the simulation and imitation of luxury products. The
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198:, in which he made a first attempt to put order in the growing number of works from the Netherlands that were catalogued under the "name of embarrassment 'pseudo-
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1223:, exhibition catalogue, Antwerp, Koninklijk Museum voor Schone Kunsten, 15 October – 31 December 2005; Maastricht, Bonnefantenmuseum, 22 January – 9 April 2006
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575:, by the so-called "1520s Hours Workshop". At the same time the continuing Ghent-Bruges style of illumination had little influence in French manuscripts.
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A number of highly finished drawings in the Antwerp style, possibly copies of paintings, can be shown to have been used as the basis for miniatures in
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Despite the name Antwerp Mannerism the style was not limited to Antwerp. The style also appeared in the north of France and the Northern Netherlands.
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Although attempts have been made to identify the individual artists that were part of this movement, most of the paintings remain attributed to
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Max J. Friedländer: Die Antwerpener Manieristen von 1520. In: Jahrbuch der königlich preußischen Kunstsammlungen 36, 1915, p. 65–91, p. 65
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notes "a diffuse sense of outlandishness in Antwerp art, of an exoticism both of subject and means ... evoking a non-localized elsewhere".
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The Image of the Black in Western Art: From the "Age of Discovery" to the Age of Abolition: artists of the Renaissance and Baroque
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and others, and the drawings were copied across Europe. The emperor's stylish hat, with a long pointed peak in front, seen on the
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Orth, Myra D. "Antwerp Mannerist Model Drawings in French Renaissance Books of Hours: A Case Study of the 1520s Hours Workshop."
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and their retinues gave one of the most typical settings for this. They seem to derive partly from theatrical contexts, such as
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Van Den Brink, Peter. "A Shattered Jigsaw Puzzle: On a Partly Reconstructed Altarpiece by the Master of the Antwerp Adoration",
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and his workshop are known, though varying considerably in size, with the widths of the centre panel ranging from 56 to 93 cm.
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is the name given to the style of a group of largely anonymous painters active in the Southern Netherlands and principally in
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Kolder Weij, Hermesdorf, Huvenne:.. The painting of the Low Countries, Part 1. Amsterdam University Press, 2006, p. 174
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Konowitz, Ellen. "Dirk Vellert and the Master of the Lille Adoration: Some Antwerp Mannerist Paintings Reconsidered."
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woodcut convention appears labor intensive, it simplified the production process and saved on costs".
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lasting six weeks, where many painters sold works, and the latest ideas were exchanged and diffused.
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Leeflang, Micha. "Joos Van Cleve's "Adoration of the Magi" in Detroit: Revealing the Underdrawing,"
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are some of the identified artists who are regarded as Antwerp Mannerists. The early paintings of
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in roughly the first three decades of the 16th century, a movement marking the tail end of
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styles, and incorporate both Flemish and Italian traditions into the same compositions.
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From Van Eyck to Bruegel: Early Netherlandish Paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art
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were the most common easily traceable source. Woodcut style also influenced the type of
1199:", In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2002
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Man, Myth, and Sensual Pleasures: Jan Gossart's Renaissance : the Complete Works
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or "Spanish Fury" of 1576, by unpaid Spanish troops caused much further destruction.
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The fantastic and exotic costumes many characters wear were already a feature of
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249:. Works that cannot be attributed directly to a named master are attributed to
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often copied, repeated or adapted; for example at least six versions of an
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1143:"Adoration+of+the+Magi"+Jan+Mostaert+Rijksmuseum&pg=PA53 google books
375:(probably originally German) could work in the style, as well as others.
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147:, heavily influenced by Italian painting, as seen in the later works of
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16:
Style of a group of early-16th-century painters in Southern Netherlands
943:
De schilderkunst der Lage Landen: De Middeleeuwen en de zestiende eeuw
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308:) also show characteristics of the style. The paintings combine
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1221:
Extravagant!. A forgotten chapter of Antwerp painting 1500–1530
520:
transitions between colours in fabrics, imitating silks (called
1249:
1133:, "The Epihany of the Black Magus Circa 1500" in, Bindman, D.,
799:
ExtravagAnt! Antwerp pictures for the European market 1500–1525
493:
and other pageants, which artists were often asked to design.
352:
Elsewhere in the Netherlands, artists in the large workshop of
319:
A particular problem is that Antwerp was very badly hit by the
528:
corners, and stock poses answer many demands". The prints of
438:
in 1543, master-masons were prohibited from doing so there by
1141:, United Kingdom: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,
639:
4172:
Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation
901:"H. Bex-Verschaeren" "Meester van de Antwerpse aanbidding
496:
Another influence was the visit of the Byzantine Emperor
454:
King David receiving the Emissaries of the Twelve Tribes
53:
King David receiving the Emissaries of the Twelve Tribes
272:
It has been possible to identify some of the artists.
139:
of later in the century, which developed from Italian
1162:
82, no. 1/2 (2008): 60-75. Accessed January 3, 2021.
4127:
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2937:
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2521:
2510:
2340:
2277:
2170:
2086:
1977:
1781:
1514:
1314:
1305:
702:Koerner, 55; Ainsworth, 35; Wisse; Snyder, 399-400
1197:Northern Mannerism in the Early Sixteenth Century
1206:68 (2007): 161-80, Accessed December 31, 2020.
945:, Amsterdam University Press, 2006, p. 172-175
1172:47 (1989): 61-90. Accessed December 31, 2020.
1261:
8:
693:, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 6 October 2014
3271:
2518:
1311:
1268:
1254:
1246:
1094:, 2009, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2009.
1160:Bulletin of the Detroit Institute of Arts
638:Janson, H.W.; Janson, Anthony F. (1997).
257:is a new figure, first proposed in 1995.
77:. The style bore no relation to Italian
430:had been in 1508–09), and their idea of
99:
39:
621:
577:
3949:Contemporary Indigenous Australian art
1170:The Journal of the Walters Art Gallery
1151:, vol. 109, no. 4, 1995, pp. 177–190,
896:
894:
794:
792:
75:Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting
1969:Art of the late 16th century in Milan
7:
1116:, 2010, Metropolitan Museum of Art,
196:Die Antwerpener Manieristen von 1520
3304:Vienna School of Fantastic Realism
2155:Neoclassical architecture in Milan
720:Ainsworth, 36–37, 314; Koerner, 48
500:and his 700-strong retinue to the
239:Master of the Von Groote Adoration
45:Master of the Von Groote Adoration
14:
3378:American Figurative Expressionism
1714:International Gothic art in Italy
995:Snyder, 401; see for example the
903:", in: Openbaar Kunstbezit, 1965
479:in the previous century, and the
467:, given to the "Pseudo-blesius",
458:The Queen of Sheba before Solomon
57:The Queen of Sheba before Solomon
4328:
4327:
2887:Neue KĂĽnstlervereinigung MĂĽnchen
1233:
644:(5th, rev. ed.). New York:
598:
580:
571:made in France, probably around
93:crowded groups of figures...".
3809:Tunisian collaborative painting
3282:International Typographic Style
777:Max J. Friedländer, 1915, p. 86
768:Max J. Friedländer, 1915, p. 66
340:The Holy Family with Two Saints
336:Master of the Antwerp Adoration
243:Master of the Antwerp Adoration
3562:The Caribbean Artists Movement
514:Medal of John VIII Palaeologus
107:by Anonymous Antwerp Mannerist
1:
4374:Netherlandish Renaissance art
1918:Dutch and Flemish Renaissance
888:Snyder, 412-418; Leeflang, 63
508:in 1438. They were drawn by
461:
343:
255:Master of the Lille Adoration
177:Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen
164:Master of the Lille Adoration
4369:Early Netherlandish painters
4359:Flemish Renaissance painters
4033:Modern European ink painting
3405:Bay Area Figurative Movement
477:Early Netherlandish painting
241:, the Master of Amiens, the
73:, and an early phase within
71:Early Netherlandish painting
3694:Artificial intelligence art
609:Triptych of the crucifixion
422:, any more than ruins from
371:. The Antwerp workshop of
251:Anonymous Antwerp Mannerist
4392:
3607:Post-painterly abstraction
3430:Situationist International
2804:Pennsylvania Impressionism
997:exposed leg at bottom left
858:Winkler Prins encyclopedia
856:"Maniëristen, Antwerpse".
190:was first used in 1915 by
119:were also regarded as the
4323:
3190:California Scene Painting
3069:California Scene Painting
3025:Figurative Constructivism
2076:Poussinists and Rubenists
1292:
1204:Wallraf-Richartz-Jahrbuch
1185:, 1985, Harry N. Abrams,
1066:Van Den Brink, throughout
685:Elizabeth A. H. Cleland,
676:Koerner, 53 (re-arranged)
4288:Prehistoric European art
3937:Contemporary African art
3420:Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai
3348:GeneraciĂłn de la Ruptura
2975:Universal Constructivism
2767:California Impressionism
2722:American Barbizon school
1183:Northern Renaissance Art
1155:. Accessed 20 Dec. 2020.
1108:Kavaler, Ethan Matt, in
1021:Orth, 79 (quoted); Wisse
1003:triptych in the gallery.
691:and Renaissance Tapestry
265:triptych composition by
83:earlier Flemish painters
4115:Walking Artists Network
3452:Letterist International
3292:Washington Color School
2206:Arts in the Philippines
828:Ainsworth, 36, 262, 268
689:Pieter Coecke van Aelst
560:Drawings and miniatures
4226:Illuminated manuscript
3874:The Designers Republic
3824:Neue Slowenische Kunst
3747:Pattern and Decoration
3647:Institutional critique
3287:Abstract expressionism
2267:Latin American Baroque
2223:Colonial Asian Baroque
1110:Ainsworth, Maryan Wynn
1088:Ainsworth, Maryan Wynn
611:, Maagdenhuis, Antwerp
566:illuminated manuscript
472:
414:
354:Cornelis Engebrechtsz.
349:
225:
183:
108:
59:
37:
35:Saint Louis Art Museum
30:Marriage of the Virgin
3864:Artist-run initiative
3839:Young British Artists
3804:New European Painting
3740:Moscow Conceptualists
3662:Feminist art movement
3440:Ukrainian underground
3415:Gutai Art Association
2814:Ten American Painters
2318:Western influence in
1295:List of art movements
646:Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
542:Adoration of the Magi
498:John VIII Palaiologos
450:Adoration of the Magi
448:
394:
334:
263:Adoration of the Magi
216:
192:Max Jakob Friedländer
172:Adoration of the Magi
162:
113:Adoration of the Magi
105:Adoration of the Magi
103:
49:Adoration of the Magi
43:
22:
3674:Saqqakhaneh movement
3567:Chicano art movement
3435:Soviet Nonconformist
3241:Boston Expressionism
3224:Abstraction-Création
3042:Arbeitsrat fĂĽr Kunst
3035:Cologne Progressives
2755:Art Nouveau in Milan
2558:Anglo-Japanese style
2534:National romanticism
1964:Fontainebleau School
1874:Northern Renaissance
1709:International Gothic
1242:at Wikimedia Commons
819:Konowicz, throughout
606:Adriaen van Overbeke
314:Northern Renaissance
294:Adriaen van Overbeke
4209:Hierarchy of genres
3774:Saint Soleil School
3710:Post-conceptual art
3679:The Stars Art Group
3557:Black Arts Movement
3520:Neo-Dada Organizers
3321:Lyrical abstraction
3054:Australian tonalism
2727:California Tonalism
2399:Hudson River School
2202:Colonial Asian art
1942:English Renaissance
1891:Ghent–Bruges school
1879:Early Netherlandish
1791:Italian Renaissance
1704:Gothic art in Milan
1131:Koerner, Joseph Leo
860:(8 ed.). 1975.
506:Council of Florence
310:Early Netherlandish
111:The subject of the
4251:Landscape painting
3859:New Leipzig School
3799:Neo-conceptual art
3547:Art & Language
3542:Capitalist realism
3464:Florida Highwaymen
3400:Hard-edge painting
3214:Streamline Moderne
3175:Harlem Renaissance
3018:Novecento Italiano
2846:Deutscher Werkbund
2673:Post-Impressionism
2235:Latin American art
2039:Guild of Romanists
1901:German Renaissance
1896:Northern Mannerism
1240:Antwerp Mannerists
1219:P. van den Brink,
915:Van Den Brink, 166
786:Wisse; Snyder, 401
473:
424:Roman architecture
415:
400:Raising of Lazarus
379:Subjects and style
350:
302:Adriaen Isenbrandt
226:
188:Antwerp Manierists
184:
137:Northern Mannerism
109:
60:
38:
4341:
4340:
4123:
4122:
3979:Corporate Memphis
3932:Classical Realism
3902:Amazonian pop art
3794:Appropriation art
3762:Neo-expressionism
3632:Environmental art
3537:Nouvelle tendance
3254:
3253:
3202:Socialist realism
3059:Dresden Secession
2678:Neo-Impressionism
2641:Decadent movement
2612:Heidelberg School
2506:
2505:
2404:American luminism
2389:DĂĽsseldorf School
2384:Shoreham Ancients
2374:Nazarene movement
2364:Danish Golden Age
2245:Indochristian art
1923:Antwerp Mannerism
1812:Pittura infamante
1806:Florentine School
1801:Proto-Renaissance
1238:Media related to
518:coleur changeante
230:anonymous masters
200:Herri met de Bles
63:Antwerp Mannerism
47:, the Von Groote
4381:
4331:
4330:
4315:Western painting
4261:Modern sculpture
4219:History painting
3922:Art intervention
3715:Installation art
3532:Nouveau réalisme
3272:
3246:Leningrad School
3138:Mexican muralism
3111:Grosvenor School
2851:American Realism
2834:Der Blaue Reiter
2792:Berlin Secession
2787:Vienna Secession
2782:Munich Secession
2700:Pont-Aven School
2519:
2369:Troubadour style
2347:(c. 1770 – 1862)
2314:Qing handicrafts
2280:Western elements
2211:Letras y figuras
2184:African-American
2179:African diaspora
2150:Directoire style
2061:Heptanese school
2044:Dutch Golden Age
2029:Stroganov School
2022:Lutheran Baroque
2017:Louis XIII style
1990:Baroque in Milan
1852:Bolognese School
1847:High Renaissance
1830:Forlivese School
1825:Ferrarese School
1548:Migration Period
1312:
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667:Konowitz, p. 180
665:
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602:
584:
548:, including the
486:tableaux vivants
466:
463:
442:restrictions.
398:, triptych with
348:
345:
338:(and workshop),
290:Jan van Dornicke
87:High Renaissance
24:Jan van Dornicke
4391:
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4380:
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4378:
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4343:
4342:
4337:
4319:
4236:Interactive art
4119:
4093:SoFlo Superflat
4018:Kitsch movement
3942:Africanfuturism
3894:
3888:
3767:Transavantgarde
3698:
3652:Light and Space
3637:Performance art
3617:Psychedelic art
3500:Nueva Presencia
3490:Otra FiguraciĂłn
3478:
3410:Les Plasticiens
3395:New York School
3373:Action painting
3358:Metcalf Chateau
3267:
3262:
3250:
3170:Cercle et Carré
3106:New Objectivity
3013:Return to order
2955:School of Paris
2933:
2777:School of Paris
2738:
2624:Arts and Crafts
2529:Neo-romanticism
2514:
2502:
2498:Etching revival
2450:Barbizon school
2394:Pre-Raphaelites
2346:
2343:
2336:
2279:
2273:
2166:
2140:Louis XVI style
2082:
2071:Louis XIV style
2034:Animal painting
1995:Flemish Baroque
1973:
1884:World landscape
1835:Venetian School
1777:
1764:Majorcan school
1731:Novgorod School
1721:Lucchese School
1693:Opus Anglicanum
1685:Norman-Sicilian
1629:Italo-Byzantine
1529:Early Christian
1510:
1494:Pompeian Styles
1307:
1301:
1288:
1274:
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1216:
1214:Further reading
1195:Wisse, Jacob, "
1124:9781588393982,
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594:
592:Saint Sebastian
590:, Martyrdom of
585:
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540:Apart from the
464:
381:
362:Master of Delft
346:
326:Sack of Antwerp
211:
157:
51:, with at left
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4266:Late modernism
4263:
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4228:
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4216:
4214:Genre painting
4206:
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4196:
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4190:
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4184:
4179:
4174:
4164:
4162:Ballets Russes
4159:
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4145:Asemic writing
4137:
4135:History of art
4131:
4129:
4128:Related topics
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4063:Relational art
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3986:Hypermodernism
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3725:Postminimalism
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3602:Generative art
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3572:Conceptual art
3569:
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3492:
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3476:
3471:
3469:Cybernetic art
3466:
3461:
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3459:
3457:Ultra-Lettrist
3454:
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3328:
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3313:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3296:
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3278:
3276:
3269:
3268:(1945–present)
3256:
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3211:
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3209:
3204:
3197:Heroic realism
3194:
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3182:
3177:
3172:
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3157:
3150:
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3140:
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3131:Latin American
3128:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3101:Group of Seven
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3071:
3066:
3064:Social realism
3061:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3047:November Group
3039:
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3032:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2980:
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2978:
2977:
2970:Latin American
2965:Constructivism
2962:
2960:Crystal Cubism
2957:
2952:
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2935:
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2697:
2692:
2687:
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2670:
2665:
2663:Volcano School
2660:
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2418:Norwich School
2415:
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2396:
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2359:Fairy painting
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2257:
2252:
2250:Chilote School
2242:
2240:Casta painting
2232:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2216:Tipos del PaĂs
2213:
2200:
2199:
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1906:Cologne School
1898:
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1759:Italian school
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1741:Sienese School
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1651:Pre-Romanesque
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1580:Donor portrait
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966:Kavaler, 31–36
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641:History of Art
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579:
569:books of hours
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546:Life of Christ
530:Albrecht DĂĽrer
412:donor portrait
408:Mary Magdalene
396:Master of 1518
380:
377:
373:Joos van Cleve
282:Master of 1518
267:Joos van Cleve
247:Master of 1518
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95:Joseph Koerner
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4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4006:Post-Internet
4004:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
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3880:
3879:Grunge design
3877:
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3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3834:Retrofuturism
3832:
3830:
3829:Scratch video
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3814:Memphis Group
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3789:Telematic art
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3779:Guerrilla art
3777:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3760:
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3755:
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3730:Endurance art
3728:
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3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3390:New media art
3388:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:Nanyang Style
3366:
3364:
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3309:
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3300:
3299:Visionary art
3297:
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3200:
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3165:Scuola Romana
3163:
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3149:
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3141:
3139:
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3132:
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3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
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3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3091:Anthropophagy
3089:
3087:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3074:Functionalism
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
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3019:
3016:
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3009:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2994:Neoplasticism
2992:
2990:
2987:
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2922:
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2917:
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2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2897:Cubo-Futurism
2895:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
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2864:
2861:
2857:
2856:Ashcan School
2854:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
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2824:Expressionism
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2809:Mir iskusstva
2807:
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2798:
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2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2595:Boston School
2593:
2591:
2590:Hoosier Group
2588:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2580:Impressionism
2578:
2576:
2575:Peredvizhniki
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2565:Beuron School
2563:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2553:
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2542:
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2517:
2513:
2509:
2499:
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2489:
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2481:
2480:
2479:Munich School
2477:
2476:
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2466:
2463:
2462:
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2456:
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2300:
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2282:
2278:Art borrowing
2276:
2268:
2265:
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2256:
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2251:
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2247:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
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2229:
2228:Company style
2226:
2224:
2221:
2217:
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2212:
2209:
2208:
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2201:
2195:
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2131:
2130:
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2128:Neoclassicism
2126:
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2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
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2020:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
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1998:
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1988:
1987:
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1983:
1982:
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1976:
1970:
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1954:Cretan School
1952:
1948:
1945:
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1943:
1940:
1934:
1931:
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1911:Danube school
1909:
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1399:
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1391:
1389:
1388:Orientalizing
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1373:Sub-Mycenaean
1371:
1370:
1369:
1366:
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1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:art movements
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
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1259:
1257:
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1217:
1213:
1209:
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1198:
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1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:Snyder, James
1177:
1175:
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1165:
1161:
1157:
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1140:
1136:
1132:
1129:
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1123:
1119:
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1111:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1100:0-8709-9870-6
1097:
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1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
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1069:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1051:
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927:
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897:
895:
891:
885:
882:
876:
873:
867:
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859:
852:
849:
843:
840:
834:
831:
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813:
807:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
783:
780:
774:
771:
765:
762:
756:
753:
744:
741:
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732:
726:
723:
717:
714:
708:
705:
699:
696:
692:
690:
682:
679:
673:
670:
664:
661:
656:
654:0-8109-3442-6
650:
647:
643:
642:
634:
631:
625:
622:
616:
610:
607:
601:
596:
593:
589:
583:
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567:
559:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
535:
531:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
504:stage of the
503:
499:
494:
492:
491:royal entries
488:
487:
482:
481:Biblical Magi
478:
470:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
420:Low Countries
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
378:
376:
374:
370:
367:
363:
359:
355:
341:
337:
333:
329:
327:
324:houses. The
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
278:Jan de Molder
275:
270:
268:
264:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
223:
219:
215:
208:
206:
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201:
197:
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189:
182:
178:
174:
173:
168:
165:
161:
154:
152:
150:
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
122:
121:patron saints
118:
117:Biblical Magi
114:
106:
102:
98:
96:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
36:
32:
31:
25:
21:
4309:Trompe-l'Ĺ“il
4307:
4278:Outsider art
4231:Illustration
4187:Lutheran art
4177:Catholic art
4140:Abstract art
4110:Unilalianism
4073:Software art
4048:Neosymbolism
4038:Neo-futurism
4001:Internet art
3991:Hyperrealism
3844:Superfiction
3627:Photorealism
3495:Afrofuturism
3260:Contemporary
3236:Dimensionism
3219:Concrete art
3152:
3148:Precisionism
2998:
2945:Sosaku-hanga
2919:Productivism
2909:Metaphysical
2879:
2868:Proto-Cubism
2772:Secessionism
2734:Costumbrismo
2619:Aestheticism
2570:Hague School
2550:
2474:Academic art
2455:Costumbrismo
2423:Empire style
2260:Quito School
2255:Cusco School
2171:Colonial art
2132:
2120:FĂŞte galante
2118:
2087:18th century
2049:Delft School
2000:Caravaggisti
1978:17th century
1922:
1863:
1820:Quattrocento
1810:
1768:
1691:
1594:
1524:Late antique
1408:Severe style
1398:Black-figure
1285:Contemporary
1220:
1203:
1182:
1169:
1159:
1148:
1138:
1135:Gates, H. L.
1126:fully online
1113:
1104:google books
1091:
1071:
1062:
1053:
1048:Leeflang, 66
1044:
1039:Leeflang, 65
1035:
1026:
1017:
1008:
1001:Crucificxion
1000:
991:
982:
971:
962:
953:
942:
938:
929:
920:
911:
884:
875:
866:
857:
851:
842:
837:Leeflang, 63
833:
824:
815:
806:
782:
773:
764:
755:
743:
734:
725:
716:
707:
698:
686:
681:
672:
663:
640:
633:
624:
608:
563:
539:
534:underdrawing
526:
524:in Italy).
517:
495:
485:
474:
457:
453:
452:, with left
431:
428:Jan Gossaert
416:
403:
399:
386:
382:
369:Jan Mostaert
351:
339:
321:Beeldenstorm
318:
298:Jan Gossaert
271:
262:
259:
250:
227:
224:, 1515–1525.
218:The Nativity
217:
204:
195:
194:in his work
187:
185:
170:
134:
125:
110:
104:
91:
62:
61:
56:
52:
48:
27:
4194:Digital art
4157:Avant-garde
4098:Superstroke
3974:Flat design
3969:Fictive art
3964:Excessivism
3912:Art for art
3907:Altermodern
3849:Taring Padi
3784:Lowbrow art
3752:Pliontanism
3689:Yoru no Kai
3642:Process art
3582:Systems art
3552:Arte Povera
3474:Antipodeans
3383:in New York
3353:Jikken KĹŤbĹŤ
3316:Color field
3185:Regionalism
3154:Aeropittura
3143:Neo-Fauvism
3116:Neues Sehen
3086:Kinetic art
2950:Suprematism
2924:Synchromism
2841:Noucentisme
2762:Primitivism
2750:Art Nouveau
2705:Cloisonnism
2695:Pointillism
2690:Divisionism
2668:Incoherents
2629:Art pottery
2515:(1863–1944)
2465:Macchiaioli
2440:Biedermeier
2428:Historicism
2413:Orientalism
2354:Romanticism
2325:Akita ranga
2177:Art of the
2162:Picturesque
2114:Chinoiserie
2109:Frederician
1947:Tudor court
1842:Cinquecento
1783:Renaissance
1770:Mappa mundi
1754:cartography
1646:Carolingian
1641:Merovingian
1624:Palaeologan
1596:RepoblaciĂłn
1553:Anglo-Saxon
1484:Gallo-Roman
1423:Hellenistic
1418:Kerch style
1356:Minyan ware
1149:Oud Holland
1057:Snyder, 402
957:Koerner, 48
879:Snyder, 456
749:(in German)
738:Snyder, 402
628:Snyder, 402
588:Jan de Beer
465: 1515
432:alla antica
404:Last Supper
347: 1520
286:Jan Mertens
274:Jan de Beer
222:Jan de Beer
4348:Categories
4241:Jewish art
4053:Passionism
4013:iPhone art
3959:Cyborg art
3954:Crypto art
3927:Brandalism
3819:Cyberdelic
3684:Tropicália
3657:Street art
3612:Intermedia
3592:Minimalism
3311:Spatialism
3265:Postmodern
3121:Surrealism
2989:Shin-hanga
2829:Die BrĂĽcke
2797:Sonderbund
2710:Synthetism
2433:Revivalism
2342:Transition
2299:Manichaean
2145:Adam style
2066:Classicism
2005:in Utrecht
1933:Still life
1663:Romanesque
1619:Macedonian
1614:Iconoclast
1573:Visigothic
1479:Republican
1433:Indo-Greek
1403:Red-figure
1191:0136235964
1122:1588393984
1082:References
976:Prado note
947:(in Dutch)
905:(in Dutch)
456:and right
284:(possibly
130:trade fair
55:and right
4354:Mannerism
4303:Shock art
4293:Queer art
4273:NaĂŻve art
4256:Modernism
4088:Superflat
4078:Sound art
4058:Post-YBAs
4043:Neomodern
3884:Verdadism
3854:Superflat
3703:1970–1999
3667:in the US
3587:Video art
3510:Happening
3483:1960–1969
3275:1945–1959
2938:1915–1944
2929:Vorticism
2881:A Nyolcak
2743:1900–1914
2715:Les Nabis
2646:Symbolism
2602:Amsterdam
2552:Japonisme
2522:1863–1899
2484:in Greece
2344:to modern
2189:Caribbean
2134:Goût grec
2056:Capriccio
2010:Tenebrism
1959:Turquerie
1857:Mannerism
1752:Medieval
1609:Byzantine
1590:Mozarabic
1541:Ethiopian
1445:Neo-Attic
1428:"Baroque"
1413:Classical
1383:Geometric
1361:Mycenaean
1308:(Western)
1306:Premodern
1277:Premodern
801:at Codart
554:sacristan
522:cangiante
510:Pisanello
186:The term
181:Rotterdam
141:Mannerism
79:Mannerism
4333:Category
4283:Portrait
4204:Folk art
4152:Anti-art
4083:Stuckism
3996:Idea art
3917:Art game
3869:Artivism
3757:Punk art
3735:Sots Art
3720:Artscene
3577:Land art
3515:Neo-Dada
3447:Lettrism
3341:Nuagisme
3326:Tachisme
3207:Nazi art
3000:De Stijl
2914:Rayonism
2904:Art Deco
2892:Futurism
2683:Luminism
2651:Romanian
2636:Tonalism
2607:Canadian
2585:American
2491:Neo-Grec
2099:Rocaille
1928:Romanism
1862:Counter-
1796:Trecento
1736:Duecento
1726:Crusades
1658:Ottonian
1636:Frankish
1516:Medieval
1499:Trajanic
1459:Scythian
1454:Etruscan
1346:Cycladic
1324:Thracian
1137:(2010).
1090:et al.,
1075:Orth, 79
1030:Orth, 80
924:Orth, 79
550:Nativity
245:and the
235:notnames
167:triptych
149:Gossaert
145:Romanism
4298:Realism
3895:present
3622:Nut Art
3425:Pop art
3363:Mono-ha
3231:The Ten
3180:Kapists
3126:Iranian
3079:Bauhaus
2873:Orphism
2819:Fauvism
2656:Russian
2546:Nihonga
2460:Verismo
2445:Realism
2379:Purismo
2292:Moorish
2287:Islamic
2194:Haitian
1985:Baroque
1864:Maniera
1748:Mudéjar
1673:Spanish
1585:Pictish
1568:Lombard
1563:Insular
1504:Severan
1469:Gaulish
1464:Iberian
1393:Archaic
1336:Nuragic
1316:Ancient
1299:periods
999:in the
502:Ferrara
436:Utrecht
366:Haarlem
364:and in
253:. The
209:Artists
169:of the
67:Antwerp
4246:Kitsch
4105:Toyism
3597:Fluxus
3527:Op art
3096:Mingei
3030:Stupid
3008:Purism
2863:Cubism
2512:Modern
2304:Mughal
2094:Rococo
1699:Gothic
1680:Norman
1604:Viking
1558:Hunnic
1536:Coptic
1351:Minoan
1341:Aegean
1329:Dacian
1281:Modern
1189:
1120:
1112:(ed),
1098:
651:
406:, and
358:Leiden
306:Bruges
292:) and
280:, the
128:was a
89:art.
3893:2000–
3336:COBRA
2330:Uki-e
2320:Japan
2309:Qajar
1668:Mosan
1474:Roman
1368:Greek
1208:JSTOR
1174:JSTOR
1164:JSTOR
1153:JSTOR
870:Wisse
810:Wisse
729:Wisse
617:Notes
573:Tours
469:Prado
440:guild
410:with
4182:Icon
3505:ZERO
3263:and
3160:Asso
2984:Dada
2541:YĹŤga
1283:and
1187:ISBN
1118:ISBN
1096:ISBN
649:ISBN
312:and
304:(in
300:and
155:Name
126:Pand
28:The
556:).
489:in
356:in
288:or
220:by
4350::
1279:,
1181:.
1102:,
893:^
791:^
462:c.
460:,
402:,
344:c.
342:,
276:,
179:,
175:,
151:.
33:,
26:,
1297:/
1269:e
1262:t
1255:v
657:.
471:.
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